BURLE-2060 [ETC]

38-mm (1 1/2-inch) 10 stage, End-Window Photomultiplier;


型号：	BURLE-2060
厂家：	ETC
描述：	38-mm (1 1/2-inch) 10 stage, End-Window Photomultiplier
文件：	总7页 (文件大小：295K)
中文：	中文翻译
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6199, 2060

Photomultiplier

38-mm (1 1/2-inch) 10 stage,

End-Window Photomultiplier

–

High Quantum Efficiency Cs-Sb Photocathode --

20% at 400 nm (Typical)

- High Gain Dynodes

- Typical Pulse Height Resolution:

¹³⁷Cs Source, Nal(TI) Scintillator -- 8.6%

- Typical Dark Current at 20 A/lm -- 3.2 nA

6199

2060

The BURLE-6199 is a 10 stage, end-window, 38-mm (1 1/2-

inch) type of photomultiplier intended for use in scintillation

counters and for the detection and measurement of low-level

radiation. The tube features excellent time resolution character-

istics, high current amplification, and high sensitivity making it

an appropriate choice for applications requiring low-light level

measurements. The flat faceplate enables the user to easily

couple to a scintillation crystal. BURLE 2060 is a 1-1/2-inch

diameter, 10-stage, head-on type of photomultiplier tube having

S-11 spectral response. It is identical to BURLE 6199 in all

respects except that it is supplied with a small-shell duodecal

base attached to flexible leads to facilitate testing. After testing,

the attached base should be removed prior to installing the 2060

in a given system.

General Data

Spectral Response (see Flgure 1)

..............................................

S-11

Wavelength of Maximum

Cathode Description:

Response..

......... .400 ± 30 nanometers

Material .............................................................. Cesium-Antimony

Minimum Useful Area ................................780 sq. mm (1.2 sq. in)

Minimum Useful Diameter ................................

31.5 mm (1.24 in)

Faceplate Description:

Material ......................................

Corning No. 0080, or equivalent

............................................................................ Plano-Plano

Shape

Index of refraction, 436.0 nanometers

..................................

1.523

Dynode Description:

Substrate ................................................................................

Nickel

Secondary-Emitting surface

..............................

Cesium-Antimony

Structure .................................................................. Circular Cage

Direct Interelectrode Capacitances (Approx):

Anode to dynode No.10 ..........................................................

4 pF

7pF

..................................................

Anode to all other electrodes

................................................................BURLE Type AJ2259

Socket

..................................................BURLE Type AJ2247

Magnetic Shield

..........................................................................

Operating Position

Any

..............................................................

Weight (Approx)

65 g (2.3 oz)

positioned on the backside of a 1-1/2” diameter by 1-1/2” high

Nal(TI) scintillator (BURLE 1501 or equivalent).

The faceplate end of the scintillator shall be optically coupled to the

faceplate of the PMT with mineral oil. The ¹³⁷Cs source shall be

centered with respect to the scintillator which, in turn, shall be

centered on the faceplate of the PMT. The anode of the PMT under

test is connected to a shunt RC network whose time constant is

10 ± 2 microseconds, a scintillation-counter preamplifier (Nuclear

Data Model 520, or equivalent), and a multichannel analyzer (Nu-

clear Data Model 100, or equivalent). Pulse-height resolution is

In accordance with the Absolute Maximum rating system as defined

by the Electronic Industries Association Standard RS-239A, formu-

lated by the JEDEC Electron Tube Council.

This value is the average over any 30 second interval.

defined as the fractional full-width half-maximum of the 0.662 MeV

photopeak. Pulse height is defined as the signal in millivolts devel-

oped by the photopeak across a 290 ± 10 pF capacitor in the anode

This value is calculated from the typical anode luminous responsiv-

ity value using a conversion factor of 857 lumens per watt.

circuit shunt RC network. See Figure 8 for test circuit utilized.

Under the following conditions: Light source is a tungsten-filament

lamp operated at a color temperature of 2856 K. The value of light

flux incident on the cathode is 10^-7lumen.

Operating Considerations

Average Anode Current

5. This value is calculated from the typical cathode luminous respon-

sivity value using a conversion factor of 857 lumens per watt.

The operating stability of the tube is dependent on the magnitude

of the average anode current. The use of an average anode

current well below the maximum rated value of 0.50 milliampere

is recommended when stability of operation is important. When

maximum stability is required, the average anode current should

not exceed 1 microampere.

Under the following conditions: Light source is a tungsten-filament

lamp operated at a color temperature of 2856 K. The value of light

flux incident on the cathode is 10^-4lumen; 200 volts are applied

between cathode and all other electrodes connected as anode.

7. Under the following conditions: Light incident on the cathode is

transmitted through a blue filter (Corning C.S. 5-58, polished to 1/2

stock thickness) from a tungsten-filament lamp operated at a color

temperature of 2856 K. The light flux incident on the filter is 10^-4

lumen; 200 volts are applied between cathode and all other elec-

trodes connected as anode.

8. The light flux incident on the cathode is 10^-7lumen. The supply

voltage E is adjusted to obtain an anode responsivity of 20 amperes

per lumen. Dark current is then measured with no light incident on

the tube.

Peak Anode Current

By adjusting the voltage division ratios of the standard recom-

mended voltage divider, improved linearity can be obtained for

high peak anode currents. A strongly tapered divider, e.g. 2,1, 1,

1, 1, 1, 1,1.5,2.0,3.0,4.0 is suggested when high peak currents

are anticipated.

Operating Voltages

Equivalent Anode Dark Current Input (EADCI) is defined as the input

flux in lumens or watts at a specific wavelength which results in an

increase in the anode current of the photomultiplier tube just equal

to the anode dark current. EADCI in watts is calculated from the

EADCI value in lumens using a conversion factor of 857 lumens per

watt.

In general, the operating potential between anode and cathode

should not be less than 500 volts. The operating voltages can be

supplied by a voltage divider network applied across a regulated

dc power supply. A typical voltage-divider arrangement is shown

in Figure 7. The choice of resistance values for the voltage-divider

string is usually a compromise. If low values of resistance per

stage are utilized, the power drawn from the supply and the

required wattage rating of the resistors increase. Photomultiplier

noise may also increase, due to heating, if the divider network is

mounted near the tube. The use of high values of resistance per

stage may cause deviation from linearity if the voltage-divider

current is not maintained at a value of at least 10 times that of the

maximum average anode current and may limit current response

to pulsed light.

10. Calculated from typical values using the following formula:

When the ratio of peak anode current to average anode current is

high, non-inductive capacitors should be employed across the

latter stages of the tube. The values of these capacitors should be

chosen so that sufficient charge is available to prevent a change

of more than a few percent in the interstage voltages throughout

the pulse duration.

11. Using a delta function light pulse of approximately one nanosecond

duration, anode-pulse rise time is measured between 10% and 90%

of the maximum anode pulse height. During the measurement the

incident light fully illuminated the photocathode.

The high voltages used to operate these tubes are very danger-

ous. Care should be taken in the design of apparatus to prevent

the operator from coming in contact with these high voltages.

High voltages may appear at points in the circuit which are

normally at low potential, because of defective circuit parts or

incorrect circuit connections. Therefore, before any part of the

circuit is touched, the power supply switch should be turned off

and both terminals of any capacitors grounded.

12. The electron transit time is the time interval between the arrival of a

delta function light pulse at the entrance window of the tube and the

time at which the output pulse at the anode terminal reaches peak

amplitude. The transit time is measured under conditions with the

incident light fully illuminating the photocathode.

13. Tested with a supply voltage of 700 volts and a ¹³⁷Cs gamma-ray

source of sufficient intensity to produce approximately 10,000 cps

under the photopeakfrom the photomultiplier tube under test when

- 2 -

6199,2060

materials are chosen to limit leakage current to the tube envelope

Anode Dark Current

-12

to 10

ampere or less. In addition to increasing dark current and

Typical anode dark current as a function of voltage and luminous

responsivity at a temperature of +22 °C is shown in Figure 6. A

temporary increase in anode dark current by as much as two

orders of magnitude may occur if the tube is exposed momentar-

ily to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation from sources such as fluo-

rescent room lighting even though voltage is not applied to the

tube. The increase in dark current may persist for a period of 24

to 48 hours following such irradiation.

noise output because of voltage gradients developed across the

bulb wall, such high voltage may produce minute leakage current

to the cathode, through the tube envelope and insulating materi-

als, which can cause permanent damage to the tube. In general,

when a shield is used, it is recommended that it be connected to

the cathode terminal.

Magnetic shielding is necessary if the tube is operated in the

presence of strong magnetic fields. The curve in Figure 4 shows

the effect on anode current of variation in magnetic-field intensity

for a tube with no magnetic shielding. Increasing the voltage

between cathode and dynode No.1, or using another tube orien-

tation can reduce loss of anode current due to magnetic field

effects. Magnetic shielding is the preferred choice for reducing the

variations.

The use of a refrigerant, such as dry ice, to cool the tube is

recommended in those applications where maximum current

amplification with minimum dark current is required.

The equivalent noise input as a function of the temperature is

shown in Figure 5.

Shielding

Ambient Atmosphere

Electrostatic and magnetic shielding of the tube is ordinarily

required. The application of high voltage, with respect to cathode,

to insulating or other materials supporting or shielding the tube at

the photocathode end should not be permitted unless such

Operation or storage of this tube in environments where helium is

present should be avoided. Helium will permeate the tube enve-

lope and may lead to eventual tube destruction.

WAVELENGTH

- NANOMETERS

Figure 2 - Typical Current Amplification & Responsivity

Characteristics

Figure 1 - Typical Spectral Response Characteristics

-3-

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (E) IS ACROSS

VOLTAGES AS FOLLOWS:

A VOLTAGE DIVIDER WHICH PROVIDES

OF (E)

BETWEEN

MULTIPLIED BY

SUPPLY VOLTS

BETWEEN ANODE AND CATHODE

Figure 3

Typical Time Resolution Characteristics

UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD IS PARALLEL TO DYNODE

CAGE AXIS. POSITIVE

VALUES ARE FOR LINES OF FORCE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT WITH BASE DOWN

AND BASE KEY TOWARD OBSERVER.

VOLTS DIVIDER

Tube Temperature - °C

Typical

Characteristics

Figure 5

-160

-2

-80

-1

160

At/m

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY

LS-6012

Typical Effect of Magnetic Field on Anode

Current

Figure 4

6199.2060

L M - 6 0 1 5

C₁:0.05

C₂:0.02

C₃:0.01

C₄: 0.005

500 V

500 V (+20%)

500 V

500 V (+ 20%)

R₁through R₁₀: 470,000 ohms, 1/4 W (+5%)

R₁₁: 910.000 ohms, W (+5%)

Figure 6-

Typical Dark Current and

Characteristics

Note 1: Adjustable between approximately 500 and 1250 volts dc.

Note 2: Component values are dependent upon nature of application

and output signal desired.

Note 3: Capacitors C₁through C₄should have short leads for optimum

high-frequency performance.

Note 4: Load must provide a path for direct current flow to ground.

Figure 7

Typical Voltage Divider Arrangement for

General Photometric Application

C₁, C₂: 0.01

500 V (+20%)

C₃: 0.005 u F, 2

C₄: 290 + 10

(+20%)

(including cabling and strays), 200 V

R₁through R₁₂: 27 k ohms,

R₁₃: 1 1/4 W

R₁₄: 33 k ohms, 1/4 W

Note 1: Capacitors C₁through C₃should have short leads for optimum

high-frequency performance.

Figure 8

Test Circuit for Pulse Height and Pulse Height

Resolution Tests

6199,2060

287

6199

2060

Dimensions in millimeters. Dimensions in parentheses are in inches.

Note 1: Deviation from flatness with the 31.5 (1.24) diameter area will

not exceed 0.25 (0.010) from peak to valley.

Note 2: Center line of bulb will not deviate more than 2 degrees in any

direction from a perpendicular erected at the center of bottom

of the base.

Note 3: Faceplate material Corning 0080, or equivalent. Its index of

refraction at 589 nm is 1.51. Shape of window is plano-plano.

Note 4: Cathode area is 7.8 square cm (1.21 square inches) minimum.

Note 5: Operating position of tube any.

Figure 9 Dimensional Outline and Basing Diagram

BURLE-2060 [ETC]

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