5962-9684101HXC [ADI]
28 V/100 W DC/DC Converters with Integral EMI Filter; 28 V / 100 W和积分EMI滤波器的DC / DC转换器
| 型号： | 5962-9684101HXC |
| 厂家： | 
ADI |
| 描述： | 28 V/100 W DC/DC Converters with Integral EMI Filter |
| 文件： | 总20页 (文件大小：262K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
28 V/100 W DC/DC Converters
with Integral EMI Filter
a
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
FEATURES
FUNCTIO NAL BLO CK D IAGRAM
28 V dc Input, ؎12 V dc @ 8.34 A, 100 W Output
(ADDC02812DA)
28 V dc Input, ؎15 V dc @ 6.68 A, 100 W Output
(ADDC02815DA)
Integral EMI Filter Designed to Meet MIL-STD-461D
Low Weight: 80 Gram s
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
–SENSE
OUTPUT SIDE
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
+SENSE
ADJUST
STATUS
–V
OUT
NAVMAT Derated
Many Protection and System Features
–V
V
V
FIXED
FREQUENCY
DUAL
INTERLEAVED
POWER TRAIN
OUT
AUX
INHIBIT
SYNC
OUTPUT
FILTER
COM
INPUT SIDE
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
V
COM
APPLICATIONS
Com m ercial and Military Airborne Electronics
Missile Electronics
+V
I
OUT
OUT
SHARE
+V
TEMP
–V
IN
Space-Based Antennae and Vehicles
Mobile/ Portable Ground Equipm ent
EMI FILTER
+V
IN
GENERAL D ESCRIP TIO N
P RO D UCT H IGH LIGH TS
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA hybrid military dc/
dc converters with integral EMI filter offer the highest power
density of any dc/dc power converters with their features and in
their power range available today. T he converters with integral
EMI filter are a fixed frequency, 1 MHz, square wave switching
dc/dc power supply. T hey are not variable frequency resonant
converters. In addition to many protection features, these con-
verters have system level features that allow them to be used as a
component in larger systems as well as a stand-alone power
supply. T he units are designed for high reliability and high
performance applications where saving space and/or weight are
critical.
1. 60 W/cubic inch power density with an integral EMI filter
designed to meet all applicable requirements in MIL-ST D-
461D when installed in a typical system setup
2. Light weight: 80 grams
3. Operational and survivable over a wide range of input
conditions: 16 V–50 V dc; survives low line, high line, and
positive and negative transients
4. High reliability; NAVMAT derated
5. Protection features include:
Output Overvoltage Protection
Output Short Circuit Current Protection
T hermal Monitor/Shutdown
Input Overvoltage Shutdown
Input T ransient Protection
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA are available in a
hermetically sealed, molybdenum based hybrid package and are
easily heatsink mountable. T hree screening levels are available,
including military SMD.
6. System level features include:
Current Sharing for Parallel Operation
Inhibit Control
Output Status Signal
Synchronization for Multiple Units
Input Referenced Auxiliary Voltage
REV. A
Inform ation furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assum ed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringem ents of patents or other rights of third parties
which m ay result from its use. No license is granted by im plication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norw ood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781/ 329-4700
Fax: 781/ 326-8703
World Wide Web Site: http:/ / w w w .analog.com
© Analog Devices, Inc., 1997
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA–SPECIFICATIONS
(T = 25؇C, V = 28 V dc unless otherwise noted; full temperature range is –55؇C to
+90؇C; all temperatures are case and T is the temperature measured at the center of the package bottom.)
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
C
IN
C
Case
Test
AD D C02812D A
AD D C02815D A
P aram eter
Tem p Level Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
Units
INPUT CHARACT ERIST ICS
Steady State Operating Input
Voltage Range1 (12 V)
Full
Full
Full
VI
VI
VI
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A
IO = ±0.42 A to ±3.34 A
IO = ±0.34 A to ±2.67 A
18
28
40
50
V dc
V dc
V dc
Steady State Operating Input
Voltage Range1 (15 V)
18
28
40
Abnormal Operating Input Voltage
Range (per MIL-ST D-704D)1 (12 V)
Abnormal Operating Input Voltage
Range (per MIL-ST D-704D)1 (15 V)
Input Voltage Shutdown (12 V/15 V)
No Load Input Current (12 V/15 V)
Disabled Input Current (12 V/15 V)
16
50
Full
VI
I
I
16
50
50
55
100
2
V dc
V dc
mA
+25°C
+25°C
Full
52
85
1
55
100
2
52
85
1
VI
mA
OUT PUT CHARACT ERIST ICS2, 3, 4
Regulated Output Voltage (+12 V)
+25°C
Full
I
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 16 to 50 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 16 to 50 V dc
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.42 A to ±4.17 A,
VIN = 16 to 50 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±0.34 A to ±3.34 A,
VIN = 16 to 50 V dc
IO = ±4.17 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±3.34 A,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
VIN = 28 V dc,
IO = ±0.42 A to +4.17 A
VIN = 28 V dc,
IO = ±0.34 A to +3.34 A
IO = ±4.17 A,
5 kHz – 2 MHz BW
IO = ±3.34 A,
5 kHz – 2 MHz BW
VO = ±12 V dc,
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
VO = ±15 V dc,
+11.88 +12.00 +12.12
V dc
V dc
V dc
VI
VI
I
+11.76
+11.76
+12.24
+12.24
Full
Regulated Output Voltage (+15 V)
+25°C
Full
+14.85 +15.00 +15.15 V dc
VI
VI
I
+14.70
+14.70
+15.30 V dc
+15.30 V dc
V dc
Full
Cross Regulated Output Voltage (–12 V)
Cross Regulated Output Voltage (–15 V)
+25°C
Full
–12.24 –12.00 –11.76
VI
VI
I
–12.36
–12.36
–11.64
–11.64
V dc
Full
V dc
+25°C
Full
–14.70 –15.00 –15.30 V dc
VI
VI
V
V
V
V
I
–14.55
–14.55
–15.45 V dc
Full
–15.45 V dc
Line Regulation (12 V)
Line Regulation (15 V)
Load Regulation (12 V)
Load Regulation (15 V)
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
Full
4
4
mV
mV
mV
mV
5
6
Output Ripple/Noise (Regulated +12 V)5
(Cross Regulated –12 V)5
45
55
mV p-p
mV p-p
mV p-p
mV p-p
A
Output Ripple/Noise (Regulated +15 V)5
(Cross Regulated –15 V)5
I
45
50
T otal Output Current (IO) 12 V
VI
VI
V
V
0.833
8.34
T otal Output Current (IO) 15 V
Full
0.68
6.68
A
VIN = 18 to 40 V dc
IO = ±4.17 A, Open
Remote Sense Connection
IO = ±3.34 A, Open
Remote Sense Connection
VO = 90% VOUT Nom
Output Overvoltage Protection (12 V)
Output Overvoltage Protection (15 V)
+25°C
+25°C
118
130
% V nom
% V nom
118
130
Output Current Limit (12 V/15 V)
Output Short Circuit Current (12 V/15 V)
+25°C
+25°C
V
I
% IO max
A
15.5
14.5
ISOLAT ION CHARACT ERIST ICS
Isolation Voltage
+25°C
I
Input to Output or Any Pin 100
to Case at 500 V dc
100
M Ω
–2–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Case
Test
AD D C02812D A
AD D C02815D A
P aram eter
Tem p Level Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
Units
DYNAMIC CHARACT ERIST ICS6
Output Voltage Deviation Due to Step
Change in Load (12 V)
Output Voltage Deviation Due to Step
Change in Load (15 V)
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
V
V
V
IO = ±2.08 A to ±4.17 A
or ±4.17 A to ±2.08 A
IO = ±1.67 A to ±3.34 A
or ±3.34 A to ±1.67 A
IO = ±2.08 A to ±4.17 A
or ±4.17 A to ±2.08 A
di/dt = 0.5 A/µs, Measured
to Within 2% of Final Value
IO = ±1.67 A to ±3.34 A or
±3.34 A to ±1.67 A,
0.850
V
V
µs
0.850
Response T ime Due to Step
Change in Load (12 V)
150
Response T ime Due to Step Change
in Load (15 V)
+25°C
V
150
µs
di/dt = 0.5 A/µs, Measured
to Within 2% of Final Value
IO = ±4.17 A, from Inhibit
High to Status High
IO = ±3.34 A, from Inhibit
High to Status High
Soft Start T urn-On T ime (12 V)
Soft Start T urn-On T ime (15 V)
+25°C
+25°C
I
I
6
15
ms
ms
6
15
T HERMAL CHARACT ERIST ICS
Efficiency (12 V)
+25°C
+90°C VI
–55°C VI
+25°C
+90°C VI
–55°C VI
+25°C
+90°C VI
–55°C VI
+25°C
+90°C VI
–55°C VI
I
IO = ±2.5 A
IO = ±2.5 A
IO = ±2.5 A
IO = ±4.17 A
IO = ±4.17 A
IO = ±4.17 A
IO = ±2.0 A
IO = ±2.0 A
IO = ±2.0 A
IO = ±3.34 A
IO = ±3.34 A
IO = ±3.34 A
IO = ±4.17 A
IO = ±3.34 A
81
81
80
81
81
80
85
85
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
°C
°C
I
Efficiency (15 V)
I
81
81
80
81
81
80
85
85
I
Hottest Junction T emperature7 (12 V)
Hottest Junction T emperature7 (15 V)
+90°C
+90°C
V
V
110
4.8
110
CONT ROL CHARACT ERIST ICS
Clock Frequency (12 V)
Clock Frequency (15 V)
Adjust (Pin 3) VADJ (12 V)
Adjust (Pin 3) VADJ (15 V)
Status (Pin 4)
Full
Full
+25°C
+25°C
VI
VI
I
IO = ±0.42 A
IO = ±0.34 A
0.85
4.7
0.99
4.9
MHz
MHz
V
0.85
5.9
0.99
6.1
I
6.0
V
VOH
VOL
+25°C
+25°C
I
I
IOH = 400 µA
IOL = 1 mA
2.4
4.0
0.15
2.4
4.0
0.15
V
V
0.7
0.7
VAUX (Pin 5)
VO (nom) (12 V)
+25°C
+25°C
I
I
IAUX = 5 mA, Load
Current = ±4.17 A
13.00 13.5
14.00
V
V
VAUX (Pin 5)
VO (nom) (15 V)
IAUX = 5 mA, Load
13.5
13.9
14.5
Current = ±3.34 A
Inhibit (Pin 6)
VIL
IIL
VI (Open Circuit)
SYNC (Pin 7)8
VIH
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
I
I
I
0.5
1.2
15
0.5
1.2
15
V
mA
V
VIL = 0.5 V
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
+25°C
I
I
I
I
4.0
2.65
4.0
V
µA
V
V
V
IIH
VIH = 7.0 V
Load Current = ±4.17 A
Load Current = ±3.34 A
175
2.85
175
ISHARE (Pin 8) (12 V)
ISHARE (Pin 8) (15 V)
T emp (Pin 9)
2.75
3.90
2.65
2.75
3.90
2.85
V
NOT ES
1Military subgroups apply only to military qualified devices.
250 V dc upper limit rated for transient condition of up to 50 ms. 16 V dc lower limit rated for continuous operation during emergency condition. Steady state and abnormal
input voltage range require source impedance sufficient to insure input stability at low line. See sections entitled System Instability Considerations and Input Voltage Range.
3Measured at the remote sense points.
4Output characteristics tested with balanced loads on each output; however, unit operates with unbalanced loads up to 90%/10% split.
5Regulated output typically performs with less ripple than cross regulated output. 100% test is performed with VD+ regulated and VD– cross regulated.
6CLOAD = 0.
7Refer to section entitled T hermal Characteristics for more information.
8Unit has internal pull-down; refer to section entitled Pin 7 (SYNC).
Specifications subject to change without notice.
–3–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
ABSO LUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*
P IN D ESCRIP TIO NS
Function
INHIBIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V dc, –0.5 V dc
SYNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 V dc, –0.5 V dc
ISHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 V dc, –0.5 V dc
T EMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 V dc, –0.3 V dc
Lead Soldering T emp (10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +300°C
Storage T emperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to +150°C
Maximum Junction T emperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +150°C
Maximum Case Operating T emperature . . . . . . . . . . . +125°C
P in
No. Nam e
1
–SENSE
Feedback loop connection for remote sensing
output voltage. Must always be connected for
proper operation.
2
+SENSE Feedback loop connection for remote sensing
output voltage. Must always be connected
for proper operation.
*Absolute maximum ratings are limiting values, to be applied individually, and
beyond which the serviceability of the circuit may be impaired. Functional
operability under any of these conditions is not necessarily implied. Exposure of
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time may affect
device reliability.
3
4
ADJUST Adjusts output voltage setpoint.
ST AT US Indicates output voltage is within ±5% of
nominal. Active high referenced to –SENSE
(Pin 1).
O RD ERING GUID E
O perating
5
6
7
8
VAUX
Low level dc auxiliary voltage supply refer-
enced to input return (Pin 10).
Tem perature
Range (Case)
P ackage
D escription
Model
INHIBIT Power supply disable. Active low and refer-
enced to input return (Pin 10).
ADDC02812DAKV
ADDC02812DAT V
5962-9684101HXC
–40°C to +85°C
–55°C to +90°C
Hermetic
Hermetic
SYNC
Clock synchronization input for multiple
units; referenced to input return (Pin 10).
(ADDC02812DATV/QMLH) –55°C to +125°C Hermetic
ISHARE
Current share pin which allows paralleled
units to share current typically within ±5% at
full load; referenced to input return (Pin 10).
ADDC02815DAKV
ADDC02815DAT V
5962-9684201HXC
–40°C to +85°C
–55°C to +90°C
Hermetic
Hermetic
9
T EMP
Case temperature indicator and temperature
shutdown override; referenced to input return
(Pin 10).
(ADDC02815DATV/QMLH) –55°C to +125°C Hermetic
EXP LANATIO N O F TEST LEVELS
Test Level
10
11
12
–VIN
Input Return.
+VIN
+VOUT
+28 V Nominal Input Bus.
I
II
–
–
100% production tested.
100% production tested at +25°C, and sample tested
at specified temperatures.
+12 V dc Output (ADDC02812DA).
+15 V dc Output (ADDC02815DA).
III
IV
–
–
Sample tested only.
Parameter is guaranteed by design and characterization
testing.
13
+VOUT
+12 V dc Output (ADDC02812DA).
+15 V dc Output (ADDC02815DA).
14
15
16
VCOMMON Output Return.
VCOMMON Output Return.
V
VI
–
–
Parameter is a typical value only.
All devices are 100% production tested at +25°C. 100%
production tested at temperature extremes for military
temperature devices; guaranteed by design and charac-
terization testing for industrial devices.
–VOUT
–12 V dc Output (ADDC02812DA).
–15 V dc Output (ADDC02815DA).
17
–VOUT
–12 V dc Output (ADDC02812DA).
–15 V dc Output (ADDC02815DA).
P IN CO NFIGURATIO N
1
17
TOP
VIEW
12
11
CAUTIO N
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although
the ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA feature proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent
damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. T herefore, proper
ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
WARNING!
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
REV. A
–4–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Typical Performance Curves
14.4
14.2
14.0
13.8
13.6
13.4
13.2
13.0
86
28V
84
18V
40V
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
V
V
T
= 28V
= +12V
= +25؇C
IN
O
C
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OUTPUT POWER – Watts
OUTPUT POWER – Watts
Figure 1. Efficiency vs. Line and Load at +25°C
Figure 4. Low Line Dropout vs. Load at 90°C Case
(ADDC02812DA)
Tem perature
88
1.00
0.50
28V
86
18V
84
82
V
V
= 28V
40V
IN
80
78
76
74
72
70
= ؎ 15V
= +25؇C
O
0.00
T
C
–0.50
–1.00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
–55
–35
–15
5
25
55
75
90
OUTPUT POWER – Watts
T
– ؇C
CASE
Figure 2. Efficiency vs. Line and Load at +25°C
Figure 5. Norm alized Output Voltage vs. Case
(ADDC02815DA)
Tem perature (°C)
87
86
85
84
83
V
O
2V
/DIV
V
INHIBIT
1ms
–55 –45 –35 –15 –5
5
25
– ؇C
45
65
85
90
T
CASE
Figure 6. Output Voltage Transient During Turn-On
with Minim um Load Displaying Soft Start When Supply
Is Enabled
Figure 3. Efficiency vs. Case Tem perature (°C)
(at Nom inal VIN, 75% Max Load, ADDC02812DA)
–5–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
0
–10
–20
V
O
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
200mV
/DIV
100W
50W
I
O
50s
–100
10
100
1k
10k
50k
FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 10. Audio Susceptibility (Magnitude of VOUT /VIN)
Figure 7. Output Voltage Transient Response to a 50% to
a 100% Step Change in Load with Zero Load Capacitance
(ADDC02812DA)
1000
100
V
O
200mV
/DIV
10
100W
50W
I
O
50s
1
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
FREQUENCY – kHz
Figure 11. Increm ental Output Im pedance (Magnitude)
Figure 8. Output Voltage Transient Response to a 50% to
a 100% Step Change in Load with Zero Load Capacitance
(ADDC02815DA)
4
10
V
= 28V
IN
UNREGULATED OUTPUT @ 10%
2
V
= 18V
IN
1
0
FULL POWER
–0.1
–2
–4
–0.01
10
30
50
70
90
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
% FULL POWER REGULATED OUTPUT
FREQUENCY – kHz
Figure 9. Cross Regulation Envelope
Figure 12. Increm ental Input Im pedance (Magnitude)
REV. A
–6–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Typical EMI Curves and Test Setup
166
146
126
106
86
130
RE101 MIL–STD–461D
CONDUCTED EMISSIONS CE–101
110
90
RE101–1
CE101–1 4.5 AMPS
70
50
30
66
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.0001
0.001
0.01
FREQUENCY – MHz
FREQUENCY – MHz
Figure 13. Conducted Em issions, MIL-STD-461D, CE101,
+28 V Hot Line 100 W Load
Figure 15. Radiated Em issions, MIL-STD-461D, RE101,
100 W Load
130
90
CONDUCTED EMISSIONS CE–102
RADIATED EMISSIONS RE–102
110
90
70
50
70
30
RE102–2
LIMIT 28VDC
50
10
30
0.01
–30
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1
1
10
100
1000
FREQUENCY – MHz
FREQUENCY – MHz
Figure 14. Conducted Em issions, MIL-STD-461D, CE102,
+28 V Hot Line 100 W Load
Figure 16. Radiated Em issions, MIL-STD-461D, RE102,
Vertical Polarity, 100 W Load
+V
+V
OUT
IN
82nF
82nF
LISN
1⍀
100F
1/4⍀
2F
0.1F
LISN
–V
RETURN
IN
TWO METERS OF
TWISTED CABLE
CASE
GROUND PLANE
NOTE: 100F CAPACITOR AND 1⍀ RESISTOR PROVIDE STABILIZATION FOR 100H DIFFERENTIAL SOURCE INDUCTANCE
INTRODUCED BY THE LISNs. REFER TO SECTION ON EMI CONSIDERATIONS FOR MORE INFORMATION.
Figure 17. Schem atic of Test Setup for EMI Measurem ents
Note: Figures 13–17 were obtained from measurements on the
nent values of the EMI differential and common filter in the
dual output converters are identical to the single output con-
verter, the subject figures are shown here as typical of the
ADDC028012DA and the ADDC02815DA converters.
ADDC02805SA, a single 5 V dc output converter. Since the
construction and topology of the dual output converters are
almost identical to the single output converter, and the compo-
–7–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
BASIC O P ERATIO N
P IN CO NNECTIO NS
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA converters use a
flyback topology with dual interleaved power trains operating
180° out of phase. Each power train switches at a fixed fre-
quency of 500 kHz, resulting in a 1 MHz fixed switching fre-
quency as seen at the input and output of the converter. In a
flyback topology, energy is stored in the inductor during one-
half portion of the switching cycle and is then transferred to the
output filter during the next half portion. With two interleaved
power trains, energy is transferred to the output filter during
both halves of the switching cycle, resulting in smaller filters to
meet the required ripple.
P ins 1 and 2 (؎SENSE)
Pins 1 and 2 must always be connected for proper operation,
although failure to make these connections will not be cata-
strophic to the converter under normal operating conditions. If
there is no load present on the converter, failure to make these
connections could result in damage to the device. Pin 1 must
always be connected to the output return and Pin 2 must always
be connected to +VOUT when regulating the positive voltage. If
the negative output voltage is being regulated, Pin 1 must always
be connected to –VOUT and Pin 2 must always be connected to
the output return. T hese connections can be made at any one
of the output pins of the converter, or remotely at the load. A
remote connection at the load can adjust for voltage drops of as
much as 0.25 V dc between the converter and the load. Long
remote sense leads can affect converter stability, although this
condition is rare. The impedance of the long power leads between
the converter and the remote sense point could affect the
converter’s unity gain crossover frequency and phase margin.
Consult factory if long remote sense leads are to be used.
A five-pole differential input EMI filter, along with a common-
mode EMI capacitor and careful attention to layout parasitics,
is designed to meet all applicable requirements in MIL-ST D-
461D when installed in a typical system setup. A more detailed
discussion of CE102 and other EMI issues is included in the
section entitled EMI Considerations.
T he converters use current mode control and employ a high
performance opto-isolator in their feedback path to maintain
isolation between input and output. T he control circuits are
designed to give a nearly constant output current as the output
voltage drops from VO nom to VSC during a short circuit condi-
tion. It does not let the current fold back below the maximum
rated output current. T he output overvoltage protection cir-
cuitry, which is independent from the normal feedback loop,
protects the load against a break in the remote sense leads.
Remote sense connections, which can be made at the load, can
adjust for voltage drops of as much as 0.25 V dc between the
converter and the load, thereby maintaining an accurate voltage
level at the load.
P in 3 (AD JUST)
An adjustment pin is provided so that the user can change the
nominal output voltage during the prototype stage. Since very
low temperature coefficient resistors are used to set the output
voltage and maintain tight regulation over temperature, using
standard external resistors to adjust the output voltage will
loosen output regulation over temperature. Furthermore, since
the status trip point is not changed when the output voltage is
adjusted using external resistors, the status line will no longer
trip at the standard levels of the newly adjusted output voltage.
T herefore, it is highly recommended that once the correct out-
put voltage is determined, modified standard units should be
ordered with the necessary changes made inside the package at
the factory. T he ADJUST function is sensitive to noise, and
care should be taken in the routing of connections.
An input overvoltage protection feature shuts down the con-
verter when the input voltage exceeds (nominally) 52.0 V dc.
An internal temperature sensor shuts down the unit and pre-
vents it from becoming too hot if the heat removal system fails.
T he temperature sensed is the case temperature and is factory
set to trip at a nominal case temperature of 110°C to 115°C.
T he shutdown temperature setting can be raised externally or
disabled by the user.
To make the output voltage higher, place a resistor from ADJUST
(Pin 3) to –SENSE (Pin 1). T o make the output voltage lower,
place a resistor from ADJUST (Pin 3) to +SENSE (Pin 2).
Figures 18 and 19 show resistor values for a ±5% change in
output voltage.
Each unit has an INHIBIT pin that can be used to turn off the
converter. T his feature can be used to sequence the turn-on of
multiple converters and to reduce input power draw during
extended time in a no load condition.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A SYNC pin, referenced to the input return line (Pin 10), is
available to synchronize multiple units to one switching fre-
quency. T his feature is particularly useful in eliminating beat
frequencies which may cause increased output ripple on paral-
leled units. A current share pin (ISHARE) is available which
permits paralleled units to share current typically within 5% at
full load.
A low level dc auxiliary voltage supply referenced to the input
return line is provided for miscellaneous system use.
99
98
97
96
95
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – %
Figure 18. External Resistor Value for Reducing Output
Voltage
REV. A
–8–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
5
4
3
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
101
102
103
104
105
I
– mA
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – %
OL
Figure 19. External Resistor Value for Increasing Output
Voltage
Figure 21. Sink Capability of Status Output
P in 5 (VAUX
)
With regard to the range that the output voltage can be adjusted
by the user, there are two concerns. As the output voltage is
raised, it may become difficult to maintain regulation at full
power and low input voltage. As the output voltage is lowered,
it may become difficult to maintain regulation at minimum
power and high input line.
Pin 5 is referenced to the input return and provides a semi-
regulated 13 V to 15 V dc voltage supply for miscellaneous
system use. T he maximum permissible current draw is 5 mA
and the voltage varies with the auxiliary load as shown in Figure
22.
P in 4 (STATUS)
13.75
13.70
13.65
13.60
13.55
13.50
Pin 4 is active high referenced to –SENSE (Pin 1), indicating
that the output voltage is typically within ±5%. T he pin is both
pulled up and down by internal circuitry. Figures 20 and 21
show the typical source and sink capabilities of the status out-
put. Refer to the paragraphs describing Pin 3 (ADJUST ) for
effect on status trip point.
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1.63
2.1
3.1
– mA
4.1
5.6
6.5
I
LOAD
Figure 22. VAUX vs. Load @ 100 W
P in 6 (INH IBIT)
Pin 6 is active low and is referenced to the input return of the
converter. Connecting it to the input return will turn the converter
off. For normal operation, the inhibit pin is internally pulled up to
12 V. Use of an open collector circuit is recommended.
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.4
I
– mA
OH
When Pin 6 is disconnected from input return, the converter
will restart in the soft-start mode (15 ms max before the con-
verter is fully on). Pin 6 must be kept low for at least 2 milli-
seconds to initiate a full soft start. Shorter off times will result in
a partial soft start. Figure 23 shows the input characteristics of
Pin 6.
Figure 20. Source Capability of Status Output
–9–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
1.2
P in 9 (TEMP )
Pin 9 can be used to indicate case temperature or to raise or
disable the temperature at which thermal shutdown occurs.
T ypically, 3.90 V corresponds to +25°C, with a +13.1 mV/°C
change for every 1°C rise. T he sensor IC (connected from Pin
9 to the input return (Pin 10)) has a 13.1 kΩ impedance.
1.1
1.0
0.9
T he thermal shutdown feature has been set to shut down the
converter when the case temperature is nominally 110°C to
115°C. T o raise the temperature at which shutdown occurs,
connect a resistor with the value shown in Figure 24 from Pin 9
to the input return (Pin 10). T o completely disable the tem-
perature shutdown feature, connect a 50 kΩ resistor from Pin 9
to the input return (Pin 10).
0.8
0.7
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
V
– V
IL
1400
1200
1000
800
Figure 23. Input Characteristics of Pin 6 When Pulled Low
P in 7 (SYNC)
Pin 7 can be used for connecting multiple converters to a master
clock. This master clock can be either an externally user-supplied
clock or it can be a converter that has been modified and desig-
nated as a master unit. Consult factory for availability of these
devices. Capacitive coupling of the clock signal will insure that
if the master clock stops working the individual units will con-
tinue to operate at their own internal clock frequency, thereby
eliminating a potential single point failure. Capacitive coupling
will also permit a wider duty cycle to be used. Consult factory
for more information. T he SYNC pin has an internal pull-down
so it is not necessary to sink any current when driving the pin
low.
600
400
200
0
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
CASE TEMPERATURE – ؇C
Figure 24. External Resistor Value for Raising Tem pera-
ture Shutdown Point
For user-supplied master clocks with no external circuitry, the
following specifications must be met:
INP UT VO LTAGE RANGE
a. Frequency: 1.00 MHz min
b. Duty cycle: 7% min, 14% max
c. High state voltage high level: 4 V min to 7 V max
d. Low state voltage low level: 0 V min to 3.0 V max
T he steady state operating input voltage range for the converter
is defined as 18 V to 40 V. T he abnormal operating input volt-
age range is defined as 16 V to 50 V. In accordance with MIL-
ST D-704D, the converter can operate up to 50 V dc input for
transient conditions as long as 50 milliseconds, and it can oper-
ate down to 16 V dc input for continuous operation during
emergency conditions. Figure 4 (typical low line dropout vs.
load) shows that the converter can work continuously down to
and below 16 V dc under reduced load conditions.
Users should note that the SYNC pin is referenced to the input
return of the converter. If the user-supplied master clock is
generated on the output side of the converter, the signal should
be isolated.
Users should be careful about the frequency selected for the
external master clock. Higher switching frequencies will reduce
efficiency and may reduce the amount of output power available at
minimum input line. Consult factory for modified standard switch-
ing frequency to accommodate system clock characteristics.
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA can be modified to
survive, but not work through, the upper limit input voltages
defined in MIL-ST D-704A (aircraft) and MIL-ST D-1275A
(military vehicles). MIL-ST D-704A defines an 80 V surge
that lasts for 1 second before it falls below 50 V, while MIL-
ST D-1275A defines a 100 V surge that lasts for 200 milliseconds
before it falls below 50 V. In both cases, the ADDC02812DA
and ADDC02815DA can be modified to operate to specifica-
tion up to the 50 V input voltage limit and to shut down and
protect itself during the time the input voltage exceeds 50 V.
When the input voltage falls below 50 V as the surge ends, the
converter will automatically initiate a soft start. In order to
survive these higher input voltage surges, the modified converter
will no longer have input transient protection, however, as de-
scribed below.
P in 8 (ISH ARE
)
Pin 8 allows paralleled converters to share the total load cur-
rent, typically within ±5% at full load. T o use the current share
feature, connect all current share pins to each other and con-
nect the SENSE pins on each of the converters. T he current
sharing function is sensitive to the differential voltage between
the input return pins of paralleled converters. T he current shar-
ing function is also sensitive to noise, and care should be taken
in the routing of connections.
Contact the factory for information on units surviving high
input voltage surges.
REV. A
–10–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Input Voltage Tr ansient P r otection: T he converters have a
transient voltage suppressor connected across their input leads
to protect the units against high voltage pulses (both positive
and negative) of short duration. With the power supply con-
nected in the typical system setup shown in Figure 17, a tran-
sient voltage pulse is created across the converter in the
following manner. A 20 µF capacitor is first charged to 400 V.
It is then connected directly across the converter’s end of the
two meter power lead cable through a 2 Ω on-state resistance
MOSFET . T he duration of this connection is 10 µs. T he pulse
is repeated every second for 30 minutes. T his test is repeated
with the connection of the 20 µF capacitor reversed to create a
negative pulse on the supply leads. (If continuous reverse volt-
age protection is required, a diode can be added externally in
series at the expense of lower efficiency for the power system.)
Case and Am bient Tem per atur es: It is the user’s responsi-
bility to properly heat sink the power supply in order to maintain
the appropriate case temperature and, in turn, the maximum
junction temperature. Maintaining the appropriate case tem-
perature is a function of the ambient temperature and the
mechanical heat removal system. T he static relationship of
these variables is established by the following formula:
TC = TA + (PD × RθCA
)
where
TC
=
case temperature measured at the center of the package
bottom,
TA
PD
=
=
ambient temperature of the air available for cooling,
the power, in watts, dissipated in the power supply,
RθCA the thermal resistance from the center of the package
T he converter responds to this input transient voltage test by
shutting down due to its input overvoltage protection feature.
Once the pulse is over, the converter initiates a soft-start, which
is completed before the next pulse. No degradation of converter
performance occurs.
=
to free air, or case to ambient.
T he power dissipated in the power supply, PD, can be calculated
from the efficiency, h, given in the data sheets and the actual
output power, PO, in the user’s application by the following
formula:
TH ERMAL CH ARACTERISTICS
1
η
Junction and Case Tem per atur es: It is important for the
user to know how hot the hottest semiconductor junctions
within the converter get and to understand the relationship
between junction, case, and ambient temperatures. T he hottest
semiconductors in the 100 W product line of Analog Devices’
high density power supplies are the switching MOSFET s and
the output rectifiers. T here is an area inside the main power
transformers that is hotter than these semiconductors, but it is
within NAVMAT guidelines and well below the Curie tempera-
ture of the ferrite. (T he Curie temperature is the point at which
the ferrite begins to lose its magnetic properties.)
PD = PO
–1
For example, at 80 W of output power and 80% efficiency, the
power dissipated in the power supply is 20 W. If under these
conditions, the user wants to maintain NAVMAT deratings
(i.e., a case temperature of approximately 90°C) with an ambi-
ent temperature of 75°C, the required thermal resistance, case
to ambient, can be calculated as
90 = 75 + (20 × RθCA) or RθCA = 0.75°C/W
T his thermal resistance, case to ambient, will determine what
kind of heat sink and whether convection cooling or forced air
cooling is required to meet the constraints of the system.
Since NAVMAT guidelines require that the maximum junction
temperature be 110°C, the power supply manufacturer must
specify the temperature rise above the case for the hottest semi-
conductors so the user can determine what case temperature is
required to meet NAVMAT guidelines. T he thermal charac-
teristics section of the specification table states the hottest junc-
tion temperature for maximum output power at a specified case
temperature. T he unit can operate to higher case temperatures
than 90°C, but 90°C is the maximum temperature that permits
NAVMAT guidelines to be met.
SYSTEM INSTABILITY CO NSID ERATIO NS
In a distributed power supply architecture, a power source
provides power to many “point-of-load” (POL) converters. At
low frequencies, the POL converters appear incrementally as
negative resistance loads. T his negative resistance could cause
system instability problems.
–11–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Increm ental Negative Resistance: A POL converter is designed
to hold its output voltage constant no matter how its input volt-
age varies. Given a constant load current, the power drawn from
the input bus is therefore also a constant. If the input voltage
increases by some factor, the input current must decrease by the
same factor to keep the power level constant. In incremental
terms, a positive incremental change in the input voltage results
in a negative incremental change in the input current. T he POL
converter therefore looks, incrementally, as a negative resistor.
For the power delivery to be efficient, it is required that RS <<
RN. For the system to be stable, however, the following relation-
ship must hold:
(LS + LP )
(LS + LP )
CP| RN|
CP| RN| >
or RS >
RS
Notice from this result that if (LS + LP) is too large, or if RS is
too small, the system might be unstable. T his condition would
first be observed at low input line and full load since the abso-
lute value of RN is smallest at this operating condition.
T he value of this negative resistor at a particular operating
point, VIN, IIN, is:
If an instability results and it cannot be corrected by changing
LS or RS, such as during the MIL-ST D-461D tests due to the
LISN requirement, one possible solution is to place a capacitor
across the input of the POL converter. Another possibility is to
place a small resistor in series with this extra capacitor.
–VIN
RN
=
IIN
Note that this resistance is a function of the operating point. At
full load and low input line, the resistance is its smallest, while
at light load and high input line, it is its largest.
T he analysis so far has assumed the source of power was a volt-
age source (e.g., a battery) with some source impedance. In
some cases, this source may be the output of a front-end (FE)
converter. Although each FE converter is different, a model for
a typical one would have an LC output filter driven by a voltage
source whose value was determined by the feedback loop. T he
LC filter usually has a high Q, so the compensation of the feed-
back loop is chosen to help dampen any oscillations that result
from load transients. In effect, the feedback loop adds “positive
resistance” to the LC network.
P otential System Instability: T he preceding analysis assumes
dc voltages and currents. For ac waveforms the incremental input
model for the POL converter must also include the effects of its
input filter and control loop dynamics. When the POL con-
verter is connected to a power source, modeled as a voltage
source, VS, in series with an inductor, LS, and some positive
resistor, RS, the network of Figure 25 results.
When the POL converter is connected to the output of this FE
converter, the POL’s “negative resistance” counteracts the
effects of the FE’s “positive resistance” offered by the feedback
loop. Depending on the specific details, this might simply mean
that the FE converter’s transient response is slightly more oscil-
latory, or it may cause the entire system to be unstable.
L
L
P
R
S
S
INPUT
TERMINALS
V
–|R |
N
C
S
P
ADI DC/DC CONVERTER
For the ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA, LP is approxi-
mately 1 µH and CP is approximately 4 µF. Figure 12 shows a
more accurate depiction of the input impedance of the converter
as a function of frequency. T he negative resistance is, itself, a
very good incremental model for the power state of the con-
verter for frequencies into the several kHz range (see Figure 12).
Figure 25. Model of Power Source and POL Converter
Connection
T he network shown in Figure 25 is second order and has the
following characteristic equation:
(LS + LP )
s2(LS + LP )C + s
+ RSCP +1 = 0
– R
|
|
N
REV. A
–12–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
NAVMAT D ERATING
Micr ocir cuits (Linear s)
NAVMAT is a Navy power supply reliability manual that is
frequently cited by specifiers of power supplies. A key section of
NAVMAT P4855-1A discusses guidelines for derating designs
and their components. T he two key derating criteria are voltage
derating and power derating. Voltage derating is done to reduce
the possibility of electrical breakdown, whereas power derating
is done to maintain the component material below a specified
maximum temperature. While power deratings are typically stated
in terms of current limits (e.g., derate to x% of maximum rating),
NAVMAT also specifies a maximum junction temperature of the
semiconductor devices in a power supply. T he NAVMAT
component deratings applicable to the ADDC02812DA and
ADDC02815DA are as follows:
70% continuous current derating
75% signal voltage derating
110°C maximum junction temperature
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA, with one excep-
tion, can meet all the derating criteria listed above. However,
there are a few areas of the NAVMAT deratings where meeting
the guidelines unduly sacrifices performance of the circuit.
T herefore, the standard unit makes the following exceptions.
C om m on - Mode E MI F ilter C apacitor s: T he standard
supply uses 500 V capacitors to filter common-mode EMI.
NAVMAT guidelines would require 1000 V capacitors to meet
the 50% voltage derating (500 V dc input to output isolation),
resulting in less common-mode capacitance for the same space.
In typical electrical power supply systems, where the load
ground is eventually connected to the source ground, common-
mode voltages never get near the 500 V dc rating of the stan-
dard supply. T herefore, a lower voltage rating capacitor (500 V)
was chosen to fit more capacitance in the same space in order to
better meet the conducted emissions requirement of MIL-ST D-
461D (CE102). For those applications which require 250 V or
less of isolation from input to output, the present designs would
meet NAVMAT guidelines.
Resistor s
80% voltage derating
50% power derating
Capacitor s
50% voltage and ripple voltage derating
70% ripple current derating
Tr ansfor m er s and Inductor s
60% continuous voltage and current derating
90% surge voltage and current derating
20°C less than rated core temperature
30°C below insulation rating for hot spot temperature
25% insulation breakdown voltage derating
40°C maximum temperature rise
Switching Tr ansistor s: 100 V MOSFET s are used in the
standard unit to switch the primary side of the transformers.
T heir nominal off-state voltage meets the NAVMAT derating
guidelines. When the MOSFET s are turned off, however,
momentary spikes occur that reach 100 V. T he present genera-
tion of MOSFET s are rated for repetitive avalanche, a condition
that was not considered by the NAVMAT deratings. In the
worst case condition, the energy dissipated during avalanche is
1% of the device’s rated repetitive avalanche energy. T o meet
the NAVMAT derating, 200 V MOSFET s could be used. T he
100 V MOSFET s are used instead for their lower on-state resis-
tance, resulting in higher efficiency for the power supply.
Tr ansistor s
50% power derating
60% forward current (continuous) derating
75% voltage and transient peak voltage derating
110°C maximum junction temperature
D iodes (Switching, Gener al P ur pose, Rectifier s)
70% current (surge and continuous) derating
65% peak inverse voltage derating
O utput Rectifier s (AD D C02815D A only): Schottky diodes
are used as output rectifiers for the ±15 V dc converter. T he
reverse voltage stress on these diodes under normal operating
conditions is 75% of their maximum rating, compared to a
NAVMAT derating guideline of 65%.
110°C maximum junction temperature
D iodes (Zener s)
70% surge current derating
60% continuous current derating
50% power derating
110°C maximum junction temperature
–13–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
It should be noted that there are several areas of ambiguity with
respect to CE102 measurements that may concern the systems
engineer. One area of ambiguity in this measurement is the
nature of the load. If it is constant, then the ripple voltage on
the converter’s input leads is due only to the operation of the
converter. If, on the other hand, the load is changing over time,
this variation causes an additional input current and voltage
ripple to be drawn at the same frequency. If the frequency is
high enough, the converter’s filter will help attenuate this sec-
ond source of ripple, but if it is below approximately 100 kHz, it
will not. T he system may then not meet the CE102 require-
ment, even though the converter is not the source of the EMI.
If this is the case, additional capacitance may be needed across
the load or across the input to the converter.
NAVMAT Junction Tem per atur es: T he two types of power
deratings (current and temperature) can be independent of one
another. For instance, a switching diode can meet its derating of
70% of its maximum current, but its junction temperature can
be higher than 110°C if the case temperature of the converter,
which is not controlled by the manufacturer, is allowed to go
higher. Since some users may choose to operate the power sup-
ply at a case temperature higher than 90°C, it then becomes
important to know the temperature rise of the hottest semicon-
ductors. T his is covered in the specification table in the section
entitled “T hermal Characteristics.”
EMI CO NSID ERATIO NS
T he ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA have an integral
differential- and common-mode EMI filter that is designed to
meet all applicable requirements in MIL-ST D-461D when the
power converter is installed in a typical system setup (described
below). T he converter also contains transient protection cir-
cuitry that permits the unit to survive short, high voltage tran-
sients across its input power leads. T he purpose of this section is
to describe the various MIL-STD-461D tests and the converter’s
corresponding performance. Consult factory for additional
information.
Another ambiguity in the CE102 measurement concerns
common-mode voltage. If the load is left unconnected from the
ground plane (even though the case is grounded), the common-
mode ripple voltages will be smaller than if the load is grounded.
T he test specifications do not state which procedure should be
used. However, in neither case (load grounded or floating) will
the typical EMI test setup described below be exactly represen-
tative of the final system configuration EMI test. For the follow-
ing reasons, the same is true if separately packaged EMI filters
are used.
T he figures and tests referenced herein were obtained from
measurements on the ADDC02805SA, a single 5 V dc output
converter. Since the construction and topology of the dual out-
put converters are almost identical to the single output con-
verter, and the component values of the EMI differential and
common filter in the dual output converters are identical to the
single output converter, the text references these figures and
tests as typical of the ADDC02812DA and ADDC02815DA
converters.
In almost all systems the output ground of the converter is ulti-
mately connected to the input ground of the system. T he para-
sitic capacitances and inductances in this connection will affect
the common-mode voltage and the CE102 measurement. In
addition, the inductive impedance of this ground connection
can cause resonances, thereby affecting the performance of the
common-mode filter in the power supply.
In response to these ambiguities, the Analog Devices converter
has been tested for CE102 under a constant load and with the
output ground floating. While these measurements are a good
indication of how the converter will operate in the final system
configuration, the user should confirm CE102 testing in the
final system configuration.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is governed by MIL-ST D-
461D, which establishes design requirements, and MIL-ST D-
462D, which defines test methods. EMI requirements are
categorized as follows (xxx designates a three digit number):
• CExxx: conducted emissions (EMI produced internal to the
power supply which is conducted externally through its input
power leads)
CE101: T his test measures emissions on the input leads in the
frequency range between 30 Hz and 10 kHz. T he intent of this
requirement is to ensure that the dc/dc converter does not corrupt
the power quality (allowable voltage distortion) on the power
buses present on the platform. There are several CE101 limit
curves in MIL-STD-461D. The most stringent one applicable for
the converter is the one for submarine applications. Figure 13
shows that the converter easily meets this requirement (the return
line measurement is similar). T he components at 60 Hz and its
harmonics are a result of ripple in the output of the power
source used to supply the converter.
• CSxxx: conducted susceptibility (EMI produced external
to the power supply which is conducted internally through
the input power leads and may interfere with the supply’s
operation)
• RExxx: radiated emissions (EMI produced internal to the
power supply which is radiated into the surrounding space)
• RSxxx: radiated susceptibility (EMI produced external to the
power supply which radiates into or through the power supply
and may interfere with its proper operation)
REV. A
–14–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
CS115: T his test measures the ability of the converter to oper-
ate correctly during and after being subjected to 30 ns long
pulses of current injected into bulk cables. Its purpose is to
simulate transients caused by lightning or electromagnetic
pulses. T he converter is designed to meet this requirement
when applied to its input power leads cable. Consult factory for
more information.
CE102: T his test measures emissions in the frequency range
between 10 kHz and 10 MHz. T he measurements are made on
both of the input leads of the converter which are connected to
the power source through LISNs. T he intent of this requirement
in the lower frequency portion of the requirement is to ensure
that the dc/dc converter does not corrupt the power quality
(allowable voltage distortion) on the power buses present on the
platform. At higher frequencies, the intent is to serve as a sepa-
rate control from RE102 on potential radiation from power
leads which may couple into sensitive electronic equipment.
CS116: T his test measures the ability of the converter to oper-
ate correctly during and after being subjected to damped sinu-
soid transients in the 10 kHz to 100 MHz range. Its purpose is
to simulate current and voltage waveforms that would occur
when natural resonances in the system are excited. T he con-
verter is designed to meet this requirement when applied to its
input power leads cable. Consult factory for more information.
Figure 14 shows the CE102 limit and the measurement taken
from the +VIN line. While the measurement taken from the
input return line is slightly different, both comfortably meet the
MIL-ST D-461D, CE102 limit.
RE101: T his requirement limits the strength of the magnetic
field created by the converter in order to avoid interference with
sensitive equipment located nearby. T he measurement is made
from 30 Hz to 100 kHz. T he most stringent requirement is for
the Navy. Figure 15 shows the test results when the pickup coil
is held 7 cm above the converter. As can be seen, the converter
easily meets this requirement.
CS101: T his test measures the ability of the converter to reject
low frequency differential signals, 30 Hz to 50 kHz, injected on
the dc inputs. T he measurement is taken on the output power
leads. T he intent is to ensure that equipment performance is not
degraded from ripple voltages associated with allowable dis-
tortion of power source voltage waveforms. Figure 10 shows a
typical audio susceptibility graph. Note that according to the
MIL-ST D-461D test requirements, the injected signal between
30 Hz and 5 kHz has an amplitude of 2 V rms and from 5 kHz
to 50 kHz the amplitude decreases inversely with frequency to
0.2 V rms. T he curve of the injected signal should be multiplied
by the audio susceptibility curve to determine the output ripple
at any frequency. When this is done, the worst case output
ripple at the frequency of the input ripple occurs at 5 kHz, at
which point there is typically a 25 mV peak-to-peak output
ripple.
RE102: T his requirements limits the strength of the electric
field emissions from the power converter to protect sensitive
receivers from interference. T he measurement is made from
10 kHz to 18 GHz with the antenna oriented in the vertical
plane. For the 30 MHz and above range the standard calls for
the measurement to be made with the antenna oriented in the
horizontal plane, as well.
In a typical power converter system setup, the radiated emis-
sions can come from two sources: (1) the input power leads as
they extend over the two meter distance between the LISNs and
the converter, as required for this test, and (2) the converter
output leads and load. T he latter is likely to create significant
emissions if left uncovered since minimal EMI filtering is pro-
vided at the converter’s output. It is typical, however, that the
power supply and its load would be contained in a conductive
enclosure in applications where this test is applicable. A metal
screen enclosure was therefore used to cover the converter and
its load for this test.
It should be noted that MIL-ST D-704 has a more relaxed
requirement for rejection of low frequency differential signals
injected on the dc inputs than MIL-ST D-461D. MIL-ST D-
704 calls for a lower amplitude ripple to be injected on the input
in a narrower frequency band, 10 Hz to 20 kHz.
CS114: This test measures the ability of the converter to operate
correctly during and after being subjected to currents injected
into bulk cables in the 10 kHz to 400 MHz range. Its purpose is
to simulate currents that would be developed in these cables due
to electromagnetic fields generated by antenna transmissions.
T he converter is designed to meet the requirements of this test
when the current is injected on the input power leads cable.
Consult factory for more information.
–15–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Figure 16 shows test results for the vertical measurement and
compares them against the most stringent RE102 requirement;
the horizontal measurement (30 MHz and above) was similar.
As can be seen, the emissions just meet the standard in the
18 MHz–28 MHz range. T his component of the emissions is
due to common-mode currents flowing through the input power
leads. As mentioned in the section on CE102 above, the level of
common-mode current that flows is dependent on how the load
is connected. T his measurement is therefore a good indication
of how well the converter will perform in the final configuration,
but the user should confirm RE102 testing in the final system.
the System Instability section, such a large series source induc-
tance will cause an instability as it interacts with the converter’s
negative incremental input resistance unless some corrective
action is taken. T he 100 µF capacitor and 1 Ω resistor provide
the stabilization required.
It should be noted that the values of these stabilization compo-
nents are appropriate for a single converter load. If the system
makes use of several converters, the values of the components
will need to be changed slightly, but not such that they are
repeated for every converter. It should also be noted that most
system applications will not have a source inductance as large as
the 100 µH built into the LISNs. For those systems, a much
smaller input capacitor could be used.
RS101: T his requirement is specialized and is intended to
check for sensitivity to low frequency magnetic fields in the
30 Hz to 50 kHz range. T he converter is designed to meet this
requirement. Consult factory for more information.
The 2 µF differential-mode capacitor and the two 82 nF common-
mode capacitors were added to achieve the results shown in the
EMI measurement figures described above.
RS103: T his test calls for correct operation during and after the
unit under test is subjected to radiated electric fields in the
10 kH z to 40 GH z range. T he intent is to simulate electro-
magnetic fields generated by antenna transmissions. T he con-
verter is designed to meet this requirement. Consult factory for
more information.
RELIABILITY CO NSID ERATIO NS
MT BF (Mean T ime Between Failure) is a commonly used
reliability concept that applies to repairable items in which
failed elements are replaced upon failure. T he expression for
MT BF is
Cir cuit Setup for EMI Test
Figure 17 shows a schematic of the test setup used for the EMI
measurements discussed above. T he output of the converter is
connected to a resistive load designed to draw full power. T here
is a 0.1 µF capacitor placed across this resistor that typifies
by-pass capacitance normally used in this application. At the
input of the converter there are two differential capacitors (the
larger one having a series resistance) and two small common-
mode capacitors connected to case ground. T he case itself was
connected to the metal ground plane in the test chamber. For
the RE102 test, a metal screen box was used to cover both the
converter and its load (but not the two meters of input power
lead cables). T his box was also electrically connected to the
metal ground plane.
MTBF = T/r
where
T = total operating time
r = number of failures
In lieu of actual field data, MT BF can be predicted per
MIL-H DBK-217.
MTBF, Failur e Rate and P r obability of Failur e: A proper
understanding of MT BF begins with its relationship to lambda
(), which is the failure rate. If a constant failure rate is assumed,
then MT BF = 1/, or = 1/MT BF. If a power supply has an
MT BF of 1,000,000 hours, this does not mean it will last
1,000,000 hours before it fails. Instead, the MT BF describes the
failure rate. For 1,000,000 hours MT BF, the failure rate during
any hour is 1/1,000,000, or 0.0001%. T hus, a power supply
with an MT BF of 500,000 hours would have twice the failure
rate (0.0002%) of one with 1,000,000 hours.
With regard to the components added to the input power lines,
the 100 µF capacitor with its 1 Ω series resistance is required to
achieve system stability when the unit is powered through the
LISNs, as the MIL-ST D-461D standard requires. T hese LISNs
have a series inductance of 50 µH at low frequencies, giving a
total differential inductance of 100 µH. As explained earlier in
REV. A
–16–
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
What users should be interested in is the probability of a power
supply not failing prior to some time t. Given the assumption of
a constant failure rate, this probability is defined as
R(t) = e–λt
where R(t) is the probability of a device not failing prior to some
time, t.
If we substitute = 1/MT BF in the above formula, then the
expression becomes
–t
R(t) = eMTBF
T his formula is the correct way to interpret the meaning of
MT BF.
If we assume t = MT BF = 1,000,000 hours, then the probability
that a power supply will not fail prior to 1,000,000 hours of use
is e–1, or 36.8%. T his is quite different from saying the power
supply will last 1,000,000 hours before it fails. T he probability
that the power supply will not fail prior to 50,000 hours of use is
e–.05, or 95%. For t = 10,000 hours, the probability of no failure
is e–.01, or 99%.
Figure 26. Hot Spots (Shaded Areas) of DC/DC Converter
T he pins of the converter are typically connected to the next
higher level assembly by bending them at right angles, either
down or up, and cutting them shorter for insertion in printed
circuit board through holes. In order to maintain the hermetic
integrity of the seals around the pins, a fixture should be used
for bending the pins without stressing the pin-to-sidewall seals.
It is recommended that the minimum distance between the
package edge and the inside of the pin be 100 mils (2.54 mm)
for the 40 mil (1.02 mm) diameter pins; 120 mils (3.05 mm)
from the package edge to the center of the pin as shown in
Figure 27.
Tem per atur e and Envir onm ental Factor s: Although the
calculation of MT BF per MIL-HDBK-217 is a detailed process,
there are two key variables that give the manufacturer significant
leeway in predicting an MT BF rating. T hese two variables are
temperature and environmental factor. T herefore, for users to
properly compare MT BF numbers from two different manufac-
turers, the environmental factor and the temperature must be
identical. Contact the factory for MT BF calculations for specific
environmental factors and temperatures.
MECH ANICAL CO NSID ERATIO NS
When mounting the converter into the next higher level assem-
bly, it is important to insure good thermal contact is made
between the converter and the external heat sink. Poor thermal
connection can result in the converter shutting off, due to the
temperature shutdown feature (Pin 9), or reduced reliability for
the converter due to higher than anticipated junction and case
temperatures. For these reasons the mounting tab locations
were selected to insure good thermal contact is made near the
hot spots of the converter which are shown in the shaded areas
of Figure 26.
0.100"
(2.54mm)
0.120"
(3.05mm)
Figure 27. Minim um Bend Radius of 40 Mil (1.02 m m ) Pins
–17–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Note: T he value of C1 is dependent on source impedance.
Refer to section on System Instability Considerations. The remote
sense connection shown in Figure 29 was selected to reference
ST AT US to the output ground of the load. If the resistive drop
in the positive VOUT connection to the load is sufficiently large
compared to the negative VOUT connection to the load, then
connect Pin 1 to the output return of the converter and Pin 2
to the +VOUT . H owever, ST AT US, which is referenced to
–SENSE (Pin 1), will not be referenced to the output ground of
the load.
17
16
15
14
13
12
1
2
ADDC02812DA/
ADDC02815DA
R
LOAD
10
11
+28VDC
28RTN
C1
NOTE: VALUE OF C1 IS DEPENDENT ON SOURCE IMPEDANCE.
REFER TO SECTION ON SYSTEM INSTABILITY CONSIDERATIONS.
Figure 29. Typical Connections for Providing 24 V Output/
30 V Output from ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA Re-
spectively
17
16
15
14
13
12
1
2
–R
+R
LOAD
ADDC02812DA/
ADDC02815DA
LOAD
10
11
+28VDC
28RTN
C1
NOTE: VALUE OF C1 IS DEPENDENT ON SOURCE IMPEDANCE.
REFER TO SECTION ON SYSTEM INSTABILITY CONSIDERATIONS.
Figure 28. Typical Power Connections and External Parts
for Converter
–18–
REV. A
ADDC02812DA/ADDC02815DA
Screening Levels for AD D C02812D A AND AD D C02815D A
Screening Steps
Industrial (KV)
Ruggedized Industrial (TV)
MIL-STD -883B/SMD (TV/QMLH )
Pre-Cap Visual
T emp Cycle
100%
N/A
MIL-ST D-883, T M2017
N/A
N/A
Constant Acceleration
Fine Leak
N/A
Guaranteed to Meet
Guaranteed to Meet
MIL-ST D-883, T M1014
MIL-ST D-883, T M1014
Compliant to MIL-PRF-38534
Gross Leak
Guaranteed to Meet
Guaranteed to Meet
MIL-ST D-883, T M1014
MIL-ST D-883, T M1014
Burn-In
N/A
MIL-ST D-883, T M1015,
96 Hrs at +115°C Case
Final Electrical T est
At +25°C, Per Specification
At +25°C, Per Specification
T able
T able
NO MINAL CASE D IMENSIO NS IN INCH ES AND (m m )
[All tolerances ±0.005" (± 0.13 mm) unless otherwise specified]
0.300 (7.62) SQ
؎ 0.010
0.149 (3.78)
DIA TYP
0.150 (3.81)
4 PLCS
4 PLCS
0.100 (2.54)
8 PLCS
1.500 ؎ 0.010
(38.10 ؎ 0.25)
0.150 (3.81)
1.800
(45.72)
TYP
TOP VIEW
0.200 (5.08)
2.100 ؎ 0.010
(53.34 ؎ 0.25)
0.200 (5.08) 5 PLCS
0.250 (6.35)
0.200 (5.08)
2 PLCS
0.150 (3.81)
0.800 ؎ 0.010
(20.32 ؎ 0.25)
1.145 (29.08)
2 PLCS
0.040 ؎ 0.003
(1.02 ؎ 0.08)
4 PLCS
2.745 ؎ 0.010
(69.72 ؎ 0.25)
0.090 ؎ 0.010
(2.29 ؎ 0.25)
0.390 ؎ 0.010
(9.91 ؎ 0.25)
NOT ES
1T he final product weight is 85 grams maximum.
2T he package base material if made of molybdenum and is nominally 40 mils (1.02 mm) thick. T he “runout” is less than 2 mils per inch (0.02 mm per cm).
3T he high current pins (10–17) are 40 mil (1.02 mm) diameter; are 99.8% copper; and are plated with gold over nickel.
4T he signal carrying pins (1–9) are 18 mil (0.46 mm) diameter; are Kovar; and are plated with gold over nickel.
5All pins are a minimum length of 0.740 inches (18.80 mm) when the product is shipped. T he pins are typically bent up or down and cut shorter for proper connec-
tion into the user’s system.
6All pin-to-sidewall spacings are guaranteed for a minimum of 500 V dc breakdown at standard air pressure.
7T he case outline was originally designed using the inch-pound units of measurement. In the event of conflict between the metric and inch-pound units, the inch-
pound shall take precedence.
–19–
REV. A
–20–
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