MC13176 [FREESCALE]
UHF FM/AM Transmitter; UHF调频/调幅发射机
| 型号： | MC13176 |
| 厂家： | 
Freescale |
| 描述： | UHF FM/AM Transmitter |
| 文件： | 总18页 (文件大小：411K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Order this document by MC13176/D
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
The MC13176 is a one chip FM/AM transmitter subsystem designed for
AM/FM communication systems. It include a Colpitts crystal reference
oscillator, UHF oscillator, ÷32 prescaler and phase detector forming a
versatile PLL system. Targeted applications are in the 260 to 470 MHz band
and the 902 to 928 MHz band covered by FCC Title 47; Part 15. Other
applications include local oscillator sources in UHF and 900 MHz receivers,
UHF and 900 MHz video transmitters, RF Local Area Networks (LANs), and
high frequency clock drivers. The MC13176 offers the following features:
UHF FM/AM
TRANSMITTER
SEMICONDUCTOR
ATDEACHNICAL
• UHF Current Controlled Oscillator
• Uses Easily Available 3rd Overtone or Fundamental Crystals for
Reference
• Fewer External Parts Required
• Low Operating Supply Voltage (1.8 to 5.0 Vdc)
• Low Supply Drain Currents
• Power Output Adjustable (Up to 10 dBm)
• Differential Output for Loop Antenna or Balun Transformer Networks
• Power Down Feature
16
1
• ASK Modulated by Switching Output On and Off
• f = 32 x f
D SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751B
o
ref
(SO–16)
ryFapingicsuamrleiAt1tpe. rpTlication as 320 MHz AM T
PIN CONNECTIONS
AM Modulator
1.3k
Osc
Tank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
S
2
0.01
µ
I
Osc 1
NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
mod
Coilcraft
V
150–05J08
Out
Gnd
EE
(1)
Z = 50
150p
0.165
µ
RF
SMA
Ω
out
Out 2
NC
f/32
RFC
1
Osc 4
13 Out 1
(2)
V
S
V
CC
1
EE
0.1
µ
V
12
11
10
9
V
CC
EE
150p
27k
I
Enable
1.0k
Cont
V
EE
Reg.
Gnd
0.1
µ
PD
out
Xtalb
Xtale
100p
180p
Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz
V
CC
V
CC
TOIINROFDNOERRMINAG
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 1/10 wavelength at 320 MHz equals 1.5 inches.
2. Pins 5, 10 & 15 are ground and connected to V which is the component/DC ground plane
Operating
eTmperature Range
EE
2. side of PCB. These pins must be decoupled to V ; decoupling capacitors should be placed
CC
2. as close as possible to the pins.
Device
Package
MC13176D
T
A
= – 40 to 85°C
SO–16
Motorola, Inc. 1998
Rev 0
For More Information On This Product,
Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
TMINAGXISMUM RA
( T = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
A
Symbol
aVlue
Unit
Vdc
Vdc
°C
ARCHIVED BRYatFinRgEESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Power Supply Voltage
V
7.0 (max)
1.8 to 5.0
150
CC
CC
Operating Supply Voltage Range
Junction Temperature
V
T
J
Operating Ambient Temperature
Storage Temperature
T
–40 to 85
–65 to 150
°C
A
T
stg
°C
ECLHEACRTARCICTAELRISTICS
(Figure 2; V = – 3.0 Vdc, T = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)*
EE A
Characteristic
Supply Current (Power down: I & I = 0)
Pin
–
Symbol
Min
–0.5
–18
pTy
–
Max
Unit
µA
I
–
–
–
11 16
EE1
Supply Current (Enable [Pin 11] to V
thru 30 k, I = 0)
16
–
I
–14
–34
mA
mA
CC
Total Supply Current (Transmit Mode)
(I = 2.0 mA; f = 320 MHz)
EE2
–
I
– 39
EE3
mod
o
Differential Output Power (f = 320 MHz; V [Pin 9]
13 & 14
P
out
dBm
o
ref
= 500 mV
I
I
; f = N x f
)
ref
p–p
o
= 2.0 mA (see Figure 7)
= 0 mA
2.0
–
4.7
–45
–
–
mod
mod
Hold–in Range (± ∆f x N) (see Figure 7)
13 & 14
7
± ∆f
4.0
22
–
8.0
27
–
–
–
–
MHz
µA
ref
H
Phase Detector Output Error Current
l
error
Oscillator Enable Time (see Figure 26)
Amplitude Modulation Bandwidth (see Figure 28)
11 & 8
16
t
4.0
25
ms
enable
BW
–
MHz
dBc
AM
Spurious Outputs (I
Spurious Outputs (I
= 2.0 mA)
= 0 mA)
13 & 14
13 & 14
P
P
–
–
–50
–50
–
–
mod
mod
son
soff
Maximum Divider Input Frequency
Maximum Output Frequency
–
f
–
–
950
950
–
–
MHz
div
f
o
13 & 14
* For testing purposes, V
is ground (see Figure 2).
CC
eFsigtuCrierc2u.i3t 20 MHz T
I
mod
0.1
0.01
Osc
Tank
10k
1
2
3
16
µ
RF
out 1
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Coilcraft
150–03J0
8
0.1
µ
V
µ
EE
(1)
51
0.098
µ
4
5
6
7
8
f/N
51
0.01µ
V
CC
(1)
RF
out 2
0.1
µ
I
reg. enable
30k
0.1
10k
27p
µ
15p
33p
2.2k
Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz
V
CC
NOTES: 1. V
CC
is ground; while V is negative with respect to ground.
EE
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are brought to the circuit side of the PCB via plated through holes.
They are connected together with a trace on the PCB and each Pin is decoupled to V (ground).
CC
2
ATOMRROFO/TIFLADEVICE DA
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
Internal Equivalent
Description/External
Circuit Requirements
Pin
Symbol
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Circuit
1 & 4
Osc 1,
Osc 4
CCO Inputs
V
CC
The oscillator is a current controlled type. An external oscillator
coil is connected to Pins 1 and 4 which forms a parallel
resonance LC tank circuit with the internal capacitance of the
IC and with parasitic capacitance of the PC board. Three
base–emitter capacitances in series configuration form the
capacitance for the parallel tank. These are the base–emitters
at Pins 1 and 4 and the base–emitter of the differential amplifier.
The equivalent series capacitance in the differential amplifier is
varied by the modulating current from the frequency control
circuit (see Pin 6, internal circuit). A more thorough discussion
is found in the Applications Information section.
10k
10k
1
4
Osc 4
0sc 1
5
6
V
Supply Ground (V
In the PCB layout, the ground pins (also applies to Pins 10 and
15) should be connected directly to chassis ground. Decoupling
)
EE
EE
V
EE
5
Subcon
capacitors to V should be placed directly at
CC
the ground returns.
V
V
EE
EE
I
Frequency Control
For V = 3.0 Vdc, the voltage at Pin 6 is approximately 1.55
Cont
V
CC
CC
Vdc. The oscillator is current controlled by the error current from
the phase detector. This current is amplified to drive the current
source in the oscillator section which controls the frequency of
Reg
the oscillator. Figures 8 and 9 show the ∆f
versus I
,
osc
Cont
at – 40°C, + 25°C and
6
Cont
Figure 5 shows the ∆f
osc
versus I
Cont
I
+ 85°C for 320 MHz. The CCO may be FM modulated as shown
in Figures 17 and 18, MC13176 320 MHz FM Transmitter. A
detailed discussion is found in the Applications Information
section.
7
PD
out
Phase Detector Output
V
CC
The phase detector provides ± 30 µA to keep the CCO locked at
the desired carrier frequency. The output impedance of the
phase detector is approximately 53 kΩ. Under closed loop
conditions there is a DC voltage which is dependent upon the
free running oscillator and the reference oscillator frequencies.
The circuitry between Pins 7 and 6 should be selected for
adequate loop filtering necessary to stabilize and filter the loop
response. Low pass filtering between Pin 7 and 6 is needed so
that the corner frequency is well below the sum of the divider
and the reference oscillator frequencies, but high enough to
allow for fast response to keep the loop locked. Refer to the
Applications Information section regarding loop filtering and FM
modulation.
4.0k
4.0k
PD
out
7
3
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
For More Information On This Product,
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALIEnteSrnEaMl EIqCuOivaNleDntUCTOR, INC. 2005
Description/External
Circuit Requirements
Pin
Symbol
Circuit
8
Xtale
Crystal Oscillator Inputs
V
CC
The internal reference oscillator is configured as a common
emitter Colpitts. It may be operated with either a fundamental
or overtone crystal depending on the carrier frequency and the
internal prescaler. Crystal oscillator circuits and specifications
of crystals are discussed in detail in the applications section.
Xtalb
Xtale
8.0k
12k
9
8
With V
= 3.0 Vdc, the voltage at Pin 8 is approximately 1.8
CC
9
Xtalb
Vdc and at Pin 9 is approximately 2.3 Vdc. 500 to 1000 mVp–p
should be present at Pin 9. The Colpitts is biased at 200 µA;
additional drive may be acquired by increasing the bias to
approximately 500 µA. Use 6.2 k from Pin 8 to ground.
4.0k
10
11
Reg. Gnd
Enable
Regulator Ground
An additional ground pin is provided to enhance the stability of
the system. Decoupling to the V
should be done at the ground return for Pin 10.
V
CC
(RF ground) is essential; it
CC
Reg
5.0p
11
Enable
Device Enable
The potential at Pin 11 is approximately 1.25 Vdc. When Pin 11
is open, the transmitter is disabled in a power down mode and
draws less than 1.0 µA I
(i.e., it has no current driving it). To enable the transmitter a
if the MOD at Pin 16 is also open
CC
Subcon
current source of 10 µA to 90 µA is provided. Figures 3 and 4
show the relationship between I , V
and I
. Note
= 5.0 to
CC CC
reg. enable
2.4k
8.0k
that I is flat at approximately 10 mA for I
CC
100 µA (I
.
reg enable
10
Reg. Gnd
= 0).
mod
12
V
CC
Supply Voltage (V
)
CC
The operating supply voltage range is from 1.8 Vdc to 5.0 Vdc.
In the PCB layout, the V trace must be kept as wide as
V
CC
CC
possible to minimize inductive reactances along the trace; it is
best to have it completely fill around the surface mount
components and traces on the circuit side of the PCB.
12
V
CC
13 & 14 Out 1 and
Out 2
Differential Output
The output is configured differentially to easily drive a loop
antenna. By using a transformer or balun, as shown in the
application schematic, the device may then drive an unbalanced
low impedance load. Figure 6 shows how much the Output
Power and Free–Running Oscillator Frequency change with
V
CC
temperature at 3.0 Vdc; I
= 2.0 mA.
mod
13
14
16
15
16
Out_Gnd
Output Ground
This additional ground pin provides direct access for the output
ground to the circuit board V
I
mod
Out 1
Out 2
.
EE
I
AM Modulation/Power Output Level
mod
The DC voltage at this pin is 0.8 Vdc with the current source
active. An external resistor is chosen to provide a source
current of 1.0 to 3.0 mA, depending on the desired output power
level at a given V . Figure 27 shows the relationship of Power
CC
15
Out_Gnd
Output to Modulation Current, I
. At V
mod
= 3.0 Vdc, 3.5 dBm
CC
power output can be acquired with about 35 mA I
.
CC
For FM modulation, Pin 16 is used to set the desired output
power level as described above.
For AM modulation, the modulation signal must ride on a
positive DC bias offset which sets a static (modulation off)
modulation current. External circuitry for various schemes is
further discussed in the Applications Information section.
4
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
Figure 3. Supply Current
Figure 4. Supply Current versus
Regulator Enable Current
versus Supply Voltage
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
100
10
I
I
= 90 µA
reg. enable
= 0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
mod
V
= 3.0 Vdc
= 0
CC
I
mod
10
1.0
0.1
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1.0
10
100
1000
V
, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (Vdc)
I
, REGULATOR ENABLE CURRENT (µA)
CC
reg. enable
Figure 5. Change Oscillator Frequency
versus Oscillator Control Current
Figure 6. Change in Oscillator Frequency and
Output Power versus Ambient Temperature
10
4.0
3.0
5.5
5.0
V
= 3.0 Vdc
= 2.0 mA
∆f
osc
P
CC
O
I
mod
f = 320 MHz (I
= 0; T = 25 °C)
A
5.0
0
Cont
Free–Running Oscillator
2.0
1.0
0
4.5
4.0
– 40 °C
– 5.0
–1.0
– 2.0
– 3.0
– 4.0
V
I
= 3.0 Vdc
= 2.0 mA
CC
mod
25
85
°
C
3.5
3.0
–10
–15
f = 320 MHz (I
Free–Running Oscillator
= 0; T = 25°C)
A
Cont
°C
– 50
0
50
100
– 40
– 20
I
0
20
40
60
A)
80
T , AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
, OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (
µ
A
Cont
Figure 7. Reference Oscillator
Frequency versus Phase Detector Current
10.3
10.2
Closed Loop Response:
V
f
= 3.0 Vdc
CC
= 32 x f
o
ref
ref
V
= 500 mV
p–p
10.1
10
I
I
P
= 1.0 mA
= 22 mA
= –1.1 dBm
mod
CC
O
I
I
P
= 2.0 mA
= 35.5 mA
= 4.7 dBm
9.9
9.8
mod
CC
O
– 30
– 20
–10
0
10
20
30
I , PHASE DETECTOR CURRENT (µA)
7
5
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
Figure 9. Change in Oscillator Frequency
versus Oscillator Control Current
Figure 8. Change in Oscillator Frequency
versus Oscillator Control Current
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
20
20
10
10
V
I
T
= 3.0 Vdc
= 2.0 mA
= 25 °C
V
I
T
= 3.0 Vdc
= 2.0 mA
= 25 °C
CC
mod
CC
mod
0
0
A
A
f
(I
) 320 MHz
f
(I
) 450 MHz
osc Cont @ 0
osc Cont @ 0
–10
– 20
–10
– 20
– 30
– 40
– 30
– 40
–100
0
100
200
300
400
500
A)
600
0
100
200
300
400
500
A)
600
–100
I
, OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (µ
I
, OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (µ
Cont
Cont
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Evaluation PC Board
The evaluation PCB, shown in Figures 32 and 33, is very
versatile and is intended to be used across the entire useful
frequency range of this device. The center section of the
board provides an area for attaching all SMT components to
the circuit side and radial leaded components to the
component ground side of the PCB (see Figures 34 and 35).
Additionally, the peripheral area surrounding the RF core
provides pads to add supporting and interface circuitry as a
particular application dictates. This evaluation board will be
discussed and referenced in this section.
frequency control input for the CCO. However, this allows for
characterization of the gain constants of these loop
components. The gain constants K , K and K are well
p
o
n
defined in the MC13176.
Phase Detector (Pin 7)
With the loop in lock, the difference frequency output of the
phase detector is DC voltage that is a function of the phase
difference. The sinusoidal type detector used in this IC has
the following transfer characteristic:
I = A Sin θ
e
e
Current Controlled Oscillator (Pins 1 to 4)
The gain factor of the phase detector, K (with the loop in lock)
is specified as the ratio of DC output current, l to phase
p
It is critical to keep the interconnect leads from the CCO
(Pins 1 and 4) to the external inductor symmetrical and equal
in length. With a minimum inductor, the maximum free
running frequency is greater than 1.0 GHz. Since this
inductor will be small, it may be either a microstrip inductor,
an air wound inductor or a tuneable RF coil. An air wound
inductor may be tuned by spreading the windings, whereas
tuneable RF coils are tuned by adjusting the position of an
aluminum core in a threaded coilform. As the aluminum core
coupling to the windings is increased, the inductance is
decreased. The temperature coefficient using an aluminum
core is better than a ferrite core. The UniCoil inductors
made by Coilcraft may be obtained with aluminum cores
(Part No. 51–129–169).
e
error, θ :
e
K = I θ (Amps/radians)
e/ e
p
K = A Sin θ
θ
p
e/ e
Sin θ ~ θ for θ ≤ 0.2 radians;
e
e
e
thus, K = A (Amps/radians)
p
Figure
7
shows that the detector DC current is
approximately 30 µA where the loop loses lock
at θ = + π/2 radians; therefore, K is 30 µA/radians.
e
p
Current Controlled Oscillator, CCO (Pin 6)
Figures 8 and 9 show the non–linear change in frequency
of the oscillator over an extended range of control current for
320 and 450 MHz applications. K ranges from
o
Ground (Pins 5, 10 and 15)
5
approximately 6.3x10 rad/sec/µA or 100 kHz/µA (Figure 8)
Ground Returns: It is best to take the grounds to a
backside ground plane via plated through holes or eyelets at
the pins. The application PCB layout implements this
technique. Note that the grounds are located at or less than
100 mils from the devices pins.
Decoupling: Decoupling each ground pin to V
each section of the device by reducing interaction between
sections and by localizing circulating currents.
5
to 8.8x10 rad/sec/µA or 140 kHz/µA (Figure 9) over a
relatively linear response of control current (0 to 100 µA). The
oscillator gain factor depends on the operating range of the
control current (i.e., the slope is not constant). Included in the
CCO gain factor is the internal amplifier which can sink and
source at least 30 µA of input current from the phase
detector. The internal circuitry at Pin 6 limits the CCO control
current to 50 µA of source capability while its sink capability
exceeds 200 µA as shown in Figures 8 and 9. Further
information to follow shows how to use the full capabilities of
the CCO by addition of an external loop amplifier and filter
isolates
CC
Loop Characteristics (Pins 6 and 7)
Figure 10 is the component block diagram of the
MC13176D PLL system where the loop characteristics are
described by the gain constants. Access to individual
components of this PLL system is limited, inasmuch as the
loop is only pinned out at the phase detector output and the
(see Figure 14). This additional circuitry yields at K
0.145 MHz/µA or 9.1x10 rad/sec/µA.
=
o
5
6
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 10. Block Diagram of MC1317XD PLL
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Phase
Detector
θ
θ
)
Low Pass
Filter
i(s)
e(s
f = f
i
ref
Pins 9,8
K
f
Where: K = Phase detector gain constant in
Pin 7
p
K
= 30
µA/rad
p
= µA/rad; K = 30 µA/rad
= Filter transfer function
= 1/N; N = 32
p
K
K
K
f
n
o
θ
=
θ
)/N
o(s
f
= f /N
o
n(s)
n
Pin 6
= CCO gain constant in rad/sec/µA
Divider
= 1/N
Amplifier and
Current Controlled
Oscillator
5
= 9.1 x 10 rad/sec/µA
K
o
θ
o(s)
K
n
N = 32 : MC13176
K
= 0.91Mrad/sec/µA
o
Pins 13,14
f
= nf
i
o
Loop Filtering
The fundamental loop characteristics, such as capture
range, loop bandwidth, lock–up time and transient response
are controlled externally by loop filtering.
For ∂ = 0.707 and lock time = 1.0 ms;
then ω
n = 5.0/t = 5.0 krad/sec.
The loop filter may take the form of a simple low pass
filter or a lag–lead filter which creates an additional pole at
origin in the loop transfer function. This additional pole
along with that of the CCO provides two pure integrators
The natural frequency (ω ) and damping factor (∂) are
n
important in the transient response to a step input of phase or
frequency. For a given ∂ and lock time, ω can be determined
n
from the plot shown in Figure 11.
2
(1/s ). In the lag–lead low pass network shown in Figure
12, the values of the low pass filtering parameters R , R
1
2
and C determine the loop constants ω
∂. The
Figure 11. Type 2 Second Order Response
n and
equations t = R C and t = R C are related in the loop filter
1.9
1
1
2
2
transfer functions F(s) = 1 + t s/1 + (t + t )s.
2
1
2
1.8
ζ
= 0.1
Figure 12. Lag–Lead Low Pass Filter
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.2
V
R
V
O
in
1
R
2
C
0.3
0.4
The closed loop transfer function takes the form of a 2nd
order low pass filter given by,
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
H(s) = K F(s)/s + K F(s)
v
v
From control theory, if the loop filter characteristic has F(0) =
1, the DC gain of the closed loop, K is defined as,
v
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
K = K K K
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
v
p o n
and the transfer function has a natural frequency,
1/2
ω = (K /t + t )
v 1
n
2
and a damping factor,
∂ = (ω /2) (t + 1/K )
n
2
v
Rewriting the above equations and solving for the MC13176
with ∂ = 0.707 and ω = 5.0 k rad/sec:
n
6
6
K = K K K = (30) (0.91
10 ) (1/32) = 0.853
10
106) = 34.1 ms
10 ) = 0.283 ms
t = (K /ω 2) – t = (34.1 – 0.283) = 33.8 ms
v
p o n
6
t + t = K /ω 2 = 0.853
10 /(25
1
2
v n
3
t = 2∂/ω = (2) (0.707)/(5
2
n
1
v
n
2
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11
12 13
ω
nt
7
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
For More Information On This Product,
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
For C = 0.47 µ;
measurement of the hold–in range (i.e. ∆f
ref
N = ±∆f
H
–3
–6
2π). Since sin θ cannot exceed ±1.0, as θ approaches ±π/2
then, R = t /C = 33.8
10 /0.47
10 = 72 k
e
e
1
1
–3
–6
the hold–in range is equal to the DC loop gain, K
N.
dthus, R = t /C = 0.283
10 /0.47
10 = 0.60 k
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
v
2
2
In the above example, the following standard value
components are used,
±∆ω = ± K
N
H
v
where, K = K K K
p o n.
v
C = 0.47 µ; R = 620 and R′ = 72 k – 53 k ~ 18 k
2
1
In the above example,
±∆ω = ± 27.3 Mrad/sec
(R′ is defined as R – 53 k, the output impedance of the
phase detector.)
1
1
H
±∆f = ± 4.35 MHz
H
Since the output of the phase detector is high impedance
(~50 k) and serves as a current source, and the input to the
frequency control, Pin 6 is low impedance (impedance of the
two diode to ground is approximately 500 Ω), it is imperative
that the second order low pass filter design above be
Extended Hold–in Range
The hold–in range of about 3.4% could cause problems
over temperature in cases where the free–running oscillator
drifts more than 2 to 3% because of relatively high
temperature coefficients of the ferrite tuned CCO inductor.
This problem might worsen for lower frequency applications
where the external tuning coil is large compared to internal
capacitance at Pins 1 and 4. To improve hold–in range
performance, it is apparent that the gain factors involved
must be carefully considered.
modified. In order to minimize loading of the R C shunt
2
network, a higher impedance must be established to Pin 6. A
simple solution is achieved by adding a low pass network
between the passive second order network and the input to
Pin 6. This helps to minimize the loading effects on the
second order low pass while further suppressing the
sideband spurs of the crystal oscillator. A low pass filter with
R
= 1.0 k and C = 1500 p has a corner frequency (f ) of
3
2 c
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
= is 1/32 in the MC13176.
n
p
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
106 kHz; the reference sideband spurs are down greater
than – 60 dBc.
= is fixed internally and cannot be altered.
= Figures 8 and 9 suggest that there is capability
= of greater control range with more current swing.
= However, this swing must be symmetrical about
= the center of the dynamic response. The
= suggested zero current operating point for
= ±100 µA swing of the CCO is at about + 70 µA
= offset point.
Figure 13. Modified Low Pass Loop Filter
Pin 7
18k
1.0k
Pin 6
R′
R
3
1
R
620
2
C
1500p
3
Ka = External loop amplification will be necessary
Ka = since the phase detector only supplies ± 30 µA.
C
0.47
V
CC
In the design example in Figure 14, an external resistor
Hold–In Range
The hold–in range, also called the lock range, tracking
range and synchronization range, is the ability of the CCO
(R ) of 15 k to V
(3.0 Vdc) provides approximately 100 µA
5
CC
of current boost to supplement the existing 50 µA internal
source current. R (1.0 k) is selected for approximately
4
frequency, f to track the input reference signal, f • N as it
o
ref
0.1 Vdc across it with 100 µA. R , R and R are selected to
set the potential at Pin 7 and the base of 2N4402 at
approximately 0.9 Vdc and the emitter at 1.55 Vdc when error
current to Pin 6 is approximately zero µA. C is chosen to
reduce the level of the crystal sidebands.
1
2
3
gradually shifted away from the free running frequency, f .
f
Assuming that the CCO is capable of sufficient frequency
deviation and that the internal loop amplifier and filter are not
overdriven, the CCO will track until the phase error, θ
approaches ±π/2 radians. Figures 5 through 7 are a direct
1
e
Figure 14. External Loop Amplifier
V
= 3.0Vdc
4.7k
CC
12
50µA
R
3
R
15k
5
C
1000p
1
30µA
R
Oscillator
Control
4
1.6V
68k
R
R
1
6
1.0k
2N4402
Phase
Detector
Output
Circuitry
7
33k
2
30µA
5, 10, 15
8
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
f
Figure 15 shows the improved hold–in range of the loop.
c
= 0.159/RC;
= 1.0 k + R (R = 53 k) and C = 390 pF
7 7
= 7.55 kHz or ω = 47 krad/sec
The ∆f is moved 950 kHz with over 200 µA swing of control
For R
f
ref
current for an improved hold–in range of ±15.2 MHz or
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
c
c
± 95.46 Mrad/sec.
The application example in Figure 17 of a 320 MHz FM
transmitter demonstrates the FM capabilities of the IC. A high
value series resistor (100 k) to Pin 6 sets up the current
source to drive the modulation section of the chip. Its value is
dependent on the peak to peak level of the encoding data
and the maximum desired frequency deviation. The data
input is AC coupled with a large coupling capacitor which is
selected for the modulating frequency. The component
placements on the circuit side and ground side of the PC
board are shown in Figures 34 and 35, respectively.
Figure 19 illustrates the input data of a 10 kHz modulating
signal at 1.6 Vp–p. Figures 20 and 21 depict the deviation
and resulting modulation spectrum showing the carrier null at
– 40 dBc. Figure 22 shows the unmodulated carrier power
Figure 15. MC13176 Reference Oscillator
Frequency versus Oscillator Control Current
10.6
10.4
10.2
10
Closed Loop Response:
f
V
= 32 x f
o
ref
= 3.0 Vdc
= 38 mA
= 4.8 dB
= 2.0 mA
= 500 mV
CC
I
P
CC
out
mod
I
V
ref
p–p
9.8
output at 3.5 dBm for V
= 3.0 Vdc.
CC
9.6
9.4
For voice applications using a dynamic or an electret
microphone, an op amp is used to amplify the microphone’s
low level output. The microphone amplifier circuit is shown in
Figure 16. Figure 18 shows an application example for NBFM
audio or direct FSK in which the reference crystal oscillator is
modulated.
–150
–100
– 50
0
50
A)
100
I , OSCILLATOR CONTROL CURRENT (
µ
6
Lock–in Range/Capture Range
If a signal is applied to the loop not equal to free running
frequency, f , then the loop will capture or lock–in the
signal by making f = f (i.e. if the initial frequency
difference is not too great). The lock–in range can be
f
Figure 16. Microphone Amplifier
s
o
V
Data
Input
CC
expressed as ∆ω ~ ± 2∂ω
L
n
100k
120k
V
FM Modulation
CC
3.3k
1.0k
1.0
Noise external to the loop (phase detector input) is
minimized by narrowing the bandwidth. This noise is minimal
in a PLL system since the reference frequency is usually
derived from a crystal oscillator. FM can be achieved by
applying a modulation current superimposed on the control
current of the CCO. The loop bandwidth must be narrow
enough to prevent the loop from responding to the
modulation frequency components, thus, allowing the CCO
to deviate in frequency. The loop bandwidth is related to the
3.9k
10k
10k
Voice
Input
MC33171
Data or
Audio
Output
Electret
Microphone
Local Oscillator Application
To reduce internal loop noise, a relatively wide loop
bandwidth is needed so that the loop tracks out or cancels
the noise. This is emphasized to reduce inherent CCO and
divider noise or noise produced by mechanical shock and
environmental vibrations. In a local oscillator application the
CCO and divider noise should be reduced by proper
selection of the natural frequency of the loop. Additional low
pass filtering of the output will likely be necessary to reduce
the crystal sideband spurs to a minimal level.
natural frequency ω . In the lag–lead design example where
the natural frequency, ω = 5.0 krad/sec and a damping
n
n
factor, ∂ = 0.707, the loop bandwidth = 1.64 kHz.
Characterization data of the closed loop responses at 320
MHz (Figure 7) show satisfactory performance using only a
simple low–pass loop filter network. The loop filter response
is strongly influenced by the high output impedance of the
push–pull current output of the phase detector.
9
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 17. 320 MHz MC13176D FM Transmitter
RF Level Adjust
1.1k
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
5.0k
Osc
Tank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
V
CC
0.047µ
CW
Coilcraft
146–04J08
(1)
50
SMA
RF Output
to Antenna
0.146
µ
Ω
510p
V
= 3.8 to
CC
3.3 Vdc
f/32
RFC (3)
1
0.1
µ
V
CC
0.47µ
(2)
V
9.1k
15k
EE
V
CC
27k
1.0k
130k
620
18k
2N4402
0.47µ
100k
33k
V
CC
Data Input
(1.6 Vp–p)
51p
220p
51p
6.8 (4)
Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz
(5)
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 2 inches long.
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are grounds and connnected to V
which is the component’s side ground plane.
EE
These pins must be decoupled to V ; decoupling capacitors should be placed as close as possible to the pins.
CC
3. RFC is 180 nH Coilcraft surface mount inductor or 190 nH Coilcraft 146–05J08.
1
4. Recommended source is a Coilcraft “slot seven” 7.0 mm tuneable inductor, part #7M3–682.
5. The crystal is a parallel resonant, fundamental mode calibrated with 32 pF load capacitance.
Figure 18. 320 MHz NBFM Transmitter
RF Level Adjust
1.0k
5.0k
Osc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
V
CC
Tank
0.047
µ
CW
Coilcraft
146–04J08
(1)
SMA
RF Output
to Antenna
0.146
µ
UT–034
(3)
470p
f/32
V
CC
RFC
0.1
µ
1
V
(3.6 Vdc – Lithium Battery)
CC
4700p
(2)
9.1k
15k
V
EE
V
CC
27k
1.0k
130k
6.2k
33k
15k
2N4402
0.47µ
V
V
RFC
CC
2
CC
1.0k
(4)
10p
External
10µ
Loop Amp
+
RFC
3
180p
100p
(6)
0.01
µ
Crystal
Fundamental
10MHz
(5) MMBV432L
Audio or
Data Input
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 2 inches long.
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are grounds and connnected to V
which is the component’s side ground plane. These
EE
pins must be decoupled to V ; decoupling capacitors should be placed as close as possible to the pins.
CC
3. RFC is 180 nH Coilcraft surface mount inductor.
1
4. RFC and RFC are high impedance crystal frequency of 10 MHz; 8.2 µH molded inductor gives XL > 1000 Ω..
2
3
5. A single varactor like the MV2105 may be used whereby RFC is not needed.
2
6. The crystal is a parallel resonant, fundamental mode calibrated with 32 pF load capacitance.
10
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 20. Frequency Deviation
Figure 19. Input Data Waveform
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Figure 21. Modulation Spectrum
Figure 22. Unmodulated Carrier
–10
– 20
– 30
– 40
(dBc)
(dBc)
Reference Crystal Oscillator (Pins 8 and 9)
Selection of Proper Crystal: A crystal can operate in a
number of mechanical modes. The lowest resonant
frequency mode is its fundamental while higher order modes
are called overtones. At each mechanical resonance, a
crystal behaves like a RLC series–tuned circuit having a
Figure 23. Crystal Equivalent Circuit
L
3
large inductor and a high Q. The inductor L is series
s
Cp
resonance with a dynamic capacitor, C determined by the
s
elasticity of the crystal lattice and a series resistance R ,
s
R
3
which accounts for the power dissipated in heating the
crystal. This series RLC circuit is in parallel with a static
C
3
capacitance, C which is created by the crystal block and by
p
the metal plates and leads that make contact with it.
Figure 23 is the equivalent circuit for a crystal in a single
resonant mode. It is assumed that other modes of resonance
are so far off frequency that their effects are negligible.
the frequency separation at resonance is given by;
1/2
∆f = f –f = f [1 – (1 + C /C )
p s
]
s
s
p
Usually f is less than 1% higher than f , and a crystal exhibits
p
s
Series resonant frequency, f is given by;
s
an extremely wide variation of the reactance with frequency
between f and f . A crystal oscillator circuit is very stable
1/2
f = 1/2π(L C )
p
s
s
s s
with frequency. This high rate of change of impedance with
frequency stabilizes the oscillator, because any significant
change in oscillator frequency will cause a large phase shift
in the feedback loop keeping the oscillator on frequency.
and parallel resonant frequency, f is given by;
p
1/2
f = f (1 + C /C )
p
s
s
p
11
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MC13176
Manufacturers specify crystal for either series or parallel
resonant operation. The frequency for the parallel mode is
calibrated with a specified shunt capacitance called a “load
along the trace; it is best that V
(RF ground) completely fills
CC
around the surface mounted components and interconnect
traces on the circuit side of the board. This technique is
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
capacitance.” The most common value is 30 to 32 pF. If the
load capacitance is placed in series with the crystal, the
equivalent circuit will be series resonance at the specified
parallel–resonant frequency. Frequencies up to 20 MHz use
parallel resonant crystal operating in the fundamental mode,
while above 20 MHz to about 60 MHz, a series resonant
crystal specified and calibrated for operation in the overtone
mode is used.
demonstrated in the evaluation PC board.
Battery/Selection/Lithium Types
The device may be operated from a 3.0 V lithium battery.
Selection of a suitable battery is important. Because one of
the major problems for long life battery powered equipment is
oxidation of the battery terminals, a battery mounted in a
clip–in socket is not advised. The battery leads or contact
post should be isolated from the air to eliminate oxide
build–up. The battery should have PC board mounting tabs
which can be soldered to the PCB. Consideration should be
given for the peak current capability of the battery. Lithium
batteries have current handling capabilities based on the
composition of the lithium compound, construction and the
battery size. A 1300 mA/hr rating can be achieved in the
cylindrical cell battery. The Rayovac CR2/3A
lithium–manganese dioxide battery is a crimp sealed, spiral
wound 3.0 Vdc, 1300 mA/hr cylindrical cell with PC board
mounting tabs. It is an excellent choice based on capacity
and size (1.358″ long by 0.665″ in diameter).
Application Examples
Two types of crystal oscillator circuits are used in the
applications circuits: 1) fundamental mode common emitter
Colpitts (Figures 1, 17, 18, and 24), and 2) third overtone
impedance inversion Colpitts (also Figures 1 and 24).
The fundamental mode common emitter Colpitts uses a
parallel resonant crystal calibrated with a 32 pf load
capacitance. The capacitance values are chosen to provide
excellent frequency stability and output power
of > 500 mVp–p at Pin 9. In Figures 1 and 24, the
fundamental mode reference oscillator is fixed tuned relying
on the repeatability of the crystal and passive network to
maintain the frequency, while in the circuit shown in Figures
17 and 18, the oscillator frequency can be adjusted with the
variable inductor for the precise operating frequency.
The reference oscillator can be operated as high as
60 MHz with a third overtone crystal. Therefore, it is
possible to use the MC13176 up to 950 MHz (based on the
maximum capability of the divider network).
Differential Output (Pins 13, 14)
The availability of micro–coaxial cable and small baluns in
surface mount and radial–leaded components allows for
simple interface to the output ports. A loop antenna may be
directly connected with bias via RFC or 50 Ω resistors.
Antenna configuration will vary depending on the space
available and the frequency of operation.
Enable (Pin 11)
AM Modulation (Pin 16)
The enabling resistor at Pin 11 is calculated by:
Amplitude Shift Key: The MC13176 is designed to
accommodate Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). ASK
modulation is a form of digital modulation corresponding to
AM. The amplitude of the carrier is switched between two or
more values in response to the PCM code. For the binary
case, the usual choice is On–Off Keying (often abbreviated
OOK). The resultant amplitude modulated waveform
consists of RF pulses called marks, representing binary 1
and spaces representing binary 0.
R
= V
– 1.0 Vdc/I
CC reg. enable
eg. enable
From Figure 4, I
is chosen to be 75 µA. So, for a
= 26.6 kΩ, a standard value
reg. enable
reg. enable
= 3.0 Vdc R
V
CC
27 kΩ resistor is adequate.
Layout Considerations
Supply (Pin 12): In the PCB layout, the V
kept as wide as possible to minimize inductive reactance
trace must be
CC
12
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 24. ASK 320 MHz Application Circuit
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
R
mod
3.3k
(3)
Osc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
On–Off Keyed Input
TTL Level 10 kHz
Tank
0.01
µ
Coilcraft
150–05J08
V
(1)
EE
SM
A
0.165µ
Z = 50
RF
Out
150p
f/32
RFC
1
(2)
V
CC
V
EE
0.1µ
(4)
S
27k
1
150p
1.0k
V
EE
0.1
µ
180p
100p
Crystal
Fundamental
10 MHz
V
V
CC
CC
NOTES: 1. 50 Ω coaxial balun, 1/10 wavelength line (1.5″) provides the best
match to a 50 Ω load.
3. The On–Off keyed signal turns the output of the transmitter off and on with
TTL level pulses through R
by the resistor which sets I
at Pin 16. The “On” power and I
is set
mod
mod
CC
. (see Figure 27).
= VTTL – 0.8 / R
mod
2. Pins 5, 10 and 15 are ground and connnected to V
the component/DC ground plane side of PCB. These pins must
which is
EE
4. S1 simulates an enable gate pulse from a microprocessor which will
enable the transmitter. (see Figure 4 to determine precise value of the
enabling resistor based on the potential of the gate pulse and the
desired enable.)
be decoupled to V ; decoupling capacitors should be placed
CC
as close as possible to the pins.
Figure 24 shows a typical application in which the output
power has been reduced for linearity and current drain. The
displayed. The crystal oscillator enable time is needed to set
the acquisition timing. It takes typically 4.0 msec to reach full
magnitude of the oscillator waveform (see Figure 26,
Oscillator Waveform, at Pin 8). A square waveform of 3.0 V
peak with a period that is greater than the oscillator enable
time is applied to the Enable (Pin 11).
current draw on the device is 16 mA I
(average) and
CC
– 22.5 dBm (average power output) using a 10 kHz
modulating rate for the on–off keying. This equates to 20 mA
and – 2.3 dBm “On”, 13 mA and – 41 dBm “Off”. In Figure 25,
the device’s modulating waveform and encoded carrier are
13
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 25. ASK Input Waveform and Modulated Carrier
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Pin 16
OOK Input Modulation
10 kHz TTL Waveform
On–Off Keying Encoded
Carrier Envelope
Figure 26. Oscillator Enable Time, T
enable
Pin 8
Oscillator Waveform
Analog AM
Figure 27. Power Output versus Modulation Current
In analog AM applications, the output amplifier’s linearity
must be carefully considered. Figure 27 is a plot of Power
Output versus Modulation Current at 320 MHz, 3.0 Vdc. In
order to achieve a linear encoding of the modulating
sinusoidal waveform on the carrier, the modulating signal
must amplitude modulate the carrier in the linear portion of its
power output response. When using a sinewave modulating
10
5.0
0
V
= 3.0 Vdc
CC
f = 320 MHz
– 5.0
–10
signal, the signal rides on a positive DC offset called V
mod
which sets a static (modulation off) modulation current, I
.
mod
controls the power output of the IC. As the modulating
I
mod
signal moves around this static bias point the modulating
current varies causing power output to vary or to be AM
modulated. When the IC is operated at modulation current
levels greater than 2.0 mAdc the differential output stage
starts to saturate.
–15
– 20
– 25
0.1
1.0
, MODULATION CURRENT (mA)
10
I
mod
14
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
In the design example, shown in Figure 28, the operating
Figure 28. Analog AM Transmitter
point is selected as a tradeoff between average power output
and quality of the AM.
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
ForV
=3.0Vdc;l
=18.5mAandI
=0.5mAdcand
CC
CC
mod
3.9k
1.04Vdc 560
V
a static DC offset of 1.04 Vdc, the circuit shown in Figure 28
completes the design. Figures 29, 30 and 31 show the results
of – 6.9 dBm output power and 100% modulation by the 10
kHz and 1.0 MHz modulating sinewave signals. The
amplitude of the input signals is approximately 800 mVp–p.
16
0.8Vdc
CC
3.0Vdc
R
mod
Data
Input
800mVp–p
+
6.8
µ
Where R
standard value resistor of 3.9 k.
= (V
– 1.04 Vdc)/0.5 mA = 3.92 k, use a
mod
CC
Figure 29. Power Output of Unmodulated Carrier
Figure 31. Input Signal and AM Modulated
Carrier for f = 1.0 MHz
Figure 30. Input Signal and AM Modulated
Carrier for f = 10 kHz
mod
mod
15
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
Figure 32. Circuit Side View of MC13176D
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
4″
4″
Figure 33. Ground Side View
4″
4″
16
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MC13176
Figure 34. Surface Mounted Components Placement
(on Circuit Side)
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
Figure 35. Radial Leaded Components Placement
(on Ground Side)
17
MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA
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MC13176
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005
D SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751B–05
(SO–16)
ISSUE J
–A–
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
16
1
9
8
–B–
P 8 PL
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
M
S
0.25 (0.010)
B
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
G
MILLIMETERS
INCHES
DIM
A
B
C
D
MIN
9.80
3.80
1.35
0.35
0.40
MAX
10.00
4.00
1.75
0.49
1.25
MIN
MAX
0.393
0.157
0.068
0.019
0.049
F
0.386
0.150
0.054
0.014
0.016
R X 45
K
C
F
G
J
K
M
P
R
1.27 BSC
0.050 BSC
–T–
SEATING
PLANE
0.19
0.10
0
0.25
0.25
7
0.008
0.004
0
0.009
0.009
7
J
M
D
16 PL
5.80
0.25
6.20
0.50
0.229
0.010
0.244
0.019
M
S
S
0.25 (0.010)
T
B
A
Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specificallydisclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola
datasheetsand/orspecificationscananddovaryindifferentapplicationsandactualperformancemayvaryovertime. Alloperatingparameters,including“Typicals”
must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of
others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other
applicationsintended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury
ordeathmayoccur. ShouldBuyerpurchaseoruseMotorolaproductsforanysuchunintendedorunauthorizedapplication,BuyershallindemnifyandholdMotorola
and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees
arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that
Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and
Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal
Mfax is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.
How to reach us:
USA/EUROPE/Locations Not Listed: Motorola Literature Distribution;
JAPAN: Motorola Japan Ltd.; SPD, Strategic Planning Office, 141,
P.O. Box 5405, Denver, Colorado 80217. 1–303–675–2140 or 1–800–441–2447 4–32–1 Nishi–Gotanda, Shinagawa–ku, Tokyo, Japan. 81–3–5487–8488
Customer Focus Center: 1–800–521–6274
Mfax : RMFAX0@email.sps.mot.com – TOUCHTONE 1–602–244–6609
ASIA/PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; 8B Tai Ping Industrial Park,
Motorola Fax Back System
– US & Canada ONLY 1–800–774–1848 51 Ting Kok Road, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong. 852–26629298
– http://sps.motorola.com/mfax/
HOME PAGE: http://motorola.com/sps/
MC13176/D
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