AD9276-80KITZ [ADI]
Octal LNA/VGA/AAF/12-Bit ADC and CW I/Q Demodulator; 八通道LNA / VGA / AAF / 12位ADC和CW I / Q解调器
| 型号： | AD9276-80KITZ |
| 厂家： | 
ADI |
| 描述： | Octal LNA/VGA/AAF/12-Bit ADC and CW I/Q Demodulator |
| 文件： | 总48页 (文件大小：1025K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
Octal LNA/VGA/AAF/12-Bit ADC
and CW I/Q Demodulator
AD9276
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
8 channels of LNA, VGA, AAF, ADC, and I/Q demodulator
Low noise preamplifier (LNA)
Medical imaging/ultrasound
Automotive radar
Input-referred noise: 0.75 nV/√Hz typical at 5 MHz
(gain = 21.3 dB)
PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
SPI-programmable gain: 15.6 dB/17.9 dB/21.3 dB
Single-ended input: VIN maximum = 733 mV p-p/
550 mV p-p/367 mV p-p
Dual-mode active input impedance matching
Bandwidth (BW) > 100 MHz
Full-scale (FS) output: 4.4 V p-p differential
Variable gain amplifier (VGA)
Attenuator range: −42 dB to 0 dB
Postamp gain: 21 dB/24 dB/27 dB/30 dB
Linear-in-dB gain control
Antialiasing filter (AAF)
Programmable second-order LPF from 8 MHz to 18 MHz
Programmable HPF
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
12 bits at 10 MSPS to 80 MSPS
SNR: 70 dB
1. Small Footprint.
Eight channels are contained in a small, space-saving
package. Full TGC path, ADC, and I/Q demodulator
contained within a 100-lead, 16 mm × 16 mm TQFP.
2. Low Power.
In TGC mode, low power of 195 mW per channel
at 40 MSPS. In CW mode, ultralow power of 94 mW
per channel.
3. Integrated High Dynamic Range I/Q Demodulator with
Phase Rotation.
4. Ease of Use.
A data clock output (DCO± ± operates up to 480 MHz
and supports double data rate (DDR± operation.
5. User Flexibility.
Serial port interface (SPI± control offers a wide range of
flexible features to meet specific system requirements.
6. Integrated Second-Order Antialiasing Filter.
This filter is placed before the ADC and is programmable
from 8 MHz to 18 MHz.
SFDR: 75 dB
Serial LVDS (ANSI-644, IEEE 1596.3 reduced range link)
Data and frame clock outputs
CW mode I/Q demodulator
Individual programmable phase rotation
Output dynamic range per channel >160 dBFS/√Hz
Low power: 195 mW per channel at 12 bits/40 MSPS (TGC),
94 mW per channel for CW Doppler
Flexible power-down modes
Overload recovery in <10 ns
Fast recovery from low power standby mode: <2 μs
100-lead TQFP_EP
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
AVDD1 AVDD2
PDWN STBY
DRVDD
LO-A TO LO-H
I/Q
8 CHANNELS
DEMODULATOR
LOSW-A TO LOSW-H
LI-A TO LI-H
DOUTA+ TO DOUTH+
DOUTA– TO DOUTH–
12-BIT
ADC
SERIAL
LVDS
LNA
VGA
AAF
LG-A TO LG-H
FCO+
FCO–
DCO+
DCO–
DATA
RATE
MULTIPLIER
SERIAL
PORT
INTERFACE
LO
REFERENCE
GENERATION
Figure 1.
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Trademarks and registeredtrademarks arethe property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
Fax: 781.461.3113
www.analog.com
©2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD9276
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
Ultrasound .................................................................................. 21
Channel Overview ..................................................................... 22
Input Overdrive .......................................................................... 25
CW Doppler Operation............................................................. 25
TGC Operation........................................................................... 29
ADC ............................................................................................. 33
Clock Input Considerations...................................................... 33
Digital Outputs and Timing ..................................................... 35
Serial Port Interface (SPI±.............................................................. 39
Hardware Interface..................................................................... 40
Memory Map .................................................................................. 41
Reading the Memory Map Table.............................................. 41
Reserved Locations .................................................................... 41
Default Values............................................................................. 41
Logic Levels................................................................................. 41
Applications Information.............................................................. 45
Power and Ground Recommendations................................... 45
Exposed Paddle Thermal Heat Slug Recommendations ...... 45
Outline Dimensions....................................................................... 46
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 46
Applications....................................................................................... 1
Product Highlights ........................................................................... 1
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
Revision History ............................................................................... 2
General Description......................................................................... 3
Specifications..................................................................................... 4
AC Specifications.......................................................................... 4
Digital Specifications ................................................................... 7
Switching Specifications .............................................................. 8
ADC Timing Diagrams ............................................................... 9
Absolute Maximum Ratings.......................................................... 10
Thermal Impedance................................................................... 10
ESD Caution................................................................................ 10
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions........................... 11
Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 14
TGC Mode................................................................................... 14
CW Doppler Mode..................................................................... 17
Equivalent Circuits......................................................................... 19
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 21
REVISION HISTORY
7/09—Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 48
AD9276
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD9276 is designed for low cost, low power, small size,
and ease of use. It contains eight channels of a variable gain
amplifier (VGA± with a low noise preamplifier (LNA±; an anti-
aliasing filter (AAF±; a 12-bit, 10 MSPS to 80 MSPS analog-to-
digital converter (ADC±; and an I/Q demodulator with
programmable phase rotation.
The AD9276 requires a LVPECL-/CMOS-/LVDS-compatible
sample rate clock for full performance operation. No external
reference or driver components are required for many applications.
The ADC automatically multiplies the sample rate clock for
the appropriate LVDS serial data rate. A data clock (DCO± ± for
capturing data on the output and a frame clock (FCO± ± trigger
for signaling a new output byte are provided.
Each channel features a variable gain range of 42 dB, a fully
differential signal path, an active input preamplifier termination,
a maximum gain of up to 52 dB, and an ADC with a conversion
rate of up to 80 MSPS. The channel is optimized for dynamic
performance and low power in applications where a small
package size is critical.
Powering down individual channels is supported to increase
battery life for portable applications. A standby mode option
allows quick power-up for power cycling. In CW Doppler opera-
tion, the VGA, AAF, and ADC are powered down. The power of
the TGC path scales with selectable ADC speed power modes.
The LNA has a single-ended-to-differential gain that is selectable
through the SPI. The LNA input noise is typically 0.75 nV/√Hz
at a gain of 21.3 dB, and the combined input-referred noise of
the entire channel is 0.85 nV/√Hz at maximum gain. Assuming
a 15 MHz noise bandwidth (NBW± and a 21.3 dB LNA gain, the
input SNR is roughly 92 dB. In CW Doppler mode, each LNA
output drives an I/Q demodulator. Each demodulator has inde-
pendently programmable phase rotation through the SPI with
16 phase settings.
The ADC contains several features designed to maximize flexibility
and minimize system cost, such as a programmable clock, data
alignment, and programmable digital test pattern generation. The
digital test patterns include built-in fixed patterns, built-in pseudo-
random patterns, and custom user-defined test patterns entered
via the serial port interface.
Fabricated in an advanced CMOS process, the AD9276 is
available in a 16 mm × 16 mm, RoHS compliant, 100-lead
TQFP. It is specified over the industrial temperature range
of −40°C to +85°C.
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 48
AD9276
SPECIFICATIONS
AC SPECIFICATIONS
AVDD1 = 1.8 V, AVDD2 = 3.0 V, DRVDD = 1.8 V, 1.0 V internal ADC reference, fIN = 5 MHz, RS = 50 Ω, LNA gain = 21.3 dB, LNA bias = high,
PGA gain = 27 dB, GAIN− = 0.8 V, AAF LPF cutoff = fSAMPLE/3 (Mode I/Mode II±, fSAMPLE/4.5 (Mode III±, HPF cutoff = LPF cutoff/20.7 (default±,
Mode I = fSAMPLE = 40 MSPS, Mode II = fSAMPLE = 65 MSPS, Mode III = fSAMPLE = 80 MSPS, full temperature, ANSI-644 LVDS mode, unless
otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter1
LNA CHARACTERISTICS
Gain
Test Conditions/Comments
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Single-ended input to differential output
Single-ended input to single-ended output
15.6/17.9/21.3
9.6/11.9/15.3
dB
dB
Input Voltage Range
(Single-Ended)
LNA output limited to 4.4 V p-p differential
output
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
733
550
367
1.0
mV p-p
mV p-p
mV p-p
V
Input Common Mode (LI-x, LG-x)
Output Common Mode (LO-x)
Output Common Mode (LOSW-x)
1.5
High-Z
1.5
50
100
15
V
Ω
V
Ω
Switch off
Switch on
RFB = 250 Ω
RFB = 500 Ω
RFB = ∞
Input Resistance (LI-x)
Ω
kΩ
pF
MHz
Input Capacitance (LI-x)
−3 dB Bandwidth
22
100
Input Noise Voltage
RS = 0 Ω, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
RFB = ∞
0.98
0.86
0.75
1
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
pA/√Hz
Input Noise Current
1 dB Input Compression Point
GAIN+ = 0 V
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
RS = 50 Ω
1.0
0.8
0.5
V p-p
V p-p
V p-p
Noise Figure
Active Termination Matched
LNA gain = 15.6 dB, RFB = 200 Ω
LNA gain = 17.9 dB, RFB = 250 Ω
LNA gain = 21.3 dB, RFB = 350 Ω
LNA gain = 15.6 dB, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 17.9 dB, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 21.3 dB, RFB = ∞
4.8
4.1
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.3
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
Unterminated
FULL-CHANNEL (TGC)
CHARACTERISTICS
AAF Low-Pass Cutoff
In Range
In Range AAF Bandwidth
Tolerance
−3 dB, programmable
8
18
MHz
%
10
Group Delay Variation
Input-Referred Noise Voltage
f = 1 MHz to 18 MHz, GAIN+ = 0 V to 1.6 V
GAIN+ = 1.6 V, RFB = ∞
0.5
ns
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
1.26
1.04
0.85
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 48
AD9276
Parameter1
Test Conditions/Comments
GAIN+ = 1.6 V, RS = 50 Ω
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Noise Figure
Active Termination Matched
LNA gain = 15.6 dB, RFB = 200 Ω
8.0/7.7/7.6
dB
Mode I/Mode II/Mode III
LNA gain = 17.9 dB, RFB = 250 Ω
LNA gain = 21.3 dB, RFB = 350 Ω
LNA gain = 15.6 dB, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 17.9 dB, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 21.3 dB, RFB = ∞
No signal, correlated/uncorrelated
6.6/6.2/6.1
4.7/4.5/4.4
4.7
3.7
2.8
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
LSB
dBFS
Unterminated
Correlated Noise Ratio
Output Offset
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Mode I/Mode II/Mode III
−30
−35
+35
f
IN = 5 MHz at −10 dBFS, GAIN+ = 0 V
65/64/63
fIN = 5 MHz at −1 dBFS, GAIN+ = 1.6 V
57/56/54.5
dBFS
Harmonic Distortion
Mode I/Mode II/Mode III
Second Harmonic
fIN = 5 MHz at −10 dBFS, GAIN+ = 0 V
fIN = 5 MHz at −1 dBFS, GAIN+ = 1.6 V
fIN = 5 MHz at −10 dBFS, GAIN+ = 0 V
fIN = 5 MHz at −1 dBFS, GAIN+ = 1.6 V
−62/−58/−55
−60/−61/−58
−71/−60/−60
−57/−55/−56
−55
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
Third Harmonic
Two-Tone Intermodulation (IMD3) fRF1 = 5.015 MHz, fRF2 = 5.020 MHz,
ARF1 = 0 dB, ARF2 = −20 dB, GAIN+ = 1.6 V,
IMD3 relative to ARF2
Channel-to-Channel Crosstalk
fIN = 5 MHz at −1 dBFS
−70
−65
0.3
dB
dB
Degrees
Overrange condition2
Channel-to-Channel Delay
Variation
Full TGC path, fIN = 5 MHz, GAIN+ = 0 V to 1.6 V
PGA Gain
Differential input to differential output
21/24/27/30
1.5
dB
GAIN ACCURACY
Gain Law Conformance Error
Mode I/Mode II/Mode III
25°C
0 < GAIN+ < 0.16 V
dB
dB
dB
0.16 V < GAIN+ < 1.44 V
1.44 V < GAIN+ < 1.6 V
−1.5/−1.5/
−1.6
+1.5/+1.5/
+1.6
+1.5/+1.5/
+1.6
−1.5/−1.5/ −2.5
−1.6
Linear Gain Error
Channel-to-Channel Matching
GAIN CONTROL INTERFACE
Normal Operating Range
Gain Range
Scale Factor
Response Time
GAIN+ Impedance
GAIN− Impedance
CW DOPPLER MODE
LO Frequency
GAIN+ = 0.8 V, normalized for ideal AAF loss
0.16 V < GAIN+ < 1.44 V
−1.5
0.1
+1.5
dB
dB
0
1.6
0
V
dB
dB/V
ns
MΩ
kΩ
GAIN+ = 0 V to 1.6 V
−42
28.5
750
10
42 dB change
Single-ended
Single-ended
70
fLO = f4LO/4
Per channel
CWI+, CWI−, CWQ+, CWQ−
Per CWI+, CWI−, CWQ+, CWQ−, per channel
enabled
1
10
MHz
Degrees
V
Phase Increment
Output DC Bias (Single-Ended)
Maximum Output Swing
22.5
1.5
1.25
mA
Transconductance (Differential)
Demodulated IOUT/VIN, each I or Q output
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
1.8
2.4
3.5
mA/V
mA/V
mA/V
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 48
AD9276
Parameter1
Test Conditions/Comments
RS = 0 Ω, RFB = ∞
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Input-Referred Noise Voltage
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
RS = 50 Ω, RFB = ∞
1.5
1.4
1.3
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
nV/√Hz
Noise Figure
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
RS = 0 Ω, RFB = ∞
LNA gain = 15.6 dB
LNA gain = 17.9 dB
LNA gain = 21.3 dB
5.7
5.3
4.8
dB
dB
dB
Input-Referred Dynamic Range
Output-Referred SNR
164
162
160
155
dBFS/√Hz
dBFS/√Hz
dBFS/√Hz
dBc/√Hz
−3 dBFS input, fRF = 2.5 MHz, f4LO = 10 MHz,
1 kHz offset
Two-Tone Intermodulation (IMD3) fRF1 = 5.015 MHz, fRF2 = 5.020 MHz,
4LO = 20 MHz, ARF1 = 0 dB, ARF2 = −20 dB,
−58
dB
f
IMD3 relative to ARF2
I to Q, all phases, 1 σ
I to Q, all phases, 1 σ
Phase I to I, Q to Q, 1 σ
Amplitude I to I, Q to Q, 1 σ
Quadrature Phase Error
I/Q Amplitude Imbalance
Channel-to-Channel Matching
0.15
0.015
0.5
Degrees
dB
Degrees
dB
0.25
POWER SUPPLY
Mode I/Mode II/Mode III
AVDD1
AVDD2
DRVDD
IAVDD1
1.7
2.7
1.7
1.8
3.0
1.8
1.9
3.6
1.9
V
V
V
mA
mA
mA
mA
TGC mode
CW Doppler mode
TGC mode, no signal
CW Doppler mode per channel enabled,
no signal
190/263/317
15
365
30
IAVDD2
IDRVDD
49/51/52
mA
Total Power Dissipation
(Including Output Drivers)
TGC mode, no signal
1560/1690/
1780
1800/1940/ mW
2050
CW Doppler mode with eight channels
enabled, no signal
750
mW
Power-Down Dissipation
Standby Power Dissipation
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
(PSRR)
5
mW
175/200/210 mW
mV/V
1.6
12
ADC RESOLUTION
ADC REFERENCE
Bits
Output Voltage Error
Load Regulation at 1.0 mA
Input Resistance
VREF = 1 V
VREF = 1 V
20
mV
mV
kΩ
2
6
1 See the AN-835 Application Note, Understanding High Speed ADC Testing and Evaluation, for a complete set of definitions and information about how these tests were
completed.
2 The overrange condition is specified as being 6 dB more than the full-scale input range.
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 48
AD9276
DIGITAL SPECIFICATIONS
AVDD1 = 1.8 V, AVDD2 = 3.0 V, DRVDD = 1.8 V, 1.0 V internal ADC reference, fIN = 5 MHz, full temperature, unless otherwise noted.
Table 2.
Parameter1
Temperature
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
CLOCK INPUTS (CLK+, CLK−)
Logic Compliance
CMOS/LVDS/LVPECL
Differential Input Voltage2
Input Common-Mode Voltage
Input Resistance (Differential)
Input Capacitance
Full
Full
25°C
25°C
250
mV p-p
V
kΩ
pF
1.2
20
1.5
CW 4LO INPUTS (4LO+, 4LO−)
Logic Compliance
CMOS/LVDS/LVPECL
Differential Input Voltage2
Input Common-Mode Voltage
Input Resistance (Differential)
Input Capacitance
Full
Full
25°C
25°C
250
1.2
1.2
mV p-p
V
kΩ
pF
1.2
20
1.5
LOGIC INPUTS (PDWN, STBY, SCLK, RESET)
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
Input Resistance
Input Capacitance
Full
Full
25°C
25°C
3.6
0.3
V
V
kΩ
pF
30
0.5
LOGIC INPUT (CSB)
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
Full
Full
3.6
0.3
V
V
Input Resistance
Input Capacitance
25°C
25°C
70
0.5
kΩ
pF
LOGIC INPUT (SDIO)
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
Full
Full
1.2
0
DRVDD + 0.3
0.3
V
V
Input Resistance
Input Capacitance
25°C
25°C
30
2
kΩ
pF
LOGIC OUTPUT (SDIO)3
Logic 1 Voltage (IOH = 800 μA)
Logic 0 Voltage (IOL = 50 μA)
DIGITAL OUTPUTS (DOUTx+, DOUTx−), (ANSI-644)1
Logic Compliance
Full
Full
1.79
V
V
0.05
LVDS
Differential Output Voltage (VOD
)
Full
Full
247
1.125
454
1.375
mV
V
Output Offset Voltage (VOS
)
Output Coding (Default)
Offset binary
LVDS
DIGITAL OUTPUTS (DOUTx+, DOUTx−),
(LOW POWER, REDUCED SIGNAL OPTION)1
Logic Compliance
Differential Output Voltage (VOD
)
Full
Full
150
1.10
250
1.30
mV
V
Output Offset Voltage (VOS
)
Output Coding (Default)
Offset binary
LOGIC OUTPUTS (GPO0, GPO1, GPO2, GPO3)
Logic 0 Voltage (IOL = 50 μA)
Full
0.05
V
1 See the AN-835 Application Note, Understanding High Speed ADC Testing and Evaluation, for a complete set of definitions and information about how these tests were
completed.
2 Specified for LVDS and LVPECL only.
3 Specified for 13 SDIO pins sharing the same connection.
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 48
AD9276
SWITCHING SPECIFICATIONS
AVDD1 = 1.8 V, AVDD2 = 3.0 V, DRVDD = 1.8 V, 1.0 V internal ADC reference, fIN = 5 MHz, full temperature, unless otherwise noted.
Table 3.
Parameter1
CLOCK2
Temperature Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Clock Rate
40 MSPS (Mode I)
65 MSPS (Mode II)
80 MSPS (Mode III)
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
10
10
10
40
65
80
MHz
MHz
MHz
ns
Clock Pulse Width High (tEH
Clock Pulse Width Low (tEL)
OUTPUT PARAMETERS2, 3
)
6.25
6.25
ns
Propagation Delay (tPD
Rise Time (tR) (20% to 80%)
Fall Time (tF) (20% to 80%)
FCO Propagation Delay (tFCO
DCO Propagation Delay (tCPD
DCO to Data Delay (tDATA
DCO to FCO Delay (tFRAME
Data-to-Data Skew (tDATA-MAX − tDATA-MIN
Wake-Up Time (Standby), GAIN+ = 0.5 V 25°C
)
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
(tSAMPLE/2) + 1.5
(tSAMPLE/2) + 1.5
(tSAMPLE/2) + 2.3
300
300
(tSAMPLE/2) + 2.3
tFCO + (tSAMPLE/24)
(tSAMPLE/24)
(tSAMPLE/24)
100
(tSAMPLE/2) + 3.1
(tSAMPLE/2) + 3.1
ns
ps
ps
ns
ns
ps
ps
ps
ꢀs
ms
)
)
4
4
)
(tSAMPLE/24) − 300
(tSAMPLE/24) − 300
(tSAMPLE/24) + 300
(tSAMPLE/24) + 300
350
4
)
)
2
1
8
Wake-Up Time (Power-Down)
Pipeline Latency
25°C
Full
Clock
cycles
APERTURE
Aperture Uncertainty (Jitter)
LO GENERATION
25°C
<1
ps rms
4LO Frequency
Full
Full
Full
Full
4
5
5
20
40
MHz
ns
ns
LO Divider RESET Setup Time5
LO Divider RESET Hold Time5
LO Divider RESET High Pulse Width
ns
1 See the AN-835 Application Note, Understanding High Speed ADC Testing and Evaluation, for a complete set of definitions and information about how these tests were
completed.
2 Can be adjusted via the SPI.
3 Measurements were made using a part soldered to FR-4 material.
4 tSAMPLE/24 is based on the number of bits divided by 2 because the delays are based on half duty cycles.
5 RESET edge to rising 4LO edge.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 48
AD9276
ADC TIMING DIAGRAMS
N – 1
AIN
N
tEH
tEL
CLK–
CLK+
tCPD
DCO–
DCO+
tFRAME
tFCO
FCO–
FCO+
tPD
tDATA
D6
DOUTx–
DOUTx+
MSB
N – 8
D10
D9
D8
D7
D5
D4
N – 8
D3
N – 8
D2
N – 8
D1
N – 8
D0
N – 8
MSB
D10
N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8
N – 7 N – 7
Figure 2. 12-Bit Data Serial Stream (Default)
N – 1
AIN
N
tEH
tEL
CLK–
CLK+
tCPD
DCO–
DCO+
tFRAME
tFCO
FCO–
FCO+
tPD
tDATA
DOUTx–
DOUTx+
LSB
N – 8
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
N – 8
D7
N – 8
D8
N – 8
D9
N – 8
D10
N – 8
LSB
D0
N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8 N – 8
N – 7 N – 7
Figure 3. 12-Bit Data Serial Stream, LSB First
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 48
AD9276
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 4.
Parameter
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Rating
AVDD1 to GND
AVDD2 to GND
DRVDD to GND
GND to GND
AVDD2 to AVDD1
AVDD1 to DRVDD
AVDD2 to DRVDD
Digital Outputs (DOUTx+, DOUTx−,
DCO+, DCO−, FCO+, FCO−) to GND
CLK+, CLK−, SDIO to GND
LI-x, LO-x, LOSW-x to GND
CWI−, CWI+, CWQ−, CWQ+ to GND
PDWN, STBY, SCLK, CSB to GND
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
−0.3 V to +0.3 V
−2.0 V to +3.9 V
−2.0 V to +2.0 V
−2.0 V to +3.9 V
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
THERMAL IMPEDANCE
Table 5.
Airflow Velocity (m/s)
1
θJA
θJB
θJC
Unit
°C/W
°C/W
°C/W
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
−0.3 V to +3.9 V
0.0
1.0
2.5
20.3
14.4
12.9
7.6
4.7
GAIN+, GAIN−, RESET, 4LO+, 4LO−,
GPO0, GPO1, GPO2, GPO3 to GND
RBIAS, VREF to GND
1 θJA for a 4-layer PCB with solid ground plane (simulated). Exposed pad
soldered to PCB.
−0.3 V to +2.0 V
Operating Temperature Range (Ambient) −40°C to +85°C
ESD CAUTION
Storage Temperature Range (Ambient)
Maximum Junction Temperature
−65°C to +150°C
150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
300°C
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 48
AD9276
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
PIN 1
INDICATOR
LI-E
LG-E
1
2
75 LI-D
74 LG-D
AVDD2
AVDD1
LO-F
3
AVDD2
73
72
71
70
AVDD1
LO-C
4
EXPOSED PADDLE, PIN 0
(BOTTOM OF PACKAGE)
5
LOSW-F
LI-F
6
LOSW-C
7
69 LI-C
AD9276
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
LG-F
8
68 LG-C
67 AVDD2
AVDD2
AVDD1
LO-G
9
AVDD1
LO-B
10
11
66
65
LOSW-G 12
LI-G 13
64 LOSW-B
63 LI-B
LG-G 14
62 LG-B
AVDD2
AVDD1
LO-H
AVDD2
AVDD1
LO-A
15
16
17
61
60
59
LOSW-H 18
LI-H 19
58 LOSW-A
57 LI-A
LG-H 20
56 LG-A
21
22
23
AVDD2
AVDD1
CLK–
AVDD2
AVDD1
CSB
55
54
53
CLK+ 24
52 SDIO
51 SCLK
AVDD1 25
NOTES
1. THE EXPOSED PAD SHOULD BE TIED TO A QUIET ANALOG GROUND.
Figure 4. Pin Configuration
Table 6. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
Name
Description
0, 96, 97, 98
1
2
GND
LI-E
LG-E
Ground. Exposed paddle should be tied to a quiet analog ground.
LNA Analog Input for Channel E.
LNA Ground for Channel E.
3, 9, 15, 21, 55, 61,
67, 73, 85, 86, 91
AVDD2
3.0 V Analog Supply.
4, 10, 16, 22, 25, 50,
54, 60, 66, 72
AVDD1
1.8 V Analog Supply.
5
6
7
8
LO-F
LOSW-F
LI-F
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel F.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel F.
LNA Analog Input for Channel F.
LNA Ground for Channel F.
LG-F
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
LO-G
LOSW-G
LI-G
LG-G
LO-H
LOSW-H
LI-H
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel G.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel G.
LNA Analog Input for Channel G.
LNA Ground for Channel G.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel H.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel H.
LNA Analog Input for Channel H.
LNA Ground for Channel H.
LG-H
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 48
AD9276
Pin No.
23
24
26, 47
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
51
52
53
56
57
58
59
62
63
64
65
68
69
70
71
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
87
88
Name
CLK−
CLK+
Description
Clock Input Complement.
Clock Input True.
DRVDD
DOUTH−
DOUTH+
DOUTG−
DOUTG+
DOUTF−
DOUTF+
DOUTE−
DOUTE+
DCO−
DCO+
FCO−
1.8 V Digital Output Driver Supply.
ADC H Digital Output Complement.
ADC H Digital Output True.
ADC G Digital Output Complement.
ADC G Digital Output True.
ADC F Digital Output Complement.
ADC F Digital Output True.
ADC E Digital Output Complement.
ADC E Digital Output True.
Digital Clock Output Complement.
Digital Clock Output True.
Digital Frame Clock Output Complement.
Digital Frame Clock Output True.
ADC D Digital Output Complement.
ADC D Digital Output True.
ADC C Digital Output Complement.
ADC C Digital Output True.
ADC B Digital Output Complement.
ADC B Digital Output True.
ADC A Digital Output Complement.
ADC A Digital Output True.
Standby Power-Down.
Full Power-Down.
Serial Clock.
Serial Data Input/Output.
Chip Select Bar.
LNA Ground for Channel A.
LNA Analog Input for Channel A.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel A.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel A.
LNA Ground for Channel B.
LNA Analog Input for Channel B.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel B.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel B.
LNA Ground for Channel C.
LNA Analog Input for Channel C.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel C.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel C.
LNA Ground for Channel D.
LNA Analog Input for Channel D.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel D.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel D.
General-Purpose Open-Drain Output 0.
General-Purpose Open-Drain Output 1.
General-Purpose Open-Drain Output 2.
General-Purpose Open-Drain Output 3.
Reset for Synchronizing 4LO Divide-by-4 Counter.
CW Doppler 4LO Input Complement.
CW Doppler 4LO Input True.
FCO+
DOUTD−
DOUTD+
DOUTC−
DOUTC+
DOUTB−
DOUTB+
DOUTA−
DOUTA+
STBY
PDWN
SCLK
SDIO
CSB
LG-A
LI-A
LOSW-A
LO-A
LG-B
LI-B
LOSW-B
LO-B
LG-C
LI-C
LOSW-C
LO-C
LG-D
LI-D
LOSW-D
LO-D
GPO0
GPO1
GPO2
GPO3
RESET
4LO−
4LO+
GAIN−
GAIN+
Gain Control Voltage Input Complement.
Gain Control Voltage Input True.
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 48
AD9276
Pin No.
89
90
92
93
94
95
99
100
Name
RBIAS
VREF
CWI−
CWI+
CWQ−
CWQ+
LO-E
Description
External Resistor to Set the Internal ADC Core Bias Current.
Voltage Reference Input/Output.
CW Doppler I Output Complement.
CW Doppler I Output True.
CW Doppler Q Output Complement.
CW Doppler Q Output True.
LNA Analog Inverted Output for Channel E.
LNA Analog Switched Output for Channel E.
LOSW-E
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 48
AD9276
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
TGC MODE
fSAMPLE = 40 MSPS, fIN = 5 MHz, RS = 50 Ω, LNA gain = 21.3 dB, LNA bias = high, PGA gain = 27 dB, AAF LPF cutoff = fSAMPLE/3,
HPF cutoff = LPF cutoff/20.7 (default±.
2.0
25
20
15
10
1.5
1.0
–40°C
+25°C
+85°C
0.5
0
–0.5
–1.0
–1.5
–2.0
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
GAIN+ (V)
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
GAIN ERROR (dB)
Figure 5. Gain Error vs. GAIN+ at Three Temperatures
Figure 8. Gain Error Histogram, GAIN+ = 1.44 V
25
20
15
10
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
0
–1.25 –1.00 –0.75 –0.50 –0.25
0
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
CHANNEL-TO-CHANNEL GAIN MATCHING (dB)
GAIN ERROR (dB)
Figure 6. Gain Error Histogram, GAIN+ = 0.16 V
Figure 9. Gain Match Histogram, GAIN+ = 0.3 V
25
20
15
10
14
12
10
8
6
4
5
0
2
0
–1.25 –1.00 –0.75 –0.50 –0.25
0
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
CHANNEL-TO-CHANNEL GAIN MATCHING (dB)
GAIN ERROR (dB)
Figure 7. Gain Error Histogram, GAIN+ = 0.8 V
Figure 10. Gain Match Histogram, GAIN+ = 1.3 V
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 48
AD9276
500k
450k
400k
350k
300k
250k
200k
150k
100k
50k
–126
–128
–130
–132
–134
–136
–138
–140
LNA GAIN = 21.3dB
LNA GAIN = 17.9dB
LNA GAIN = 15.6dB
0
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
CODES
GAIN+ (V)
Figure 11. Output-Referred Noise Histogram, GAIN+ = 0.0 V
Figure 14. Short-Circuit, Output-Referred Noise vs. GAIN+
64
180k
160k
140k
120k
100k
80k
60k
40k
20k
0
SNR
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
SINAD
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
GAIN+ (V)
CODES
Figure 15. SNR/SINAD vs. GAIN+, AIN = −1.0 dBFS
Figure 12. Output-Referred Noise Histogram, GAIN+ = 1.6 V
0
2.0
MODE III – 80MSPS
1.8
1.6
–5
MODE II – 65MSPS
1.4
1.2
1.0
LNA GAIN = 15.6dB
LNA GAIN = 17.9dB
–10
–15
–20
–25
MODE I – 40MSPS
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
LNA GAIN = 21.3dB
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
FREQUENCY (MHz)
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 16. Antialiasing Filter (AAF) Pass-Band Response,
LPF Cutoff = fSAMPLE/3 (Mode I and Mode II), fSAMPLE/4.5 (Mode III)
Figure 13. Short-Circuit, Input-Referred Noise vs. Frequency,
PGA Gain = 30 dB, GAIN+ = 1.6 V
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 48
AD9276
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
0
–20
–40
GAIN+ = 1.6V
GAIN+ = 0.8V
GAIN+ = 0V
–60
GAIN+ = 0.4V
GAIN+ = 1.6V
–80
–100
GAIN+ = 1.0V
–90
0
–120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
–40
–35
–30
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
INPUT FREQUENCY (MHz)
ADC OUTPUT LEVEL (dBFS)
Figure 17. Second-Order Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency, AIN = −1.0 dBFS
Figure 20. Third-Order Harmonic Distortion vs. ADC Output Level
0
–10
–20
–30
0
fIN2
= fIN1 + 0.01MHz
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
fIN1 = –1dBFS, fIN2 = –21dBFS
GAIN+ = 0.4V
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
GAIN+ = 1.6V
8MHz
2.3MHz 5MHz
GAIN+ = 1.0V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
GAIN+ (V)
1.2
1.4
1.6
INPUT FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 18. Third-Order Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency, AIN = −1.0 dBFS
Figure 21. IMD3 vs. GAIN+
0
0
–20
–40
fIN1 = 5.00MHz, fIN2 = 5.01MHz
FUND2 LEVEL = FUND1 LEVEL – 20dB
–20
–40
GAIN+ = 0.8V
–60
–60
GAIN+ = 1.6V
GAIN+ = 0V
GAIN+ = 0V
–80
–80
GAIN+ = 1.6V
–100
–100
–120
GAIN+ = 0.8V
–120
–40
–35
–30
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
–50
–40
–30
–20
–10
0
AMPLITUDE LEVEL (dBFS)
ADC OUTPUT LEVEL (dBFS)
Figure 19. Second-Order Harmonic Distortion vs. ADC Output Level
Figure 22. IMD3 vs. Amplitude Level
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 48
AD9276
CW DOPPLER MODE
fRF = 2.5 MHz at −3 dBFS, f4LO = 10 MHz, RS = 50 Ω, LNA gain = 21.3 dB, LNA bias = high, all CW channels enabled, phase rotation 0°.
1.2
1.0
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
0.8
0.6
CH A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H
CH A + B + C + D
CH A + B
0.4
0.2
CH A
0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1.0
–1.2
100
1k
10k
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (Hz)
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 23. Quadrature Phase Error vs. Baseband Frequency
Figure 26. Small-Signal Dynamic Range
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
12
10
8
6
–0.02
4
–0.04
–0.06
–0.08
2
–0.10
0
100
1k
10k
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (Hz)
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 24. Quadrature Amplitude Imbalance vs. Baseband Frequency
Figure 27. Noise Figure vs. Baseband Frequency
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
1kHz OFFSET
158
160
162
164
166
5kHz OFFSET
–20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10
–8
–6
–4
–2
0
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (Hz)
INPUT LEVEL (dBFS)
Figure 25. Output-Referred SNR vs. Input Level
Figure 28. Output-Referred SNR vs. Baseband Frequency
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 48
AD9276
170
168
166
164
162
LNA GAIN = 15.6dB
LNA GAIN = 17.9dB
LNA GAIN = 21.3dB
160
158
156
154
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
RF FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 29. Small-Signal Dynamic Range vs. RF Frequency
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 48
AD9276
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
V
AVDD1
CM
AVDD2
15kΩ
LI-x,
LG-x
350Ω
30kΩ
SDIO
Figure 30. Equivalent LNA Input Circuit
Figure 34. Equivalent SDIO Input Circuit
DRVDD
AVDD2
AVDD2
DRVDD
DRVDD
V
V
V
V
10Ω
LO-x,
LOSW-x
DOUTx–
DOUTx+
DRGND
Figure 31. Equivalent LNA Output Circuit
Figure 35. Equivalent Digital Output Circuit
AVDD1
350Ω
CLK+
AVDD1
10kΩ
10kΩ
SCLK,
PDWN,
OR STBY
350Ω
1.25V
AVDD1
30kΩ
350Ω
CLK–
Figure 36. Equivalent SCLK, PDWN, or STBY Input Circuit
Figure 32. Equivalent Clock Input Circuit
AVDD2
350Ω
4LO+
AVDD2
10kΩ
10kΩ
350Ω
RESET
1.25V
AVDD2
350Ω
4LO–
Figure 33. Equivalent 4LO Input Circuit
Figure 37. Equivalent RESET Input Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 48
AD9276
AVDD1
AVDD2
AVDD1
70kΩ
50Ω
350Ω
GAIN+
CSB
Figure 38. Equivalent CSB Input Circuit
Figure 41. Equivalent GAIN+ Input Circuit
0.8V
AVDD2
VREF
70kΩ
50Ω
GAIN–
6kΩ
Figure 39. Equivalent VREF Circuit
Figure 42. Equivalent GAIN− Input Circuit
AVDD2
CWx+,
CWx–
100Ω
RBIAS
Figure 43. Equivalent CWI , CWQ Output Circuit
AVDD2
Figure 40. Equivalent RBIAS Circuit
10Ω
GPOx
Figure 44. Equivalent GPOx Output Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 48
AD9276
THEORY OF OPERATION
Most modern ultrasound machines use digital beamforming.
ULTRASOUND
In this technique, the signal is converted to digital format
immediately following the TGC amplifier, and then beam-
forming is accomplished digitally.
The primary application for the AD9276 is medical ultrasound.
Figure 45 shows a simplified block diagram of an ultrasound
system. A critical function of an ultrasound system is the time
gain control (TGC± compensation for physiological signal
attenuation. Because the attenuation of ultrasound signals is
exponential with respect to distance (time±, a linear-in-dB VGA
is the optimal solution.
The ADC resolution of 12 bits with up to 80 MSPS sampling
satisfies the requirements of both general-purpose and high
end systems.
Power conservation and low cost are two of the most important
factors in low end and portable ultrasound machines, and the
AD9276 is designed to meet these criteria.
Key requirements in an ultrasound signal chain are very low
noise, active input termination, fast overload recovery, low power,
and differential drive to an ADC. Because ultrasound machines
use beamforming techniques requiring large binary-weighted
numbers of channels (for example, 32 to 512±, using the lowest
power at the lowest possible noise is of chief importance.
For additional information regarding ultrasound systems, refer
to “How Ultrasound System Considerations Influence Front-End
Component Choice,” Analog Dialogue, Volume 36, Number 3,
May–July 2002, and “The AD9271—A Revolutionary Solution for
Portable Ultrasound,” Analog Dialogue, Volume 41, Number 7,
July 2007.
Tx HV AMPLIFIERS
BEAMFORMER
CENTRAL CONTROL
Tx BEAMFORMER
MULTICHANNELS
HV
Rx BEAMFORMER
(B AND F MODES)
MUX/
ADC
LNA
VGA
T/R
SWITCHES
DEMUX
AAF
TRANSDUCER
ARRAY
128, 256, ETC.,
ELEMENTS
CW (ANALOG)
BEAMFORMER
IMAGE AND
MOTION
PROCESSING
(B MODE)
SPECTRAL
DOPPLER
PROCESSING
MODE
BIDIRECTIONAL
CABLE
COLOR
DOPPLER (PW)
PROCESSING
(F MODE)
AUDIO
OUTPUT
DISPLAY
Figure 45. Simplified Ultrasound System Block Diagram
Rev. 0 | Page 21 of 48
AD9276
4
4LO–
4LO+
RESET
LO
CWI+
CWI–
GENERATION
R
R
LO-x
FB1
FB2
CWQ+
CWQ–
LOSW-x
T/R
SWITCH
C
S
LI-x
DOUTx+
DOUTx–
PIPELINE
ADC
SERIAL
LVDS
ATTENUATOR
–42dB TO 0dB
POST
AMP
AAF
LNA
15.6dB,
17.9dB,
21.3dB
LG-x
C
SH
21dB,
C
LG
24dB,
27dB,
30dB
GAIN
INTERPOLATOR
TRANSDUCER
X-AMP VGA
GAIN–
GAIN+
Figure 46. Simplified Block Diagram of a Single Channel
C
R
FB
FB1
CHANNEL OVERVIEW
V
+
R
O
FB2
Each channel contains both a TGC signal path and a CW Doppler
signal path. Common to both signal paths, the LNA provides user-
adjustable input impedance termination. The CW Doppler path
includes an I/Q demodulator. The TGC path includes a differen-
tial X-AMP® VGA, an antialiasing filter, and an ADC. Figure 46
shows a simplified block diagram with external components.
V
–
O
LOSW-x
LO-x
V
V
CM
CM
T/R
The signal path is fully differential throughout to maximize signal
swing and reduce even-order distortion; however, the LNA is
designed to be driven from a single-ended signal source.
SWITCH
LG-x
LI-x
C
S
C
LG
C
SH
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
Good noise performance relies on a proprietary ultralow noise
LNA at the beginning of the signal chain, which minimizes the
noise contribution in the following VGA. Active impedance
control optimizes noise performance for applications that
benefit from input impedance matching.
TRANSDUCER
Figure 47. Simplified LNA Schematic
The LNA supports differential output voltages as high as 4.4 V p-p
with positive and negative excursions of ± 1.1 V from a common-
mode voltage of 1.5 V. The LNA differential gain sets the maximum
input signal before saturation. One of three gains is set through the
SPI. The corresponding full-scale input for the gain settings of
15.6 dB, 17.9 dB, and 21.3 dB is 733 mV p-p, 550 mV p-p, and
367 mV p-p, respectively. Overload protection ensures quick
recovery time from large input voltages. Because the inputs are
capacitively coupled to a bias voltage near midsupply, very large
inputs can be handled without interacting with the ESD
protection.
A simplified schematic of the LNA is shown in Figure 47. LI-x
is capacitively coupled to the source. An on-chip bias generator
establishes dc input bias voltages of around 0.9 V and centers the
output common-mode levels at 1.5 V (AVDD2 divided by 2±. A
capacitor, CLG, of the same value as the input coupling capacitor,
CS, is connected from the LG-x pin to ground.
It is highly recommended that the LG-x pins form a Kelvin type
connection to the input or probe connection ground. Simply
connecting the LG-x pin to ground near the device can allow
differences in potential to be amplified through the LNA. This
generally shows up as a dc offset voltage that can vary from
channel to channel and part to part, depending on the appli-
cation and the layout of the PCB.
Rev. 0 | Page 22 of 48
AD9276
Low value feedback resistors and the current-driving capability
of the output stage allow the LNA to achieve a low input-
referred noise voltage of 0.75 nV/√Hz (at a gain of 21.3 dB±.
This is achieved with a current consumption of only 27 mA per
channel (80 mW±. On-chip resistor matching results in precise
single-ended gains, which are critical for accurate impedance
control. The use of a fully differential topology and negative
feedback minimizes distortion. Low second-order harmonic
distortion is particularly important in second harmonic ultra-
sound imaging applications. Differential signaling enables
smaller swings at each output, further reducing third-order
harmonic distortion.
The bandwidth (BW± of the LNA is greater than 100 MHz.
Ultimately, the BW of the LNA limits the accuracy of the
synthesized RIN. For RIN = RS up to about 200 Ω, the best match
is between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, where the lower frequency
limit is determined by the size of the ac coupling capacitors, and
the upper limit is determined by the LNA BW. Furthermore, the
input capacitance and RS limit the BW at higher frequencies.
Figure 48 shows RIN vs. frequency for various values of RFB.
1k
R
= 500Ω, R = 2kΩ
FB
S
R
R
= 200Ω, R = 800Ω
FB
S
Active Impedance Matching
= 100Ω, R = 400Ω, C = 20pF
FB SH
S
The LNA consists of a single-ended voltage gain amplifier with
differential outputs and the negative output externally available.
For example, with a fixed gain of 8× (17.9 dB±, an active input
termination is synthesized by connecting a feedback resistor
between the negative output pin, LO-x, and the positive input
pin, LI-x. This well-known technique is used for interfacing
multiple probe impedances to a single system. The input
resistance is shown in Equation 1.
100
R
= 50Ω, R = 200Ω, C = 70pF
FB SH
S
10
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
RFB
Figure 48. RIN vs. Frequency for Various Values of RFB
(Effects of RS and CSH Are Also Shown)
RIN
=
(1±
A
(1 +
±
2
Note that at the lowest value of RIN (50 Ω±, RIN peaks at frequencies
greater than 10 MHz. This is due to the BW roll-off of the LNA,
as mentioned previously.
where:
A/2 is the single-ended gain or the gain from the LI-x inputs to
the LO-x outputs.
However, as can be seen for larger RIN values, parasitic capaci-
tance starts rolling off the signal BW before the LNA can produce
peaking. CSH further degrades the match; therefore, CSH should
not be used for values of RIN that are greater than 100 Ω. Table 7
lists the recommended values for RFB and CSH in terms of RIN.
R
FB is the resulting impedance of the RFB1 and RFB2 combination
(see Figure 47±.
Because the amplifier has a gain of 8× from its input to its
differential output, it is important to note that the gain A/2
is the gain from Pin LI-x to Pin LO-x and that it is 6 dB less
than the gain of the amplifier, or 11.9 dB (4×±. The input
resistance is reduced by an internal bias resistor of 15 kΩ in
parallel with the source resistance connected to Pin LI-x, with
Pin LG-x ac grounded. Equation 2 can be used to calculate the
required RFB for a desired RIN, even for higher values of RIN.
CFB is needed in series with RFB because the dc levels at Pin LO-x
and Pin LI-x are unequal.
Table 7. Active Termination External Component Values
LNA Gain
(dB)
Minimum
SH (pF)
RIN (Ω)
50
50
RFB (Ω)
200
250
C
BW (MHz)
RFB
15.6
17.9
21.3
15.6
17.9
21.3
15.6
17.9
21.3
90
70
50
57
69
88
57
69
88
72
72
72
(2±
RIN
=
||15 kΩ
(1+ 3±
50
350
For example, to set RIN to 200 Ω, the value of RFB must be 1000 Ω.
If the simplified equation (Equation 2± is used to calculate RIN,
the value is 188 Ω, resulting in a gain error of less than 0.6 dB.
Some factors, such as the presence of a dynamic source resistance,
may influence the absolute gain accuracy more significantly. At
higher frequencies, the input capacitance of the LNA must be
considered. The user must determine the level of matching
accuracy and adjust RFB accordingly.
100
100
100
200
200
200
400
500
700
30
20
10
800
1000
1400
N/A
N/A
N/A
Rev. 0 | Page 23 of 48
AD9276
Figure 50 shows the relative noise figure performance. With an
LNA gain of 21.3 dB, the input impedance was swept with RS to
preserve the match at each point. The noise figures for a source
impedance of 50 ꢀ are 7.3 dB, 4.2 dB, and 2.8 dB for the resistive
termination, active termination, and unterminated configurations,
respectively. The noise figures for 200 ꢀ are 4.5 dB, 1.7 dB, and
1.0 dB, respectively.
LNA Noise
The short-circuit noise voltage (input-referred noise± is an
important limit on system performance. The short-circuit noise
voltage for the LNA is 0.75 nV/√Hz at a gain of 21.3 dB, including
the VGA noise at a VGA postamp gain of 27 dB. These measure-
ments, which were taken without a feedback resistor, provide
the basis for calculating the input noise and noise figure (NF±
performance of the configurations shown in Figure 49.
UNTERMINATED
Figure 51 shows the noise figure as it relates to RS for various
values of RIN, which is helpful for design purposes.
R
IN
12.0
R
S
10.5
+
–
V
OUT
LI-x
9.0
RESISTIVE TERMINATION
RESISTIVE TERMINATION
7.5
6.0
4.5
R
IN
R
S
+
–
R
V
S
OUT
LI-x
3.0
ACTIVE TERMINATION
UNTERMINATED
1.5
ACTIVE IMPEDANCE MATCH
R
FB
R
IN
R
S
0
10
100
(Ω)
1k
+
–
V
OUT
LI-x
R
S
Figure 50. Noise Figure vs. RS for Resistive Termination, Active
Termination Matched, and Unterminated Inputs, VGAIN = 0.8 V
R
FB
R
=
IN
1 + A/2
Figure 49. Input Configurations
8
Figure 50 and Figure 51 are simulations of noise figure vs. RS
results using these configurations and an input-referred noise
voltage of 3.8 nV/√Hz for the VGA. Unterminated (RFB = ∞±
operation exhibits the lowest equivalent input noise and noise
figure. Figure 51 shows the noise figure vs. source resistance
rising at low RS—where the LNA voltage noise is large compared
with the source noise—and at high RS due to the noise contribution
from RFB. The lowest NF is achieved when RS matches RIN.
R
R
R
R
= 50Ω
= 75Ω
= 100Ω
= 200Ω
IN
IN
IN
IN
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
UNTERMINATED
The main purpose of input impedance matching is to improve
the transient response of the system. With resistive termination,
the input noise increases due to the thermal noise of the match-
ing resistor and the increased contribution of the LNA’s input
voltage noise generator. With active impedance matching,
however, the contributions of both are smaller (by a factor of
1/(1 + LNA gain±± than they would be for resistive termination.
10
100
(Ω)
1k
R
S
Figure 51. Noise Figure vs. RS for Various Fixed Values of RIN
,
Active Termination Matched Inputs, VGAIN = 0.8 V
Rev. 0 | Page 24 of 48
AD9276
INPUT OVERDRIVE
CW DOPPLER OPERATION
Excellent overload behavior is of primary importance in
ultrasound. Both the LNA and VGA have built-in overdrive
protection and quickly recover after an overload event.
Each channel of the AD9276 includes an I/Q demodulator. Each
demodulator has an individual programmable phase shifter.
The I/Q demodulator is ideal for phased array beamforming
applications in medical ultrasound. Each channel can be pro-
grammed for 16 delay states (360°/16 or 22.5°/step±, selectable
via the SPI port. The part has a RESET input used to synchronize
the LO dividers of each channel. If multiple AD9276s are used,
a common RESET across the array ensures synchronized phase
for all channels. Internal to the AD9276, the individual channel I
and Q outputs are current summed. If multiple AD9276s are used,
the I and Q outputs from each AD9276 can be current summed
and converted to a voltage using an external transimpedance
amplifier.
Input Overload Protection
As with any amplifier, voltage clamping prior to the inputs
is highly recommended if the application is subject to high
transient voltages.
Figure 52 shows a simplified ultrasound transducer interface.
A common transducer element serves the dual functions of
transmitting and receiving ultrasound energy. During the
transmitting phase, high voltage pulses are applied to the ceramic
elements. A typical transmit/receive (T/R± switch can consist of
four high voltage diodes in a bridge configuration. Although the
diodes ideally block transmit pulses from the sensitive receiver
input, diode characteristics are not ideal, and the resulting leakage
transients imposed on the LI-x inputs can be problematic.
Quadrature Generation
The internal 0° and 90° LO phases are digitally generated by
a divide-by-4 logic circuit. The divider is dc-coupled and
inherently broadband; the maximum LO frequency is limited
only by its switching speed. The duty cycle of the quadrature LO
signals is intrinsically 50% and is unaffected by the asymmetry
of the externally connected 4LO input. Furthermore, the divider
is implemented such that the 4LO signal reclocks the final flip-
flops that generate the internal LO signals and thereby minimizes
noise introduced by the divide circuitry.
Because ultrasound is a pulse system and time-of-flight is used
to determine depth, quick recovery from input overloads is
essential. Overload can occur in the preamplifier and in the
VGA. Immediately following a transmit pulse, the typical VGA
gains are low, and the LNA is subject to overload from T/R
switch leakage. With increasing gain, the VGA can become
overloaded due to strong echoes that occur near field echoes
and acoustically dense materials, such as bone.
For optimum performance, the 4LO input is driven differentially,
as done on the AD9276 evaluation board. The common-mode
voltage on each pin is approximately 1.2 V with the nominal 3 V
supply. It is important to ensure that the LO source has very low
phase noise (jitter±, fast slew rate, and adequate input level to
obtain optimum performance of the CW signal chain.
Figure 52 illustrates an external overload protection scheme. A
pair of back-to-back signal diodes should be in place prior to
the ac coupling capacitors. Keep in mind that all diodes are
prone to exhibiting some amount of shot noise. Many types of
diodes are available for achieving the desired noise performance.
The configuration shown in Figure 52 tends to add 2 nV/√Hz of
input-referred noise. Decreasing the 5 kΩ resistor and increasing
the 2 kΩ resistor may improve noise contribution, depending
on the application. With the diodes shown in Figure 52, clamp-
ing levels of ± 0.5 V or less significantly enhance the overload
performance of the system.
Beamforming applications require a precise channel-to-channel
phase relationship for coherence among multiple channels. A
RESET pin is provided to synchronize the LO divider circuits
in different AD9276s when they are used in arrays. The RESET
pin resets the dividers to a known state after power is applied to
multiple AD9276s. Accurate channel-to-channel phase matching
can only be achieved via a common pulse on the RESET pin when
using more than one AD9276.
+5V
Tx
DRIVER
5kΩ
HV
AD9276
10nF
LNA
2kΩ
10nF
5kΩ
TRANSDUCER
–5V
Figure 52. Input Overload Protection
Rev. 0 | Page 25 of 48
AD9276
I/Q Demodulator and Phase Shifter
Dynamic Range and Noise
The I/Q demodulators consist of double-balanced passive mixers.
The RF input signals are converted into currents by transconduc-
tance stages that have a maximum differential input signal
capability matching the LNA output full scale. These currents
are then presented to the mixers, which convert them to base-
band (RF − LO± and twice RF (RF + LO±. The signals are phase
shifted according to the codes programmed into the SPI latch
(see Table 8±. The phase shift function is an integral part of the
overall circuit. The phase shift listed in Column 1 of Table 8 is
defined as being between the baseband I or Q channel outputs.
As an example, for a common signal applied to a pair of RF inputs
to an AD9276, the baseband outputs are in phase for matching
phase codes. However, if the phase code for Channel 1 is 0000
and that of Channel 2 is 0001, then Channel 2 leads Channel 1
by 22.5°.
Figure 53 is an interconnection block diagram of all eight
channels of the AD9276. More channels are easily added to the
summation (up to 32 when using an AD8021 as the summation
amplifier± by wire-OR connecting the outputs as shown. In
beamforming applications, the I and Q outputs of a number
of receiver channels are summed. The dynamic range of the
system increases by the factor 10 log10(N±, where N is the
number of channels (assuming random uncorrelated noise±.
The noise in the 8-channel example of Figure 53 is increased
by 9 dB, whereas the signal quadruples (18 dB±, yielding an
aggregate SNR improvement of (18 − 9± = 9 dB.
The output-referred noise of the CW signal path depends on the
LNA gain, the selection of the external summing amplifier, and
the value of RFILT. To determine the output-referred noise, it is
important to know the active low-pass filter (LPF± values, RFILT
and CFILT, shown in Figure 53. Typical filter values for a single
channel are 2 kΩ for RFILT and 0.8 nF for CFILT; these values
implement a 100 kHz single-pole LPF. In the case where eight
channels are summed, RFILT and CFILT are 250 Ω and 6.4 nF.
Table 8. Phase Select Code for Channel-to-Channel Phase Shift
I/Q Demodulator Phase
(SPI Register 0x2D[3:0])
Φ Shift
0°
22.5°
45°
67.5°
90°
112.5°
135°
157.5°
180°
202.5°
225°
247.5°
270°
292.5°
315°
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
If the RF and LO are offset by 10 kHz, the demodulated signal is
10 kHz and is passed by the LPF. The single-channel mixing gain
from the RF input to the AD8021 output (for example, I1´, Q1´±
is approximately the LNA gain for RFILT and CFILT of 2 kΩ and
0.8 nF.
This gain can be increased by increasing the filter resistor while
maintaining the corner frequency. The factor limiting the
magnitude of the gain is the output swing and drive capability
of the op amp selected for the I-to-V converter, in this example,
the AD8021. Because any amplifier has limited drive capability,
there is a finite number of channels that can be summed. The
channel-summing limit relates directly to the current drive
capability of the amplifier used to implement the active low-
pass filter and current-to-voltage converter. The maximum
sum, when the AD8021 is used, is 32 channels of the AD9276;
that is, four AD9276s (4 × 8 = 32 channels± can be summed in
one AD8021.
337.5°
Rev. 0 | Page 26 of 48
AD9276
C
R
FILT
OTHER
FILT
AD9276s
CWI+
AD8021
1.5V
1.5V
LNA
CHANNEL A
18-BIT ADC
I
AD8021
CWI–
R
C
FILT
FILT
C
R
FILT
FILT
CWQ+
CWQ–
AD8021
1.5V
1.5V
18-BIT ADC
Q
LNA
CHANNEL H
AD8021
R
C
FILT
FILT
4
LO
GENERATION
Figure 53. Typical Connection Interface for I/Q Outputs in CW Mode
In traditional analog beamformers incorporating Doppler, a
V-to-I converter per channel and a crosspoint switch precede
passive delay lines used as a combined phase shifter and
summing circuit. The system operates at the carrier frequency
(RF± through the delay line, which also sums the signals from
the various channels, and then the combined signal is down-
converted by an I/Q demodulator. The dynamic range of the
demodulator can limit the achievable dynamic range.
Phase Compensation and Analog Beamforming
Beamforming, as applied to medical ultrasound, is defined as
the phase alignment and summation of signals generated from a
common source but received at different times by a multielement
ultrasound transducer. Beamforming has two functions: it imparts
directivity to the transducer, enhancing its gain, and it defines a
focal point within the body from which the location of the return-
ing echo is derived. The primary application for the AD9276 I/Q
demodulators is in analog beamforming circuits for ultrasound
CW Doppler.
The resultant I and Q signals are filtered and then sampled by
two high resolution analog-to-digital converters. The sampled
signals are processed to extract the relevant Doppler information.
Modern ultrasound machines used for medical applications
employ an array of receivers for beamforming, with typical CW
Doppler array sizes of up to 64 receiver channels that are phase
shifted and summed together to extract coherent information.
When used in multiples, the desired signals from each of the
channels can be summed to yield a larger signal (increased by a
factor N, where N is the number of channels±, whereas the noise
is increased by the square root of the number of channels. This
technique enhances the signal-to-noise performance of the
machine. The critical elements in a beamformer design are the
means to align the incoming signals in the time domain and the
means to sum the individual signals into a composite whole.
Alternatively, the RF signal can be processed by downconversion
on each channel individually, phase shifting the downconverted
signal and then combining all channels. Because the dynamic
range expansion from beamforming occurs after demodulation,
the demodulator dynamic range has little effect on the output
dynamic range. The AD9276 implements this architecture. The
downconversion is done by an I/Q demodulator on each channel,
and the summed current output is the same as in the delay line
approach. The subsequent filters after the I-to-V conversion
and the ADCs are similar.
Rev. 0 | Page 27 of 48
AD9276
For CW Doppler operation, the AD9276 integrates the LNA,
phase shifter, frequency conversion, and I/Q demodulation
into a single package and directly yields the baseband signal.
Figure 54 is a simplified diagram showing the concept for four
channels. The ultrasound wave (US wave± is received by four
transducer elements, TE1 through TE4, in an ultrasound probe
and generates signals E1 through E4. In this example, the phase
at TE1 leads the phase at TE2 by 45°.
The RESET mechanism also allows the measurement of non-
mixing gain from the RF input to the output. The rising edge of
the active high RESET pulse can occur at any time; however, the
duration should be ≥ 20 ns minimum. When the RESET pulse
transitions from high to low, the LO dividers are reactivated on
the next rising edge of the 4LO clock. To guarantee synchronous
operation of multiple AD9276s, the RESET pulse must go low
on all devices before the next rising edge of the 4LO clock.
In a real application, the phase difference depends on the
element spacing, wavelength (λ±, speed of sound, angle of
incidence, and other factors. In Figure 54, the signals E1
through E4 are amplified by the low noise amplifiers. For
optimum signal-to-noise performance, the output of the LNA
is applied directly to the input of the demodulators. To sum the
signals E1 through E4, E2 is shifted 45° relative to E1 by setting
the phase code in Channel 2 to 0010, E3 is shifted 90° (0100±, and
E4 is shifted 135° (0110±. The phase-aligned current signals at
the output of the AD9276 are summed in an I-to-V converter to
provide the combined output signal with a theoretical improve-
ment in dynamic range of 6 dB for the four channels.
Therefore, it is best to have the RESET pulse go low on the falling
edge of the 4LO clock; at the very least, the tSETUP should be ≥ 5 ns.
An optimal timing setup is for the RESET pulse to go high on a
4LO falling edge and to go low on a 4LO falling edge; this gives
15 ns of setup time even at a 4LO frequency of 32 MHz (8 MHz
internal LO±.
Check the synchronization of multiple AD9276s using the
following procedure:
1. Activate at least one channel per AD9276 by setting the
appropriate channel enable bit in the serial interface (see
Table 18, Register 0x2D, Bit 4±.
2. Set the phase code of all AD9276 channels to the same
CW Application Information
logic state, for example, 0000.
The RESET pin is used to synchronize the LO dividers when
using multiple AD9276s. Because they are driven by the same
internal LO, the channels in any AD9276 are inherently syn-
chronous. However, when multiple AD9276s are used, it is
possible for their dividers to wake up in different phase states.
The function of the RESET pin is to phase align all the LO
signals in multiple AD9276s.
3. Apply the same test signal to all devices to generate a sine
wave in the baseband output and measure the output of
one channel per device.
4. Apply a RESET pulse to all AD9276s.
5. Because all the phase codes of the AD9276s should be the
same, the combined signal of multiple devices should be N
times greater than a single channel. If the combined signal
is less than N times one channel, one or more of the LO
phases of the individual AD9276s is in error.
The 4LO divider of each AD9276 can be initiated in one of four
possible states: 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° relative to other AD9276s.
The internally generated I/Q signals of each AD9276 LO are always
at a 90° angle relative to each other, but a phase shift can occur
during power-up between the dividers of multiple AD9276s
used in a common array.
TRANSDUCER
ELEMENTS TE1
THROUGH TE4
CONVERT US TO
ELECTRICAL
SIGNALS
S1 THROUGH S4
PHASE BIT
ARE NOW
SETTINGS
IN PHASE
E1
S1
CH 1
PHASE SET
FOR 135°
LAG
LNA
LNA
LNA
LNA
0°
E2
S2
CH 2
PHASE SET
FOR 90°
LAG
SUMMED
OUTPUT
4 US WAVES
S1 + S2 + S3 + S4
45°
ARE DELAYED
45° EACH WITH
RESPECT TO
EACH OTHER
E3
E4
S3
S4
90°
CH 3
PHASE SET
FOR 45°
LAG
135°
CH 4
PHASE SET
FOR 0°
LAG
Figure 54. Simplified Example of the AD9276 Phase Shifter
Rev. 0 | Page 28 of 48
AD9276
The linear-in-dB gain (law conformance± range of the TGC path
is 42 dB. The slope of the gain control interface is 28.5 dB/V,
and the gain control range is −0.8 V to +0.8 V. Equation 3 is the
expression for the differential voltage VGAIN, and Equation 4 is
the expression for the channel gain.
TGC OPERATION
The TGC signal path is fully differential throughout to maxi-
mize signal swing and reduce even-order distortion; however,
the LNAs are designed to be driven from a single-ended signal
source. Gain values are referenced from the single-ended LNA
input to the differential ADC input. A simple exercise in under-
standing the maximum and minimum gain requirements is
shown in Figure 55.
V
GAIN (V± = (GAIN+± – (GAIN−±
(3±
(4±
Gain (dB± = 28.5 dB/V × VGAIN + ICPT
where ICPT is the intercept point of the TGC gain.
The maximum gain required is determined by
In its default condition, the LNA has a gain of 21.3 dB (12×±, and
the VGA postamp gain is 24 dB if the voltage on the GAIN+ pin
is 0 V and the voltage on the GAIN− pin is 0.8 V (42 dB attenua-
tion±. This results in a total gain (or ICPT± of 3.6 dB through
the TGC path if the LNA input is unmatched, or a total gain of
−2.4 dB if the LNA is matched to 50 Ω (RFB = 350 Ω±. However,
if the voltage on the GAIN+ pin is 1.6 V and the voltage on the
GAIN− pin is 0.8 V (0 dB attenuation±, the VGA gain is 24 dB.
This results in a total gain of 45 dB through the TGC path if the
LNA input is unmatched or in a total gain of 39 dB if the LNA
input is matched.
(ADC Noise Floor/LNA Input Noise Floor± + Margin =
20 log(224/3.9± + 11 dB = 46 dB
The minimum gain required is determined by
(ADC Input FS/LNA Input FS± + Margin =
20 log(2/0.55± − 10 dB = 3 dB
Therefore, 42 dB of gain range for a 12-bit, 40 MSPS ADC with
15 MHz of bandwidth should suffice in achieving the dynamic
range required for most of today’s ultrasound systems.
The system gain is distributed as listed in Table 9.
Each LNA output is dc-coupled to a VGA input. The VGA
consists of an attenuator with a range of −42 dB to 0 dB followed
by an amplifier with 21 dB/24 dB/27 dB/30 dB of gain. The
X-AMP gain interpolation technique results in low gain error
and uniform bandwidth, and differential signal paths minimize
distortion.
Table 9. Channel Gain Distribution
Section
Nominal Gain (dB)
LNA
15.6/17.9/21.3
Attenuator
VGA Amplifier
Filter
−42 to 0
21/24/27/30
0
0
ADC
ADC FULL SCALE (2V p-p)
~10dB MARGIN
MINIMUM GAIN
LNA FULL SCALE
(0.55V p-p SINGLE-ENDED)
70dB
ADC
94dB
>11dB MARGIN
ADC NOISE FLOOR
(224µV rms)
LNA
MAXIMUM GAIN
LNA INPUT-REFERRED
NOISE FLOOR
(3.9µV rms) @ AAF BW = 15MHz
LNA + VGA NOISE = 1.0nV/ Hz
VGA GAIN RANGE > 42dB
MAX CHANNEL GAIN > 48dB
Figure 55. Gain Requirements of TGC Operation for a 12-Bit, 40 MSPS ADC
Rev. 0 | Page 29 of 48
AD9276
Table 10. Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Trade-Offs1, 2, 3
LNA
VGA
Channel
Gain
Typical Output Dynamic Range (dB)
Full-Scale
Input Noise
(nV/√Hz)
Input-Referred Noise6
@
GAIN+ = 1.6 V (nV/√Hz)
(V/V) (dB) Input (V p-p)
Postamp Gain (dB) GAIN+ = 0 V4
GAIN+ = 1.6 V5
65.1
6
15.6 0.733
17.9 0.550
21.3 0.367
0.98
0.86
0.75
21
24
27
30
21
24
27
30
21
24
27
30
67.5
66.4
64.6
62.5
67.5
66.4
64.6
62.5
67.5
66.4
64.6
62.5
1.395
1.286
1.227
1.197
1.149
1.071
1.030
1.009
0.910
0.865
0.842
0.830
63.0
60.6
57.9
8
64.5
62.3
59.8
57.1
12
63.3
60.9
58.2
55.4
1 LNA: output full scale = 4.4 V p-p differential.
2 Filter: loss ≈ 1 dB, NBW = 13.3 MHz, GAIN− = 0.8 V.
3 ADC: 40 MSPS, 70 dB SNR, 2 V p-p full-scale input.
4 Output dynamic range at minimum VGA gain (VGA dominated).
5 Output dynamic range at maximum VGA gain (LNA dominated).
6 Channel noise at maximum VGA gain.
Table 10 demonstrates the sensitivity and dynamic range
trade-offs that can be achieved relative to various LNA and
VGA gain settings.
Similarly, the VGA has four postamp gain settings that can be
applied through the SPI. The voltage applied to the GAIN± pins
determines which amplifier (the LNA or VGA± saturates first.
The maximum signal input level that can be applied as a
function of voltage on the GAIN± pins for the selectable gain
options of the SPI is shown in Figure 56 to Figure 58.
0.9
For example, when the VGA is set for the minimum gain voltage,
the TGC path is dominated by VGA noise and achieves the
maximum output SNR. However, as the postamp gain options
are increased, the input-referred noise is reduced and the SNR
is degraded.
0.8
0.7
If the VGA is set for the maximum gain voltage, the TGC path
is dominated by LNA noise and achieves the lowest input-
referred noise, but with degraded output SNR. The higher the
TGC (LNA + VGA± gain, the lower the output SNR. As the
postamp gain is increased, the input-referred noise is reduced.
0.6
PGA GAIN = 21dB
0.5
PGA GAIN = 24dB
0.4
0.3
0.2
At low gains, the VGA should limit the system noise performance
(SNR±; at high gains, the noise is defined by the source and the
LNA. The maximum voltage swing is bound by the full-scale
peak-to-peak ADC input voltage (2 V p-p±.
0.1
0
PGA GAIN = 27dB
PGA GAIN = 30dB
Both the LNA and VGA have full-scale limitations within each
section of the TGC path. These limitations are dependent on the
gain setting of each function block and on the voltage applied to
the GAIN+ and GAIN− pins. The LNA has three limitations,
or full-scale settings, that can be applied through the SPI.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
GAIN+ (V)
Figure 56. LNA with 15.6 dB Gain Setting/VGA Full-Scale Limitations
Rev. 0 | Page 30 of 48
AD9276
0.6
The input of the VGA is a 14-stage differential resistor ladder with
3.5 dB per tap. The resulting total gain range is 42 dB, which
allows for range loss at the endpoints. The effective input resistance
per side is 180 Ω nominally for a total differential resistance of
360 Ω. The ladder is driven by a fully differential input signal from
the LNA. LNA outputs are dc-coupled to avoid external decoupling
capacitors. The common-mode voltage of the attenuator and the
VGA is controlled by an amplifier that uses the same midsupply
voltage derived in the LNA, permitting dc coupling of the LNA
to the VGA without introducing large offsets due to common-
mode differences. However, any offset from the LNA becomes
amplified as the gain increases, producing an exponentially
increasing VGA output offset.
0.5
0.4
PGA GAIN = 21dB
PGA GAIN = 24dB
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
PGA GAIN = 27dB
PGA GAIN = 30dB
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
GAIN+ (V)
The input stages of the X-AMP are distributed along the ladder,
and a biasing interpolator, controlled by the gain interface, deter-
mines the input tap point. With overlapping bias currents, signals
from successive taps merge to provide a smooth attenuation range
from −42 dB to 0 dB. This circuit technique results in linear-in-dB
gain law conformance and low distortion levels—only deviating
± 0.5 dB or less from the ideal. The gain slope is monotonic with
respect to the control voltage and is stable with variations in
process, temperature, and supply.
Figure 57. LNA with 17.9 dB Gain Setting/VGA Full-Scale Limitations
0.40
0.35
PGA GAIN = 21dB
0.30
PGA GAIN = 24dB
0.25
0.20
The X-AMP inputs are part of a programmable gain feedback
amplifier that completes the VGA. Its bandwidth is approximately
100 MHz. The input stage is designed to reduce feedthrough to
the output and to ensure excellent frequency response uniformity
across the gain setting.
0.15
PGA GAIN = 27dB
0.10
PGA GAIN = 30dB
0.05
0
Gain Control
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
The gain control interface, GAIN± , is a differential input. VGAIN
varies the gain of all VGAs through the interpolator by selecting
the appropriate input stages connected to the input attenuator.
For GAIN− at 0.8 V, the nominal GAIN+ range for 28.5 dB/V is
0 V to 1.6 V, with the best gain linearity from about 0.16 V to
1.44 V, where the error is typically less than ± 0.5 dB. For GAIN+
voltages greater than 1.44 V and less than 0.16 V, the error
increases. The value of GAIN+ can exceed the supply voltage
by 1 V without gain foldover.
GAIN+ (V)
Figure 58. LNA with 21.3 dB Gain Setting/VGA Full-Scale Limitations
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
The differential X-AMP VGA provides precise input attenu-
ation and interpolation. It has a low input-referred noise of
3.8 nV/√Hz and excellent gain linearity. A simplified block
diagram is shown in Figure 59.
GAIN±
Gain control response time is less than 750 ns to settle within 10%
of the final value for a change from minimum to maximum gain.
GAIN INTERPOLATOR
POSTAMP
+
The GAIN+ and GAIN− pins can be interfaced in one of two
ways. Using a single-ended method, a Kelvin type of connec-
tion to ground can be used, as shown in Figure 60. For driving
multiple devices, it is preferable to use a differential method, as
shown in Figure 61. In either method, the GAIN+ and GAIN−
pins should be dc-coupled and driven to accommodate a 1.6 V
full-scale input.
g
m
3.5dB
VIP
VIN
100Ω
–
0V TO 1.6V DC
GAIN+
GAIN–
POSTAMP
0.01µF
50Ω
Figure 59. Simplified VGA Schematic
KELVIN
CONNECTION
0.01µF
Figure 60. Single-Ended GAIN+, GAIN− Pin Configuration
Rev. 0 | Page 31 of 48
AD9276
AVDD2
The antialiasing filter is a combination of a single-pole high-
pass filter and a second-order low-pass filter. The high-pass
filter can be configured at a ratio of the low-pass filter cutoff.
This is selectable through the SPI.
499Ω
31.3kΩ
±0.4V DC
AT 0.8V CM
100Ω
0.01µF
100Ω
499Ω
±0.8V DC
GAIN+
GAIN–
0.8V CM
50Ω
AD8138
523Ω
10kΩ
±0.4V DC
AT 0.8V CM
The filter uses on-chip tuning to trim the capacitors and, in
turn, to set the desired cutoff frequency and reduce variations.
The default −3 dB low-pass filter cutoff is 1/3 or 1/4.5 the ADC
sample clock rate. The cutoff can be scaled to 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1,
1.2, or 1.3 times this frequency through the SPI. The cutoff
tolerance is maintained from 8 MHz to 18 MHz.
4kΩ
0.01µF
499Ω
Figure 61. Differential GAIN+, GAIN− Pin Configuration
VGA Noise
In a typical application, a VGA compresses a wide dynamic
range input signal to within the input span of an ADC. The
input-referred noise of the LNA limits the minimum resolvable
input signal, whereas the output-referred noise, which depends
primarily on the VGA, limits the maximum instantaneous
dynamic range that can be processed at any one particular gain
control voltage. This latter limit is set in accordance with the
total noise floor of the ADC.
C
30C
4kΩ
10kΩ/n
4kΩ
2kΩ
4C
2kΩ
30C
C
Output-referred noise as a function of GAIN+ is shown in
Figure 11, Figure 12, and Figure 14 for the short-circuit input
conditions. The input noise voltage is simply equal to the output
noise divided by the measured gain at each point in the control
range.
C = 0.8pF TO 5.1pF
n = 0 TO 7
4kΩ
Figure 62. Simplified Antialiasing Filter Schematic
Tuning is normally off to avoid changing the capacitor settings
during critical times. The tuning circuit is enabled and disabled
through the SPI. Initializing the tuning of the filter must be
performed after initial power-up and after reprogramming the
filter cutoff scaling or ADC sample rate. Occasional retuning
during an idle time is recommended to compensate for
temperature drift.
The output-referred noise is a flat 60 nV/√Hz (postamp gain =
24 dB± over most of the gain range because it is dominated by
the fixed output-referred noise of the VGA. At the high end of
the gain control range, the noise of the LNA and of the source
prevails. The input-referred noise reaches its minimum value
near the maximum gain control voltage, where the input-
referred contribution of the VGA is miniscule.
A total of eight SPI-programmable settings allows the user to
vary the high-pass filter cutoff frequency as a function of the
low-pass cutoff frequency. Two examples are shown in Table 11:
one is for an 8 MHz low-pass cutoff frequency, and the other is
for an 18 MHz low-pass cutoff frequency. In both cases, as the
ratio decreases, the amount of rejection on the low-end fre-
quencies increases. Therefore, making the entire AAF frequency
pass band narrow can reduce low frequency noise or maximize
dynamic range for harmonic processing.
At lower gains, the input-referred noise and, therefore, the
noise figure, increase as the gain decreases. The instantaneous
dynamic range of the system is not lost, however, because the
input capacity increases as the input-referred noise increases.
The contribution of the ADC noise floor has the same depen-
dence. The important relationship is the magnitude of the VGA
output noise floor relative to that of the ADC.
Gain control noise is a concern in very low noise applications.
Thermal noise in the gain control interface can modulate the
channel gain. The resultant noise is proportional to the output
signal level and is usually evident only when a large signal is
present. The gain interface includes an on-chip noise filter,
which significantly reduces this effect at frequencies above
5 MHz. Care should be taken to minimize noise impinging at
the GAIN± inputs. An external RC filter can be used to remove
Table 11. SPI-Selectable High-Pass Filter Cutoff Options
High-Pass Cutoff Frequency
Low-Pass Cutoff
= 8 MHz
Low-Pass Cutoff
= 18 MHz
SPI Setting Ratio1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
20.65
11.45
7.92
6.04
4.88
4.10
3.52
3.09
387 kHz
698 kHz
872 kHz
1.571 MHz
2.273 MHz
2.978 MHz
3.685 MHz
4.394 MHz
5.107 MHz
5.822 MHz
1.010 MHz
1.323 MHz
1.638 MHz
1.953 MHz
2.270 MHz
2.587 MHz
V
GAIN source noise. The filter bandwidth should be sufficient to
accommodate the desired control bandwidth.
Antialiasing Filter (AAF)
The filter that the signal reaches prior to the ADC is used to
reject dc signals and to band limit the signal for antialiasing.
Figure 62 shows the architecture of the filter.
1 Ratio = low-pass filter cutoff frequency/high-pass filter cutoff frequency.
Rev. 0 | Page 32 of 48
AD9276
3.3V
ADC
*
50Ω
AD951x FAMILY
CLK
LVDS DRIVER
CLK
VFAC3
OUT
0.1µF
0.1µF
The AD9276 uses a pipelined ADC architecture. The quantized
output from each stage is combined into a 12-bit result in the
digital correction logic. The pipelined architecture permits the
first stage to operate on a new input sample and the remaining
stages to operate on preceding samples. Sampling occurs on the
rising edge of the clock.
0.1µF
CLK+
ADC
CLK–
100Ω
0.1µF
*
50Ω RESISTOR IS OPTIONAL.
The output staging block aligns the data, corrects errors, and
passes the data to the output buffers. The data is then serialized
and aligned to the frame and output clocks.
Figure 65. Differential LVDS Sample Clock
In some applications, it is acceptable to drive the sample clock
inputs with a single-ended CMOS signal. In such applications,
CLK+ should be driven directly from a CMOS gate, and the
CLK− pin should be bypassed to ground with a 0.1 μF capacitor
in parallel with a 39 kΩ resistor (see Figure 66±. Although the
CLK+ input circuit supply is AVDD1 (1.8 V±, this input is
designed to withstand input voltages of up to 3.3 V, making the
selection of the drive logic voltage very flexible.
3.3V
CLOCK INPUT CONSIDERATIONS
For optimum performance, the AD9276 sample clock inputs
(CLK+ and CLK−± should be clocked with a differential signal.
This signal is typically ac-coupled into the CLK+ and CLK− pins
via a transformer or capacitors. These pins are biased internally
and require no additional bias.
Figure 63 shows the preferred method for clocking the AD9276.
A low jitter clock source, such as the Valpey Fisher oscillator
VFAC3-BHL−50 MHz, is converted from single-ended to differ-
ential using an RF transformer. The back-to-back Schottky
diodes across the secondary transformer limit clock excursions
into the AD9276 to approximately 0.8 V p-p differential. This
helps to prevent the large voltage swings of the clock from
feeding through to other portions of the AD9276, and it
preserves the fast rise and fall times of the signal, which are
critical to low jitter performance.
AD951x FAMILY
0.1µF
VFAC3
OUT
CLK
CMOS DRIVER
CLK
OPTIONAL
100Ω
0.1µF
*
50Ω
CLK+
ADC
CLK–
0.1µF
0.1µF
39kΩ
*
50Ω RESISTOR IS OPTIONAL.
Figure 66. Single-Ended 1.8 V CMOS Sample Clock
3.3V
3.3V
MINI-CIRCUITS
ADT1-1WT, 1:1Z
AD951x FAMILY
0.1µF
VFAC3
OUT
0.1µF
0.1µF
CLK
XFMR
OPTIONAL
100Ω
CLK+
ADC
CLK–
OUT
0.1µF
0.1µF
*
50Ω
100Ω
50Ω
CLK+
ADC
CLK–
CMOS DRIVER
CLK
0.1µF
VFAC3
SCHOTTKY
DIODES:
0.1µF
0.1µF
HSM2812
Figure 63. Transformer-Coupled Differential Clock
*
50Ω RESISTOR IS OPTIONAL.
If a low jitter clock is available, another option is to ac-couple
a differential PECL signal to the sample clock input pins, as
shown in Figure 64. The AD951x family of clock drivers offers
excellent jitter performance.
Figure 67. Single-Ended 3.3 V CMOS Sample Clock
Clock Duty Cycle Considerations
Typical high speed ADCs use both clock edges to generate a
variety of internal timing signals. As a result, these ADCs may
be sensitive to the clock duty cycle. Commonly, a 5% tolerance is
required on the clock duty cycle to maintain dynamic performance
characteristics. The AD9276 contains a duty cycle stabilizer (DCS±
that retimes the nonsampling edge, providing an internal clock
signal with a nominal 50% duty cycle. This allows a wide range
of clock input duty cycles without affecting the performance of
the AD9276. When the DCS is on, noise and distortion perfor-
mance are nearly flat for a wide range of duty cycles. However,
some applications may require the DCS function to be off. If so,
keep in mind that the dynamic range performance can be affected
when operated in this mode. See Table 18 for more details on
using this feature.
3.3V
*
50Ω
AD951x FAMILY
VFAC3
OUT
0.1µF
0.1µF
0.1µF
CLK
PECL DRIVER
CLK
CLK+
ADC
CLK–
100Ω
0.1µF
240Ω
240Ω
*
50Ω RESISTOR IS OPTIONAL.
Figure 64. Differential PECL Sample Clock
Rev. 0 | Page 33 of 48
AD9276
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
The duty cycle stabilizer uses a delay-locked loop (DLL± to
create the nonsampling edge. As a result, any changes to the
sampling frequency require approximately eight clock cycles
to allow the DLL to acquire and lock to the new rate.
I
, 80MSPS SPEED GRADE
AVDD1
Clock Jitter Considerations
I
, 65MSPS SPEED GRADE
AVDD1
High speed, high resolution ADCs are sensitive to the quality of the
clock input. The degradation in SNR at a given input frequency (fA±
due only to aperture jitter (tJ± can be calculated as follows:
I
, 40MSPS SPEED GRADE
AVDD1
SNR Degradation = 20 × log10(1/2 × π × fA × tJ±
I
DRVDD
40
In this equation, the rms aperture jitter represents the root mean
square of all jitter sources, including the clock input, analog input
signal, and ADC aperture jitter. IF undersampling applications
are particularly sensitive to jitter (see Figure 68±.
0
0
10
20
30
50
60
70
80
SAMPLING FREQUENCY (MSPS)
Figure 69. Supply Current vs. fSAMPLE for fIN = 5 MHz
The clock input should be treated as an analog signal in cases
where aperture jitter may affect the dynamic range of the AD9276.
Power supplies for clock drivers should be separated from the
ADC output driver supplies to avoid modulating the clock signal
with digital noise. Low jitter, crystal-controlled oscillators make
the best clock sources, such as the Valpey Fisher VFAC3 series.
If the clock is generated from another type of source (by gating,
dividing, or other methods±, it should be retimed by the original
clock during the last step.
220
215
210
205
200
195
190
185
180
175
170
80MSPS SPEED GRADE
65MSPS SPEED GRADE
Refer to the AN-501 Application Note and the AN-756
Application Note for more in-depth information about how
jitter performance relates to ADCs (visit www.analog.com±.
40MSPS SPEED GRADE
130
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
RMS CLOCK JITTER REQUIREMENT
120
110
SAMPLING FREQUENCY (MSPS)
Figure 70. Power per Channel vs. fSAMPLE for fIN = 5 MHz
16 BITS
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
The AD9276 features scalable LNA bias currents (see Table 18,
Register 0x12±. The default LNA bias current settings are high.
Figure 71 shows the typical reduction of AVDD2 current with
each bias setting. It is also recommended that the LNA offset be
adjusted using Register 0x10 (see Table 18± when the LNA bias
setting is low.
14 BITS
12 BITS
10 BITS
8 BITS
0.125ps
0.25ps
0.5ps
1.0ps
2.0ps
HIGH
1
10
100
1000
ANALOG INPUT FREQUENCY (MHz)
MID-HIGH
Figure 68. Ideal SNR vs. Input Frequency and Jitter
Power Dissipation and Power-Down Mode
As shown in Figure 69 and Figure 70, the power dissipated by
the AD9276 is proportional to its sample rate. The digital power
dissipation does not vary significantly because it is determined
primarily by the DRVDD supply and the bias current of the
LVDS output drivers.
MID-LOW
LOW
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TOTAL AVDD2 CURRENT (mA)
Figure 71. AVDD2 Current at Different LNA Bias Settings, fSAMPLE = 40 MSPS
Rev. 0 | Page 34 of 48
AD9276
By asserting the PDWN pin high, the AD9276 is placed into
power-down mode. In this state, the device typically dissipates
5 mW. During power-down, the LVDS output drivers are placed
into a high impedance state. The AD9276 returns to normal
operating mode when the PDWN pin is pulled low. This pin
is both 1.8 V and 3.3 V tolerant.
The AD9276 LVDS outputs facilitate interfacing with LVDS
receivers in custom ASICs and FPGAs that have LVDS capability
for superior switching performance in noisy environments.
Single point-to-point network topologies are recommended with
a 100 Ω termination resistor placed as close to the receiver as
possible. No far-end receiver termination and poor differential
trace routing may result in timing errors. It is recommended
that the trace length be no longer than 24 inches and that the
differential output traces be kept close together and at equal
lengths. An example of the FCO, DCO, and data stream with
proper trace length and position is shown in Figure 72.
By asserting the STBY pin high, the AD9276 is placed into a
standby mode. In this state, the device typically dissipates 175 mW.
During standby, the entire part is powered down except for the
internal references. The LVDS output drivers are placed into a
high impedance state. This mode is well suited for applications
that require power savings because it allows the device to be
powered down when not in use and then quickly powered up.
The time to power the device back up is also greatly reduced.
The AD9276 returns to normal operating mode when the STBY
pin is pulled low. This pin is both 1.8 V and 3.3 V tolerant.
In power-down mode, low power dissipation is achieved by
shutting down the reference, reference buffer, PLL, and biasing
networks. The decoupling capacitors on VREF are discharged
when entering power-down mode and must be recharged when
returning to normal operation. As a result, the wake-up time is
related to the time spent in the power-down mode: shorter cycles
result in proportionally shorter wake-up times. To restore the
device to full operation, approximately 0.5 ms is required when
using the recommended 1 ꢁF and 0.1 ꢁF decoupling capacitors
on the VREF pin and the 0.01 ꢁF decoupling capacitors on the
GAIN± pins. Most of this time is dependent on the gain decou-
pling: higher value decoupling capacitors on the GAIN± pins
result in longer wake-up times.
5.0ns/DIV
CH1 500mV/DIV = DCO
CH2 500mV/DIV = DATA
CH3 500mV/DIV = FCO
Figure 72. LVDS Output Timing Example in ANSI-644 Mode (Default)
An example of the LVDS output using the ANSI-644 standard
(default± data eye and a time interval error (TIE± jitter histogram
with trace lengths less than 24 inches on regular FR-4 material
is shown in Figure 73. Figure 74 shows an example of the trace
lengths exceeding 24 inches on regular FR-4 material. Notice
that the TIE jitter histogram reflects the decrease of the data eye
opening as the edge deviates from the ideal position; therefore,
the user must determine whether the waveforms meet the timing
budget of the design when the trace lengths exceed 24 inches.
A number of other power-down options are available when
using the SPI port interface. The user can individually power
down each channel or put the entire device into standby mode.
This allows the user to keep the internal PLL powered up when
fast wake-up times are required. The wake-up time is slightly
dependent on gain. To achieve a 1 ꢁs wake-up time when the
device is in standby mode, 0.8 V must be applied to the GAIN±
pins. See Table 18 for more details on using these features.
Additional SPI options allow the user to further increase the
internal termination (and therefore increase the current± of all
eight outputs in order to drive longer trace lengths (see Figure 75±.
Even though this produces sharper rise and fall times on the
data edges, is less prone to bit errors, and improves frequency
distribution (see Figure 75±, the power dissipation of the
DRVDD supply increases when this option is used.
DIGITAL OUTPUTS AND TIMING
The AD9276 differential outputs conform to the ANSI-644
LVDS standard on default power-up. This can be changed to
a low power, reduced signal option similar to the IEEE 1596.3
standard via the SPI, using Register 0x14, Bit 6. This LVDS
standard can further reduce the overall power dissipation of
the device by approximately 36 mW.
In cases that require increased driver strength to the DCO± and
FCO± outputs because of load mismatch, the user can double the
drive strength by setting Bit 0 in Register 0x15. Note that this
feature cannot be used with Bits[5:4] in Register 0x15 because
these bits take precedence over this feature. See Table 18 for
more details.
The LVDS driver current is derived on chip and sets the output
current at each output equal to a nominal 3.5 mA. A 100 Ω
differential termination resistor placed at the LVDS receiver
inputs results in a nominal 350 mV swing at the receiver.
Rev. 0 | Page 35 of 48
AD9276
600
400
300
EYE: ALL BITS
EYE: ALL BITS
ULS: 2398/2398
ULS: 2399/2399
400
200
200
100
100
0
0
–100
–200
–400
–600
–100
–200
–300
–400
–1.5ns
–1.0ns –0.5ns
0ns
0.5ns
1.0ns
1.5ns
–1.5ns
–1.0ns –0.5ns
0ns
0.5ns
1.0ns
1.5ns
25
20
25
20
15
10
5
15
10
5
0
0
–200ps
–100ps
0ps
100ps
200ps
–200ps
–100ps
0ps
100ps
200ps
Figure 73. Data Eye for LVDS Outputs in ANSI-644 Mode with Trace Lengths
of Less Than 24 Inches on Standard FR-4
Figure 74. Data Eye for LVDS Outputs in ANSI-644 Mode with Trace Lengths
of Greater Than 24 Inches on Standard FR-4
Rev. 0 | Page 36 of 48
AD9276
600
400
200
Two output clocks are provided to assist in capturing data from
the AD9276. DCO± is used to clock the output data and is equal
to six times the sampling clock rate. Data is clocked out of the
AD9276 and must be captured on the rising and falling edges
of DCO± , which supports double data rate (DDR± capturing.
The frame clock output (FCO± ± is used to signal the start of a
new output byte and is equal to the sampling clock rate. See the
timing diagram shown in Figure 2 for more information.
EYE: ALL BITS
ULS: 2396/2396
0
–200
When using the serial port interface (SPI±, the DCO± phase
can be adjusted in 60° increments relative to the data edge. This
enables the user to refine system timing margins if required. The
default DCO± timing, as shown in Figure 2, is 180° relative to
the output data edge.
–400
–600
–1.5ns
–1.0ns –0.5ns
0ns
0.5ns
1.0ns
1.5ns
25
20
An 8-, 10-, or 14-bit serial stream can also be initiated from the
SPI. This allows the user to implement different serial streams and
to test the device’s compatibility with lower and higher resolution
systems. When changing the resolution to an 8- or 10-bit serial
stream, the data stream is shortened. When using the 14-bit
option, the data stream stuffs two 0s at the end of the normal
12-bit serial data.
15
10
5
When using the SPI, all of the data outputs can also be inverted
from their nominal state by setting Bit 2 in the output mode
register (Address 0x14±. This is not to be confused with inverting
the serial stream to an LSB first mode. In default mode, as shown
in Figure 2, the MSB is represented first in the data output serial
stream. However, this order can be inverted so that the LSB is
represented first in the data output serial stream (see Figure 3±.
0
–200ps
–100ps
0ps
100ps
200ps
Figure 75. Data Eye for LVDS Outputs in ANSI-644 Mode with 100 Ω
Termination On and Trace Lengths of Greater Than 24 Inches on Standard FR-4
There are 12 digital output test pattern options available that
can be initiated through the SPI. This feature is useful when
validating receiver capture and timing. Refer to Table 13 for the
output bit sequencing options available. Some test patterns have
two serial sequential words and can be alternated in various
ways, depending on the test pattern chosen. Note that some
patterns may not adhere to the data format select option. In
addition, custom user-defined test patterns can be assigned in
the user pattern registers (Address 0x19 through Address 0x1C±.
All test mode options except PN sequence short and PN sequence
long can support 8- to 14-bit word lengths in order to verify
data capture to the receiver.
The format of the output data is offset binary by default. Table 12
provides an example of the output coding format. To change the
output data format to twos complement, see the Memory Map
section.
Table 12. Digital Output Coding
(VIN+) − (VIN−),
Code Input Span = 2 V p-p (V)
Digital Output
Offset Binary (D11 to D0)
4095
2048
2047
0
+1.00
0.00
−0.000488
−1.00
1111 1111 1111
1000 0000 0000
0111 1111 1111
0000 0000 0000
The PN sequence short pattern produces a pseudorandom
bit sequence that repeats itself every 29 − 1 bits, or 511 bits. A
description of the PN sequence short and how it is generated
can be found in Section 5.1 of the ITU-T O.150 (05/96± standard.
The only difference is that the starting value is a specific value
instead of all 1s (see Table 14 for the initial values±.
Data from each ADC is serialized and provided on a separate
channel. The data rate for each serial stream is equal to 12 bits
times the sample clock rate, with a maximum of 960 Mbps
(12 bits × 80 MSPS = 960 Mbps±. The lowest typical conversion
rate is 10 MSPS, but the PLL can be set up for encode rates as
low as 5 MSPS via the SPI if lower sample rates are required for
a specific application. See Table 18 for details on enabling this
feature.
Rev. 0 | Page 37 of 48
AD9276
Table 13. Flexible Output Test Modes
Output Test Mode
Bit Sequence
Subject to Data
Format Select
Pattern Name
Off (default)
Digital Output Word 1
N/A
Digital Output Word 2
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
N/A
Same
Same
Same
0101 0101 0101
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Midscale short
+Full-scale short
−Full-scale short
Checkerboard
PN sequence long
PN sequence short
One-/zero-word toggle
User input
1000 0000 0000
1111 1111 1111
0000 0000 0000
1010 1010 1010
N/A
N/A
1111 1111 1111
0000 0000 0000
Register 0x19 and Register 0x1A Register 0x1B and Register 0x1C
1-/0-bit toggle
1× sync
One bit high
1010 1010 1010
0000 0011 1111
1000 0000 0000
1010 0011 0011
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1100
Mixed bit frequency
RBIAS Pin
The PN sequence long pattern produces a pseudorandom bit
sequence that repeats itself every 223 − 1 bits, or 8,388,607 bits.
A description of the PN sequence long and how it is generated
can be found in Section 5.6 of the ITU-T O.150 (05/96± standard.
The only differences are that the starting value is a specific value
instead of all 1s and that the AD9276 inverts the bit stream with
relation to the ITU-T standard (see Table 14 for the initial values±.
To set the internal core bias current of the ADC, place a resistor
nominally equal to 10.0 kΩ to ground at the RBIAS pin. Using a
resistor other than the recommended 10.0 kΩ resistor for RBIAS
degrades the performance of the device. Therefore, it is imperative
that at least a 1% tolerance on this resistor be used to achieve
consistent performance.
Voltage Reference
Table 14. PN Sequence
A stable and accurate 0.5 V voltage reference is built into the
AD9276. This is gained up internally by a factor of 2, setting
VREF to 1.0 V, which results in a full-scale differential input span
of 2.0 V p-p for the ADC. VREF is set internally by default, but
the VREF pin can be driven externally with a 1.0 V reference to
achieve more accuracy. However, the AD9276 does not support
ADC full-scale ranges below 2.0 V p-p.
Initial
Value
First Three Output Samples
(MSB First)
Sequence
PN Sequence Short 0x0DF
PN Sequence Long
0xDF9, 0x353, 0x301
0x29B80A 0x591, 0xFD7, 0x0A3
See the Memory Map section for information on how to change
these additional digital output timing features through the SPI.
SDIO Pin
When applying the decoupling capacitors to the VREF pin,
use ceramic, low ESR capacitors. These capacitors should be
close to the reference pin and on the same layer of the PCB as
the AD9276. The VREF pin should have both a 0.1 ꢁF capacitor
and a 1 ꢁF capacitor connected in parallel to the analog ground.
These capacitor values are recommended for the ADC to
properly settle and acquire the next valid sample.
This pin is required to operate the SPI. It has an internal 30 kΩ
pull-down resistor that pulls this pin low and is only 1.8 V
tolerant. If applications require that this pin be driven from a
3.3 V logic level, insert a 1 kΩ resistor in series with this pin to
limit the current.
SCLK Pin
This pin is required to operate the SPI port interface. It has an
internal 30 kΩ pull-down resistor that pulls this pin low and is
both 1.8 V and 3.3 V tolerant.
The reference settings can be selected using the SPI. The settings
allow two options: using the internal reference or using an
external reference. The internal reference option is the default
setting and has a resulting differential span of 2 V p-p.
CSB Pin
This pin is required to operate the SPI port interface. It has an
internal 70 kΩ pull-up resistor that pulls this pin high and is
both 1.8 V and 3.3 V tolerant.
Table 15. SPI-Selectable Reference Settings
Resulting Resulting Differential
SPI-Selected Mode
VREF (V)
Span (V p-p)
2 × external reference
2.0
External Reference
N/A
Internal Reference (Default) 1.0
Rev. 0 | Page 38 of 48
AD9276
SERIAL PORT INTERFACE (SPI)
The AD9276 serial port interface allows the user to configure
the signal chain for specific functions or operations through a
structured register space provided inside the chip. The SPI
offers the user added flexibility and customization, depending
on the application. Addresses are accessed via the serial port
and can be written to or read from via the port. Memory is
organized into bytes that can be further divided into fields, as
documented in the Memory Map section. Detailed operational
information can be found in the Analog Devices, Inc., AN-877
Application Note, Interfacing to High Speed ADCs via SPI.
Table 16. Serial Port Pins
Pin
Function
SCLK
Serial clock. Serial shift clock input. SCLK is used to
synchronize serial interface reads and writes.
SDIO
CSB
Serial data input/output. Dual-purpose pin that
typically serves as an input or an output, depending
on the instruction sent and the relative position in
the timing frame.
Chip select bar (active low). This control gates the
read and write cycles.
Three pins define the serial port interface, or SPI: SCLK, SDIO,
and CSB (see Table 16±. The SCLK (serial clock± pin is used to
synchronize the read and write data presented to the device. The
SDIO (serial data input/output± pin is a dual-purpose pin that
allows data to be sent to and read from the internal memory map
registers of the device. The CSB (chip select bar± pin is an active
low control that enables or disables the read and write cycles.
The falling edge of CSB in conjunction with the rising edge of
SCLK determines the start of the framing sequence. During an
instruction phase, a 16-bit instruction is transmitted, followed
by one or more data bytes, which is determined by Bit Field W0
and Bit Field W1. An example of the serial timing and its defini-
tions can be found in Figure 76 and Table 17.
tDS
tHIGH
tCLK
tH
tS
tDH
tLOW
CSB
SCLK
SDIO
DON’T
CARE
DON’T
CARE
DON’T
CARE
DON’T
CARE
R/W
W1
W0
A12
A11
A10
A9
A8
A7
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
Figure 76. Serial Timing Details
Table 17. Serial Timing Definitions
Parameter
Timing (ns min)
Description
tDS
tDH
tCLK
tS
5
2
40
5
Setup time between the data and the rising edge of SCLK
Hold time between the data and the rising edge of SCLK
Period of the clock
Setup time between CSB and SCLK
tH
2
Hold time between CSB and SCLK
tHIGH
tLOW
tEN_SDIO
16
16
10
Minimum period that SCLK should be in a logic high state
Minimum period that SCLK should be in a logic low state
Minimum time for the SDIO pin to switch from an input to an output relative to the SCLK falling
edge (not shown in Figure 76)
tDIS_SDIO
10
Minimum time for the SDIO pin to switch from an output to an input relative to the SCLK rising
edge (not shown in Figure 76)
Rev. 0 | Page 39 of 48
AD9276
During normal operation, CSB is used to signal to the device
that SPI commands are to be received and processed. When
CSB is brought low, the device processes SCLK and SDIO to
execute instructions. Normally, CSB remains low until the
communication cycle is complete. However, if connected to a
slow device, CSB can be brought high between bytes, allowing
older microcontrollers enough time to transfer data into shift
registers. CSB can be stalled when transferring one, two, or three
bytes of data. When W0 and W1 are set to 11, the device enters
streaming mode and continues to process data, either reading
or writing, until CSB is taken high to end the communication
cycle. This allows complete memory transfers without the need
for additional instructions. Regardless of the mode, if CSB is taken
high in the middle of a byte transfer, the SPI state machine is
reset and the device waits for a new instruction.
Data can be sent in MSB first mode or LSB first mode. MSB
first mode is the default at power-up and can be changed by
adjusting the configuration register. For more information
about this and other features, see the AN-877 Application Note,
Interfacing to High Speed ADCs via SPI.
HARDWARE INTERFACE
The pins described in Table 16 constitute the physical interface
between the user’s programming device and the serial port of
the AD9276. The SCLK and CSB pins function as inputs when
using the SPI. The SDIO pin is bidirectional, functioning as an
input during write phases and as an output during readback.
If multiple SDIO pins share a common connection, ensure that
proper VOH levels are met. Figure 77 shows the number of SDIO
pins that can be connected together and the resulting VOH level,
assuming the same load for each AD9276.
In addition to the operation modes, the SPI port can be
configured to operate in different manners. For applications
that do not require a control port, the CSB line can be tied and
held high. This places the remainder of the SPI pins in their
secondary mode (see the AN-877 Application Note±. CSB can
also be tied low to enable 2-wire mode. When CSB is tied low,
SCLK and SDIO are the only pins required for communication.
Although the device is synchronized during power-up, caution
must be exercised when using 2-wire mode to ensure that the
serial port remains synchronized with the CSB line. When
operating in 2-wire mode, it is recommended that a 1-, 2-, or
3-byte transfer be used exclusively. Without an active CSB line,
streaming mode can be entered but not exited.
1.800
1.795
1.790
1.785
1.780
1.775
1.770
1.765
1.760
1.755
1.750
1.745
1.740
1.735
1.730
1.725
1.720
1.715
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
In addition to word length, the instruction phase determines
whether the serial frame is a read or write operation, allowing
the serial port to be used to both program the chip and to read
the contents of the on-chip memory. If the instruction is a read-
back operation, performing a readback causes the serial data
input/output (SDIO± pin to change direction from an input to
an output at the appropriate point in the serial frame.
NUMBER OF SDIO PINS CONNECTED TOGETHER
Figure 77. SDIO Pin Loading
This interface is flexible enough to be controlled by either serial
PROMs or PIC microcontrollers, providing the user with
an alternative method, other than a full SPI controller, for
programming the device (see the AN-812 Application Note±.
Rev. 0 | Page 40 of 48
AD9276
MEMORY MAP
All registers except Register 0x00, Register 0x02, Register 0x04,
Register 0x05, and Register 0xFF are buffered with a master
slave latch and require writing to the transfer bit. For more
information on this and other functions, consult the AN-877
Application Note, Interfacing to High Speed ADCs via SPI.
READING THE MEMORY MAP TABLE
Each row in the memory map register table has eight bit loca-
tions. The memory map is roughly divided into three sections:
the chip configuration register map (Address 0x00 to Address 0x02±,
the device index and transfer register map (Address 0x04 to
Address 0xFF±, and the program register map (Address 0x08
to Address 0x2D±.
RESERVED LOCATIONS
Undefined memory locations should not be written to except
when writing the default values suggested in this data sheet.
Addresses that have values marked as 0 should be considered
reserved and have a 0 written into their registers during power-up.
The leftmost column of the memory map indicates the register
address, and the default value is shown in the second rightmost
column. The Bit 7 (MSB± column is the start of the default
hexadecimal value given. For example, Address 0x09, the clock
register, has a default value of 0x01, meaning that Bit 7 = 0, Bit 6 =
0, Bit 5 = 0, Bit 4 = 0, Bit 3 = 0, Bit 2 = 0, Bit 1 = 0, and Bit 0 = 1,
or 0000 0001 in binary. This setting is the default for the duty
cycle stabilizer in the on condition. By writing a 0 to Bit 0 of this
address, followed by 0x01 in Register 0xFF (the transfer bit±, the
duty cycle stabilizer is turned off. It is important to follow each
writing sequence with a transfer bit to update the SPI registers.
DEFAULT VALUES
After a reset, critical registers are automatically loaded with
default values. These values are indicated in Table 18, where
an X refers to an undefined feature.
LOGIC LEVELS
An explanation of various registers follows: “bit is set” is
synonymous with “bit is set to Logic 1” or “writing Logic 1 for
the bit.” Similarly, “bit is cleared” is synonymous with “bit is set
to Logic 0” or “writing Logic 0 for the bit.”
Rev. 0 | Page 41 of 48
AD9276
Table 18. AD9276 Memory Map Registers
Addr.
Bit 7
Bit 0
(LSB)
Default
Value
(Hex) Register Name
(MSB)
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Comments
Chip Configuration Registers
0x00
chip_port_config
0
LSB first
1 = on
0 = off
Soft
reset
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
1
1
Soft
reset
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
LSB first
1 = on
0 = off
0
0x18
Nibbles should be
mirrored so that
LSB or MSB first
mode is set cor-
rectly regardless of
shift mode.
(default)
(default)
0x01
0x02
chip_id
Chip ID Bits[7:0]
(AD9276 = 0x72, default)
Default is unique
chip ID, different
for each device.
Read-only register.
chip_grade
X
X
Child ID[5:4]
X
X
X
X
0x00
Child ID used to
differentiate ADC
speed power
modes.
(identify device
variants of chip ID)
00: Mode I
(40 MSPS) (default)
01: Mode II (65 MSPS)
10: Mode III (80 MSPS)
Device Index and Transfer Registers
0x04
0x05
0xFF
device_index_2
device_index_1
device_update
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Data
Data
Data
Data
0x0F
0x0F
0x00
Bits are set to
Channel Channel Channel Channel
H
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
determine which
on-chip device
receives the next
write command.
G
F
E
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
Clock
Clock
Data
Data
Data
Data
Bits are set to
Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel
DCO
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
determine which
on-chip device
receives the next
write command.
FCO
1 = on
0 = off
D
C
B
A
1 = on
(default)
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
(default) 0 = off
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
SW
Synchronously
transfers data
from the master
shift register to
the slave.
transfer
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
Program Function Registers
0x08
modes
X
X
X
X
LNA
input
Internal power-down mode
000 = chip run (default)
001 = full power-down
010 = standby
011 = reset
100 = CW mode (TGC PDWN)
0x00
Determines
generic modes
of chip operation
(global).
imped-
ance
1 = 5 kΩ
0 = 15 kΩ
(default)
0x09
0x0D
clock
X
X
X
X
X
DCS
0x01
0x00
Turns the internal
duty cycle stabilizer
(DCS) on and off
(global).
1 = on
(default)
0 = off
test_io
User test mode
00 = off (default)
01 = on, single
alternate
Reset PN Reset PN Output test mode—see Table 13
long
gen
1 = on
0 = off
When this register
is set, the test data
is placed on the
output pins in
place of normal
data. (Local, except
for PN sequence.)
short
gen
1 = on
0 = off
0000 = off (default)
0001 = midscale short
0010 = +FS short
10 = on, single once
11 = on, alternate once (default) (default) 0100 = checkerboard output
0101 = PN sequence long
0011 = −FS short
0110 = PN sequence short
0111 = one-/zero-word toggle
1000 = user input
1001 = 1-/0-bit toggle
1010 = 1× sync
1011 = one bit high
1100 = mixed bit frequency (format
determined by output_mode)
0x0E
GPO outputs
X
X
X
X
General-purpose digital outputs
0x00
Values placed on
GPO[0:3] pins
(global).
Rev. 0 | Page 42 of 48
AD9276
Addr.
Bit 7
(MSB)
Bit 0
(LSB)
Default
Value
(Hex) Register Name
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Comments
0x0F
flex_channel_input Filter cutoff frequency control
0000 = 1.3 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
X
X
X
X
0x30
Antialiasing filter
cutoff (global).
0001 = 1.2 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
0010 = 1.1 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
0011 = 1.0 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE (default)
0100 = 0.9 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
0101 = 0.8 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
0110 = 0.7 × 1/3 × fSAMPLE
1000 = 1.3 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1001 = 1.2 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1010 = 1.1 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1011 = 1.0 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1100 = 0.9 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1101 = 0.8 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
1110 = 0.7 × 1/4.5 × fSAMPLE
0x10
0x11
flex_offset
flex_gain
X
X
6-bit LNA offset adjustment
10 0000 for LNA bias high, mid-high, mid-low (default)
10 0001 for LNA bias low
0x20
0x06
LNA force offset
correction
(local).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PGA gain
00 = 21 dB
01 = 24 dB (default)
10 = 27 dB
11 = 30 dB
LNA gain
LNA and PGA gain
adjustment
(global).
00 = 15.6 dB
01 = 17.9 dB
10 = 21.3 dB
(default)
0x12
0x14
bias_current
X
X
X
1
X
LNA bias
0x08
0x00
LNA bias current
adjustment
(global).
00 = high (default)
01 = mid-high
10 = mid-low
11 = low
output_mode
0 = LVDS
ANSI-644
(default)
1 = LVDS
low power,
(IEEE
X
Output
invert
enable
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
Data format select
00 = offset binary
(default)
01 = twos
complement
Configures the
outputs and the
format of the data
(Bits[7:3] and
Bits[1:0] are global;
Bit 2 is local).
1596.3
similar)
0x15
output_adjust
X
X
Output driver
termination
00 = none (default)
01 = 200 Ω
10 = 100 Ω
11 = 100 Ω
X
X
X
DCO
and
FCO
2× drive
strength
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
0x00
Determines LVDS
or other output
properties.
Primarily functions
to set the LVDS
span and
common-mode
levels in place of
an external resistor
(Bits[7:1] are global;
Bit 0 is local).
0x16
output_phase
X
X
X
X
0011 = output clock phase adjust
(0000 through 1010)
0x03
On devices that
utilize global
(Default: 180° relative to data edge)
0000 = 0° relative to data edge
0001 = 60° relative to data edge
0010 = 120° relative to data edge
0011 = 180° relative to data edge
0100 = 240° relative to data edge
0101 = 300° relative to data edge
0110 = 360° relative to data edge
0111 = 420° relative to data edge
1000 = 480° relative to data edge
1001 = 540° relative to data edge
1010 = 600° relative to data edge
clock divide,
determines which
phase of the
divider output is
used to supply
the output clock.
Internal latching
is unaffected.
1011 to 1111 = 660° relative to data edge
0x18
flex_vref
X
0 =
X
X
X
X
X
X
0x00
Select internal
reference
(recommended
default) or
internal
reference
1 =
external
reference
external reference
(global).
Rev. 0 | Page 43 of 48
AD9276
Addr.
Bit 7
(MSB)
Bit 0
(LSB)
Default
Value
(Hex) Register Name
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Comments
0x19
0x1A
0x1B
0x1C
0x21
user_patt1_lsb
user_patt1_msb
user_patt2_lsb
user_patt2_msb
serial_control
B7
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
B0
B8
B0
B8
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
User-Defined
Pattern 1, LSB
(global).
B15
B7
B14
B6
B13
B5
B12
B4
B11
B3
B10
B2
B9
B1
B9
User-Defined
Pattern 1, MSB
(global).
User-Defined
Pattern 2, LSB
(global).
B15
B14
X
B13
X
B12
X
B11
B10
User-Defined
Pattern 2, MSB
(global).
LSB first
1 = on
0 = off
<10
MSPS,
low
Serial bit stream length
000 = 12 bits (default, normal
bit stream)
Serial stream
control (global).
(default)
encode
rate
001 = 8 bits
010 = 10 bits
mode
1 = on
0 = off
(default)
011 = 12 bits
100 = 14 bits
0x22
0x2B
serial_ch_stat
flex_filter
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Channel Channel
0x00
0x00
Used to power
down individual
sections of a
output
reset
power-
down
1 = on
0 = off
1 = on
0 = off
converter (local).
(default) (default)
Enable
High-pass filter cutoff
0000 = fLP/20.7
0001 = fLP/11.5
0010 = fLP/7.9
0011 = fLP/6.0
0100 = fLP/4.9
0101 = fLP/4.1
0110 = fLP/3.5
0111 = fLP/3.1
Filter cutoff
(global).
(fLP = low-pass
filter cutoff
frequency.)
automatic
low-pass
tuning
1 = on
(self-
clearing)
0x2C
analog_input
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO-x, LOSW-x
0x00
LNA active
connection
00 = (−)LNA output,
high-Z
termination/input
impedance
(global).
01 = (−)LNA output,
(−)LNA output
10 = (−)LNA output,
(+)LNA output
11 = high-Z, high-Z
0x2D
CW Doppler
I/Q demodulator
phase
X
X
X
CW
I/Q demodulator phase
0000 = 0°
0001 = 22.5°
0010 = 45°
0011 = 67.5°
0100 = 90°
Phase of
demodulators
(local).
Doppler
channel
enable
1 = on
0 = off
0101 = 112.5°
0110 = 135°
0111 = 157.5°
1000 = 180°
1001 = 202.5°
1010 = 225°
1011 = 247.5°
1100 = 270°
1101 = 292.5°
1110 = 315°
1111 = 337.5°
Rev. 0 | Page 44 of 48
AD9276
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
POWER AND GROUND RECOMMENDATIONS
EXPOSED PADDLE THERMAL HEAT SLUG
RECOMMENDATIONS
When connecting power to the AD9276, it is recommended that
two separate 1.8 V supplies be used: one for analog (AVDD±
and one for digital (DRVDD±. If only one 1.8 V supply is
available, it should be routed to the AVDD1 pin first and then
tapped off and isolated with a ferrite bead or a filter choke
preceded by decoupling capacitors for the DRVDD pin. The
user should employ several decoupling capacitors on all
supplies to cover both high and low frequencies. Locate these
capacitors close to the point of entry at the PCB level and close
to the part, with minimal trace lengths.
It is required that the exposed paddle on the underside of the
device be connected to analog ground to achieve the best elec-
trical and thermal performance of the AD9276. An exposed
continuous copper plane on the PCB should mate to the AD9276
exposed paddle, Pin 0. The copper plane should have several vias
to achieve the lowest possible resistive thermal path for heat
dissipation to flow through the bottom of the PCB. These vias
should be solder-filled or plugged with nonconductive epoxy.
To maximize the coverage and adhesion between the device and
the PCB, partition the continuous copper plane into several uni-
form sections by overlaying a silkscreen or solder mask on the
PCB. This ensures several tie points between the AD9276 and
the PCB during the reflow process, whereas using one continuous
plane with no partitions guarantees only one tie point. See
Figure 78 for a PCB layout example. For detailed information
about packaging and for more PCB layout examples, see the
AN-772 Application Note, A Design and Manufacturing Guide
for the Lead Frame Chip Scale Package (LFCSP), at
A single PCB ground plane should be sufficient when using the
AD9276. With proper decoupling and smart partitioning of the
analog, digital, and clock sections of the PCB, optimum perfor-
mance can be easily achieved.
www.analog.com.
SILKSCREEN PARTITION
PIN 1 INDICATOR
Figure 78. Typical PCB Layout
Rev. 0 | Page 45 of 48
AD9276
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
16.00 BSC SQ
1.20
MAX
0.75
0.60
0.45
14.00 BSC SQ
76
75
100
76
75
100
1
1
PIN 1
EXPOSED
PAD
9.50 SQ
TOP VIEW
(PINS DOWN)
0° MIN
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.20
0.09
7°
BOTTOM VIEW
(PINS UP)
51
51
25
25
26
50
50
26
3.5°
0°
0.50 BSC
LEAD PITCH
0.27
0.22
0.17
VIEW A
0.15
0.05
SEATING
PLANE
FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF
THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TO
THE PIN CONFIGURATION AND
FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
0.08 MAX
COPLANARITY
SECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET.
VIEW A
ROTATED 90° CCW
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-026-AED-HD
Figure 79. 100-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP]
(SV-100-3)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
Temperature Range Package Description
Package Option
SV-100-3
AD9276BSVZ1
AD9276-65EBZ1
AD9276-80KITZ1
−40°C to +85°C
100-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP]
Evaluation Board
Evaluation Board and High Speed FPGA-Based Data Capture Board
1 Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
Rev. 0 | Page 46 of 48
AD9276
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 47 of 48
AD9276
NOTES
©2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D08180-0-7/09(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 48 of 48
相关型号：
AD9278-BBCZ
IC SPECIALTY ANALOG CIRCUIT, PBGA144, 10 X 10 MM, ROHS COMPLIANT, MO-275EEAB-1, BGA-144, Analog IC:Other
ADI
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