LTC2862IDD-2#PBF_技术文档

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

±±6VFault Protected 3Vto 5.5V

RS485/RS422 Transceivers

FeaTures

DescripTion

n

Protected from Overvoltage Line Faults to ±±6V

TheLTC^®2862/LTC2863/LTC2864/LTC2865arelowpower,

20Mbpsor250kbpsRS485/RS422transceiversoperating

on 3V to 5.5V supplies that feature 60V overvoltage fault

protectiononthedatatransmissionlinesduringallmodes

of operation, including power-down. Low EMI slew rate

limited data transmission is available in a logic-selectable

250kbpsmodeintheLTC2865andin250kbpsversionsof

the LTC2862-LTC2864. Enhanced ESD protection allows

these parts to withstand 15kV HBM on the transceiver

interface pins without latchup or damage.

n

3V to 5.5V Supply Voltage

n

26Mbps or Low EMI 256kbps Data Rate

n

±ꢀ5kV ESD Interface Pinsꢁ ±8kV ꢂll Other Pins

n

Extended Common Mode Range: ±25V

n

Guaranteed Failsafe Receiver Operation

n

High Input Impedance Supports 256 Nodes

n

1.65V to 5.5V Logic Supply Pin (V ) for Flexible

L

Digital Interface (LTC2865)

n

MP-Grade Option Available (–55°C to 125°C)

Fully Balanced Differential Receiver Thresholds for

Low Duty Cycle Distortion

Extended 25V input common mode range and full fail-

safe operation improve data communication reliability in

electrically noisy environments and in the presence of

large ground loop voltages.

n

Current Limited Drivers and Thermal Shutdown

Pin Compatible with LT1785 and LT1791

Available in DFN and Leaded Packages

proDucT selecTion GuiDe

applicaTions

PꢂRT

MꢂX DꢂTꢂ

RꢂTE (bps)

NUMBER

DUPLEX

HALF

FULL

ENꢂBLES

YES

V PIN

L

n

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

LTC2862-1

LTC2862-2

LTC2863-1

LTC2863-2

LTC2864-1

LTC2864-2

LTC2865

20M

250k

NO

YES

n

Industrial Control and Instrumentation Networks

YES

n

Automotive and Transportation Electronics

NO

20M

n

Building Automation, Security Systems and HVAC

Medical Equipment

Lighting and Sound System Control

NO

250k

n

YES

20M

n

YES

250k

L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology the Linear logo and µModule are registered trademarks of

Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

YES

20M/250k

LTC28±5 Receiving ꢀ6Mbps ±266mV Differential

Signal with ꢀMHz ±25V Common Mode Sweep

Typical applicaTion

RS485 Link With Large Ground Loop Voltage

A,B

LTC2862

A,B

50V/DIV

VCC1

VCC2

RO1

RE1

DE1

R

RO2

RE2

DE2

A-B

0.5V/DIV

R

t

R

t

DI1

D

DI2

RO

V GROUND LOOP

≤25V PEAK

5V/DIV

2862345 TA01a

GND1

GND2

2862345 TA01b

100ns/DIV

2862345fc

1

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

absoluTe MaxiMuM raTinGs

(Note ꢀ)

Supply Voltages

Receiver Output (RO)

V ............................................................. –0.3 to 6V

(LTC2865) ..................................–0.3V to (V + 0.3V)

CC

L

V .............................................................. –0.3 to 6V

L

Operating Ambient Temperature Range (Note 4)

Logic Input Voltages (RE, DE, DI, SLO).......... –0.3 to 6V

Interface I/O: A, B, Y, Z..............................–60V to +60V

Receiver Output (RO)

LTC286xC ................................................ 0°C to 70°C

LTC286xI .............................................–40°C to 85°C

LTC286xH.......................................... –40°C to 125°C

LTC286xMP ....................................... –55°C to 125°C

Storage Temperature Range .................. –65°C to 150°C

Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)...................300°C

(LTC2862-LTC2864) ...................–0.3V to (V +0.3V)

CC

pin conFiGuraTion

LTC2862-1, LTC2862-2

TOP VIEW

RO

RE

DE

DI

1

2

3

4

8

7

6

5

V

B

A

CC

RO

RE

DE

DI

1

2

3

4

8

7

6

5

V

B

A

CC

9

GND

S8 PACKAGE

8-LEAD (150mil) PLASTIC SO

DD PACKAGE

T

= 150°C, θ = 150°C/W, θ = 39°C/W

JMAX

JA

JC

8-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) CONNECT TO PCB GND

T

= 150°C, θ = 43°C/W, θ = 3°C/W

JMAX

JA

JC

LTC2863-1, LTC2863-2

TOP VIEW

V

1

2

3

4

8

A

B

Z

Y

CC

V

1

2

3

4

8

7

6

5

A

B

Z

Y

CC

RO

DI

7

6

5

RO

DI

9

GND

S8 PACKAGE

8-LEAD (150mil) PLASTIC SO

DD PACKAGE

T

= 150°C, θ = 150°C/W, θ = 39°C/W

JMAX

JA

JC

8-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) CONNECT TO PCB GND

T

= 150°C, θ = 43°C/W, θ = 3°C/W

JMAX

JA

JC

LTC2864-1, LTC2864-2

TOP VIEW

NC

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

14

V

CC

RO

1

2

3

4

5

10

V

A

B

Z

Y

CC

RO

RE

13

12

11

10

9

NC

A

RE

DE

9

8

7

6

11

DI

DE

B

GND

DI

Z

GND

Y

DD PACKAGE

10-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN

8

NC

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) CONNECT TO PCB GND

T

= 150°C, θ = 43°C/W, θ = 3°C/W

JMAX

JA JC

S PACKAGE

14-LEAD (150mil) PLASTIC SO

T

= 150°C, θ = 88°C/W, θ = 37°C/W

JMAX

JA JC

2862345fc

2

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

pin conFiGuraTion

LTC2865

TOP VIEW

1

2

3

4

5

6

RO

RE

DE

DI

12

11

10

9

8

7

V

A

B

Z

Y

CC

RO

RE

DE

DI

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

11

10

9

V

A

B

Z

Y

CC

13

V

13

L

GND

SLO

V

8

L

MSE PACKAGE

12-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 13) CONNECT TO PCB GND

= 150°C, θ = 40°C/W, θ = 10°C/W

GND

7

SLO

T

JMAX

JA

JC

DE PACKAGE

12-LEAD (4mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN

EXPOSED PAD (PIN 13) CONNECT TO PCB GND

T

= 150°C, θ = 43°C/W, θ = 4.3°C/W

JMAX

JA JC

orDer inForMaTion

LEꢂD FREE FINISH

LTC2862CS8-1#PBF

LTC2862IS8-1#PBF

LTC2862HS8-1#PBF

LTC2862CS8-2#PBF

LTC2862IS8-2#PBF

LTC2862HS8-2#PBF

LTC2862CDD-1#PBF

LTC2862IDD-1#PBF

LTC2862HDD-1#PBF

LTC2862CDD-2#PBF

LTC2862IDD-2#PBF

LTC2862HDD-2#PBF

LTC2863CS8-1#PBF

LTC2863IS8-1#PBF

LTC2863HS8-1#PBF

LTC2863CS8-2#PBF

LTC2863IS8-2#PBF

LTC2863HS8-2#PBF

LTC2863CDD-1#PBF

LTC2863IDD-1#PBF

LTC2863HDD-1#PBF

LTC2863CDD-2#PBF

LTC2863IDD-2#PBF

LTC2863HDD-2#PBF

TꢂPE ꢂND REEL

PꢂRT MꢂRKING*

28621

28622

LFXK

PꢂCKꢂGE DESCRIPTION

8-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

TEMPERꢂTURE RꢂNGE

0°C to 70°C

LTC2862CS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2862IS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2862HS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2862CS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2862IS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2862HS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2862CDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2862IDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2862HDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2862CDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2862IDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2862HDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2863CS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2863IS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2863HS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2863CS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2863IS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2863HS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2863CDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2863IDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2863HDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2863CDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2863IDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2863HDD-2#TRPBF

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

8-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN

8-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

LFXK

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

LFXK

LFXM

28631

28632

LFXN

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

8-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

8-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

8-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

8-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN

LFXN

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

LFXN

LFXP

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

LFXP

2862345fc

3

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

orDer inForMaTion

LEꢂD FREE FINISH

LTC2864CS-1#PBF

LTC2864IS-1#PBF

LTC2864HS-1#PBF

LTC2864CS-2#PBF

LTC2864IS-2#PBF

LTC2864HS-2#PBF

LTC2864CDD-1#PBF

LTC2864IDD-1#PBF

LTC2864HDD-1#PBF

LTC2864CDD-2#PBF

LTC2864IDD-2#PBF

LTC2864HDD-2#PBF

LTC2865CMSE#PBF

LTC2865IMSE#PBF

LTC2865HMSE#PBF

LTC2865CDE#PBF

LTC2865IDE#PBF

TꢂPE ꢂND REEL

PꢂRT MꢂRKING*

LTC2864S-1

LTC2864S-2

LFXQ

PꢂCKꢂGE DESCRIPTION

TEMPERꢂTURE RꢂNGE

0°C to 70°C

LTC2864CS-1#TRPBF

LTC2864IS-1#TRPBF

LTC2864HS-1#TRPBF

LTC2864CS-2#TRPBF

LTC2864IS-2#TRPBF

LTC2864HS-2#TRPBF

LTC2864CDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2864IDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2864HDD-1#TRPBF

LTC2864CDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2864IDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2864HDD-2#TRPBF

LTC2865CMSE#TRPBF

LTC2865IMSE#TRPBF

LTC2865HMSE#TRPBF

LTC2865CDE#TRPBF

LTC2865IDE#TRPBF

14-Lead (150mil) Plastic SO

10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN

12-Lead Plastic MSOP

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

LFXQ

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

LFXQ

LFXR

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

LFXR

2865

12-Lead Plastic MSOP

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

0°C to 70°C

2865

12-Lead Plastic MSOP

2865

12-Lead (4mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN

8-Lead (150mm) Plastic SO

14-Lead (150mm) Plastic SO

2865

–40°C to 85°C

–40°C to 125°C

–55°C to 125°C

LTC2865HDE#PBF

LTC2862MPS8-1#PBF

LTC2862MPS8-2#PBF

LTC2863MPS8-1#PBF

LTC2863MPS8-2#PBF

LTC2864MPS-1#PBF

LTC2864MPS-2#PBF

LTC2865HDE#TRPBF

LTC2862MPS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2862MPS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2863MPS8-1#TRPBF

LTC2863MPS8-2#TRPBF

LTC2864MPS-1#TRPBF

LTC2864MPS-2#TRPBF

2865

28621

28622

28631

28632

LTC2864S-1

LTC2864S-2

Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container.

Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts.

For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/

For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/

elecTrical characTerisTics ^Thel denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating

temperature rangeꢁ otherwise specifications are at T_ꢂ= 25°C. V_CC= V_L= 3.3V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)

SYMBOL

Supplies

PꢂRꢂMETER

CONDITIONS

MIN

TYP

MꢂX

UNITS

l

V

Primary Power Supply

3

5.5

V

CC

L

Logic Interface Power Supply

LTC2865 Only

1.65

V

CC

I

Supply Current in Shutdown Mode

(C-, I-Grade) (N/A LTC2863)

DE = 0V, RE = V = V

0

5

µA

CCS

CC

L

l

Supply Current in Shutdown Mode

(H-, MP-Grade) (N/A LTC2863)

DE = 0V, RE = V = V

40

µA

CC

I

Supply Current with Both Driver and

Receiver Enabled (LTC2862-1, LTC2863-1,

LTC2864-1, LTC2865 with SLO High)

No Load, DE = V = V , RE = 0V

900

1300

CCTR

CC

L

2862345fc

4

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

elecTrical characTerisTics ^Thel denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating

temperature rangeꢁ otherwise specifications are at T_ꢂ= 25°C. V_CC= V_L= 3.3V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)

SYMBOL

PꢂRꢂMETER

CONDITIONS

No Load, DE = V = V , RE = 0V

MIN

TYP

MꢂX

UNITS

l

I

Supply Current with Both Driver and

Receiver Enabled (LTC2862-2, LTC2863-2,

LTC2864-2, LTC2865 with SLO Low)

3.3

8

mA

CCTRS

CC

L

Driver

l

|V

|

Differential Driver Output Voltage

R = ∞ (Figure 1)

1.5

2

V

OD

CC

R = 27Ω (Figure 1)

R = 50Ω (Figure 1)

5

V

CC

Δ|V

|

Change in Magnitude of Driver Differential R = 27Ω or 50Ω (Figure 1)

Output Voltage

0.2

OD

l

V

Driver Common-Mode Output Voltage

R = 27Ω or 50Ω (Figure 1)

3

V

OC

Δ|V

|

Change in Magnitude of Driver

Common-Mode Output Voltage

0.2

OC

l

I

Maximum Driver Short-Circuit Current

–60V ≤ (Y or Z) ≤ 60V (Figure 2)

150

250

30

mA

µA

OSD

Driver Three-State (High Impedance)

Output Current on Y and Z

DE = 0V, V = 0V or 3.3V, V = –25V,

CC O

25V

OZD

Receiver

l

I

IN

Receiver Input Current (A,B)

V

CC

V

CC

V

CC

V

CC

= 0V or 3.3V, V = 12V (Figure 3)

125

143

µA

IN

(C-, I-Grade LTC2863, LTC2864, LTC2865)

= 0V or 3.3V, V = –7V (Figure 3)

–100

IN

Receiver Input Current (A,B)

(H-, MP-Grade LTC2863, LTC2864,

LTC2865; C-, I-, H-, MP-Grade LTC2862)

= 0V or 3.3V, V = 12V (Figure 3)

IN

= 0V or 3.3V, V = –7V (Figure 3)

IN

R

Receiver Input Resistance

0 ≤ V ≤ 5.5V, V = –25V or 25V

112

kΩ

V

IN

CC

IN

(Figure 3)

l

V

Receiver Common Mode Input Voltage

(A + B)/2

–25

25

CM

Differential Input Signal Threshold

Voltage (A – B)

–25V ≤ V ≤ 25V

200

mV

TH

CM

ΔV

Differential Input Signal Hysteresis

V

= 0V

150

–50

25

mV

V

TH

CM

l

Differential Input Failsafe Threshold Voltage –25V ≤ V ≤ 25V

–200

0

CM

Differential Input Failsafe Hysteresis

Receiver Output High Voltage

V

CM

= 0V

V

I(RO) = –3mA (Sourcing)

l

V

–0.4V

OH

CC

V ≥ 2.25V, I(RO) = –3mA (LTC2865)

V –0.4V

L

V < 2.25V, I(RO) = –2mA (LTC2865)

V –0.4V

L

l

Receiver Output Low Voltage

I(RO) = 3mA (Sinking)

0.4

5

V

OL

I

Receiver Three-State (High Impedance)

Output Current on RO

RE = High, RO = 0V or V

RO = 0V or V (LTC2865)

µA

OZR

CC

L

l

I

Receiver Short-Circuit Current

RE = Low, RO = 0V or V

20

mA

OSR

CC

RO = 0V or V (LTC2865)

L

Logic

(LTC28±2ꢁ LTC28±3ꢁ LTC28±4)

Input Threshold Voltage (DE, DI, RE)

Logic Input Current (DE, DI, RE)

(LTC28±5)

l

V

TH

3.0 ≤ V ≤ 5.5V

0.33 • V

0.67 • V

CC

V

CC

I

INL

0 ≤ V ≤ V

CC

0

5

µA

IN

Logic

l

V

TH

Input Threshold Voltage (DE, DI, RE, SLO) 1.65V ≤ V ≤ 5.5V

0.33 • V

0.67 • V

L

V

L

I

INL

Logic Input Current (DE, DI, RE, SLO)

0 ≤ V ≤ V

L

5

µA

IN

2862345fc

5

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

swiTchinG characTerisTics ^Thel denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating

temperature rangeꢁ otherwise specifications are at T_ꢂ= 25°C. V_CC= V_L= 3.3V unless otherwise noted. (Note 2)

SYMBOL

PꢂRꢂMETER

CONDITIONS

MIN

TYP

MꢂX

UNITS

Driver – High Speed (LTC28±2-ꢀꢁ LTC28±3-ꢀꢁ LTC28±4-ꢀꢁ LTC28±5 with SLO High)

l

f

t

Maximum Data Rate

(Note 3)

20

Mbps

ns

MAX

, t

Driver Input to Output

R

DIFF

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

25

2

50

9

PLHD PHLD

L

Δt

Driver Input to Output Difference

R

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

ns

PD

L

|t

– t

PHLD

|

PLHD

l

t

Driver Output Y to Output Z

Driver Rise or Fall Time

R

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

10

15

ns

SKEWD

DIFF

L

, t

RD FD

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

4

DIFF

L

t

, t

,

Driver Enable or Disable Time

R = 500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = 0V

180

ZLD ZHD

LZD HZD

L

(Figure 5)

l

t

, t

Driver Enable from Shutdown

Time to Shutdown

R =500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = High

9

µs

ns

ZHSD ZLSD

L

(Figure 5)

t

R = 500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = High

180

SHDND

L

(Figure 5)

Driver – Slew Rate Limited ( LTC28±2-2ꢁ LTC28±3-2ꢁ LTC28±4-2ꢁ LTC28±5 with SLO Low)

l

f

Maximum Data Rate

(Note 3)

250

500

kbps

ns

MAX

t

, t

Driver Input to Output

R

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

850

50

1500

500

PLHD PHLD

DIFF

L

Δt

Driver Input to Output Difference

R

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

ns

PD

L

|t

PLHD

– t

PHLD

|

l

t

Driver Output Y to Output Z

Driver Rise or Fall Time

Driver Enable Time

R

= 54Ω, C = 100pF (Figure 4)

500

1200

ns

SKEWD

DIFF

L

, t

= 54Ω, C =100pF (Figure 4)

800

RD FD

DIFF

L

, t

R = 500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = 0V

ZLD ZHD

L

(Figure 5)

l

t

, t

Driver Disable Time

R = 500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = 0V

180

10

ns

µs

ns

LZD HZD

L

(Figure 5)

, t

Driver Enable from Shutdown

Time to Shutdown

R = 500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = High

ZHSD ZLSD

L

(Figure 5)

R =500Ω, C = 50pF, RE = High

180

SHDND

L

(Figure 5)

Receiver

l

t

, t

Receiver Input to Output

Differential Receiver Skew

C = 15pF, V = 1.5V, |V | = 1.5V,

50

2

65

9

ns

PLHR PHLR

L

CM

AB

t and t < 4ns (Figure 6)

R

F

C = 15pF (Figure 6)

L

SKEWR

|t

– t

|

PLHR

PHLR

l

, t

Receiver Output Rise or Fall Time

Receiver Enable/Disable Time

C = 15pF (Figure 6)

L

3

12.5

40

ns

RR FR

t

, t

,

R = 1k, C = 15pF, DE = High (Figure 7)

L L

ZLR ZHR

LZR HZR

l

t

, t

Receiver Enable from Shutdown

Time to Shutdown

R = 1k, C = 15pF, DE = 0V, (Figure 7)

9

µs

ns

ZHSR ZLSR

SHDNR

L

t

R = 1k, C = 15pF, DE = 0V, (Figure 7)

100

L

Note ꢀ. Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings

may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute

Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device

reliability and lifetime.

Note 2. All currents into device pins are positive; all currents out of device

pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to device ground unless

otherwise specified.

Note 3. Maximum data rate is guaranteed by other measured parameters

and is not tested directly.

Note 4. This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended

to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction

temperature will exceed 150ºC when overtemperature protection is active.

Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating temperature

may result in device degradation or failure.

2862345fc

6

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

T_ꢂ= 25°Cꢁ V_CC= V_L= 3.3Vꢁ unless otherwise noted.

Typical perForMance characTerisTics

Supply Current vs V_CC

Supply Current vs Temperature

Supply Current vs Data Rate

10000

1000

100

10

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

20

16

12

8

250

200

150

100

50

R

C

= 54Ω

I

DIFF

L

CCTRS

= 100pF

I

CCTRS

I

CCTR

SLEW LIMITED

NON SLEW LIMITED

4

1

I

CCTR

I

CCS

0

0.1

3.0

4.0

V

4.5

(V)

5.0

5.5

30

35

45

50

55

60

3.5

40

–50

0

50

100

150

SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

CC

TEMPERATURE (°C)

2862345 G01

2862345 G03

2862345 G02

Driver Output Short-Circuit

Current vs Voltage

Driver Propagation Delay vs

Temperature

Driver Skew vs Temperature

1.5

1.0

120

35

1000

200

150

100

50

R

L

= 54Ω

R

L

= 54Ω

DIFF

= 100pF

DIFF

C

= 100pF

100

80

OUTPUT LOW

NON SLEW LIMITED

SLEW LIMITED

900

800

700

0.5

30

25

20

0.0

60

0

–50

–100

–150

–200

40

–0.5

–1.0

SLEW LIMITED

OUTPUT HIGH

20

NON SLEW LIMITED

–1.5

0

–50

50

100

150

–50

50

100

150

0

–60

–20

0

20

40

60

–40

TEMPERATURE (°C)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

2862345 G04

2862345 G05

2862345 G06

Driver Output Low/High Voltage

vs Output Current

Driver Differential Output Voltage

vs Temperature

V_LSupply Current vs Data Rate

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.7

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

C

V

(RO) = 15pF

CC

L

= 5V

R

DIFF

= 100Ω

V

OH

V

= 5V

L

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

V

= 3.3V

L

R

DIFF

= 54Ω

V

OL

V

L

= 2.5V

V

= 1.8V

L

1.5

0

20

30

40

50

–50

50

100

150

10

0

10

DATA RATE (Mbps)

15

20

5

OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)

TEMPERATURE (°C)

2862345 G07

2862345 G08

2862345 G09

2862345fc

7

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

T_ꢂ= 25°Cꢁ V_CC= V_L= 3.3Vꢁ unless otherwise noted.

Typical perForMance characTerisTics

Receiver Output Voltage vs

Receiver Propagation Delay

vs Temperature

Output Current (Source and Sink)

Receiver Skew vs Temperature

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

58

56

54

52

50

48

46

–1.6

V

C

= 1.5V

V = 1.5V

AB

C = 15pF

L

V

= 5.5V

AB

= 15pF

L

–1.8

–2.0

–2.2

–2.4

–2.6

V

= 3.3V

L

= 2.25V

L

V

= 1.65V

4.0

L

V

L

= 1.65V TO 5.5V

2.0

0.0

6.0

8.0

–50

50

100

150

–50

50

100

150

0

OUTPUT CURRENT (ABSOLUTE VALUE) (mA)

TEMPERATURE (°C)

2862345 G10

2862345 G11

2862345 G12

pin FuncTions

PIN NUMBER

NꢂME

LTC28±4 LTC28±4

DESCRIPTION

LTC28±2 LTC28±3

(DFN)

(SO)

LTC28±5

RO

1

2

3

4

2

1

2

1

Receiver Output. If the receiver output is enabled (RE low) and A–B > 200mV,

then RO will be high. If A–B < –200mV, then RO will be low. If the receiver

inputs are open, shorted, or terminated without a signal, RO will be high.

RE

DE

DI

-

2

3

4

3

4

5

2

3

4

Receiver Enable. A low input enables the receiver. A high input forces the

receiver output into a high impedance state. If RE is high with DE low, the part

will enter a low power shutdown state.

-

Driver Enable. A high input on DE enables the driver. A low input will force the

driver outputs into a high impedance state. If DE is low with RE high, the part

will enter a low power shutdown state.

3

Driver Input. If the driver outputs are enabled (DE high), then a low on DI

forces the driver noninverting output Y low and inverting output Z high. A high

on DI, with the driver outputs enabled, forces the driver noninverting output Y

high and inverting output Z low.

V

-

5

Logic Supply: 1.65V ≤ V ≤ V . Bypass with 0.1µF ceramic capacitor. Powers

L CC

RO, RE, DE, DI and SLO interfaces on LTC2865 only.

Ground.

L

GND

5

9

-

4

9

-

5

11

-

6, 7

6

13

7

Exposed Pad

SLO

-

Connect the exposed pads on the DFN and MSOP packages to GND

Slow Mode Enable. A low input switches the transmitter to the slew rate

limited 250kbps max data rate mode. A high input supports 20Mbps.

Y

Z

B

A

-

5

6

7

8

1

6

7

9

8

Noninverting Driver Output for LTC2863, LTC2864, LTC2865.

High-impedance when driver disabled or unpowered.

10

11

12

9

Inverting Driver Output for LTC2863, LTC2864, LTC2865.

High-impedance when driver disabled or unpowered.

7

6

8

10

11

12

Inverting Receiver Input (and Inverting Driver Output for LTC2862).

Impedance is > 96kΩ in receive mode or unpowered.

9

Noninverting Receiver Input (and Noninverting Driver Output for LTC2862).

Impedance is > 96kΩ in receive mode or unpowered.

V

CC

10

14

Power Supply. 3V < V < 5.5V. Bypass with 0.1µF ceramic capacitor to GND.

CC

NC

1, 8, 13

Unconnected Pins. Float or connect to GND.

2862345fc

8

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

FuncTion Tables

LTC28±2

LTC28±4ꢁ LTC28±5:

LOGIC INPUTS

MODE

ꢂꢁ B

RO

MODE

ꢂꢁ B

Yꢁ Z

RO

DE

0

RE

0

DE

0

RE

0

Receive

Shutdown

Transceive

Transmit

R

Active

High-Z

Active

High-Z

Receive

Shutdown

Transceive

Transmit

R

High-Z

Active

High-Z

Active

High-Z

IN

0

1

0

1

IN

1

0

Active

1

0

1

block DiaGraMs

LTC28±2

LTC28±3

V

CC

V

CC

A*

B*

RO

RECEIVER

A*

B*

RE

MODE CONTROL

DE

LOGIC

Z*

Y*

DI

DRIVER

DI

DRIVER

GND

2862345 BDb

*15kV ESD

GND

2862345 BDa

*15kV ESD

LTC28±4

LTC28±5

V

CC

VL

A*

RO

RECEIVER

B*

RE

MODE CONTROL

LOGIC

MODE CONTROL

LOGIC

DE

Z*

Y*

Z*

Y*

DI

DRIVER

SLO

GND

2862345 BDc

2862345 BDd

*15kV ESD

2862345fc

9

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

TesT circuiTs

Y**

Z**

Y**

R

I

OSD

+

GND

OR

CC

GND

OR

CC

V

DI

DRIVER

DI

DRIVER

OD

–

V

*

V

*

+

R

+

–60V TO 60V

V

OC

–

Z**

2862345 FO2

2862345 FO1

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

L

CC

L

CC

**LTC2862 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE A, B FOR Y, Z

Figure ꢀ. Driver DC Characteristics

Figure 2. Driver Output Short-Circuit Current

I

IN

A OR B

B OR A

RECEIVER

+

V

IN

–

2862345 FO3

V

I

IN

R

=

IN

Figure 3. Receiver Input Current and Input Resistance

V

*

CC

Y**

Z**

DI

t

PHLD

PLHD

C

L

0V

DI

t

SKEWD

R

DIFF

DRIVER

1/2 V

O

V

Y, Z

O

L

2862345 FO4

90%

(Y–Z)

0

10%

t

RD

t

FD

**LTC2862 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE A, B FOR Y, Z

2862345 F04b

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

CC

L

Figure 4. Driver Timing Measurement

2862345fc

10

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

TesT circuiTs

GND

OR

CC

R

L

Y**

Z**

V

DE

*

CC

1/2 V

*

V

CC

C

t

,

L

ZLD

ZLSD

0V

V

*

CC

t

LZD

DI

DRIVER

DE

OR

V

CC

GND

1/2 V

Y OR Z

Z OR Y

CC

V

CC

0.5V

V

OL

OR

GND

OH

0V

L

CC

2862345 F05b

t

,

t

,

HZD

ZHD

t

ZHSD

SHDN

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

L

CC

**LTC2862 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE A, B FOR Y, Z

2862345 FO5

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

L

CC

Figure 5. Driver Enable and Disable Timing Measurements

t

= |t

– t |

PLHR PHLR

SKEWR

V

AB

V

/2

A–B

–V

0

AB

A

B

AB

RO

t

PLHR

PHLR

V

RECEIVER

CM

V

*

CC

90%

10%

90%

10%

C

1/2 V

*

1/2 V *

CC

RO

L

CC

AB

0

2862345 F06b

t

FR

RR

2862345 FO6a

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

CC

L

Figure ±. Receiver Propagation Delay Measurements

V

RE

*

CC

t

,

ZLR

ZLSR

1/2 V *

CC

A

B

0V OR V

CC

R

L

0V

V *

CC

RO

t

LZR

OR

RECEIVER

V

*

GND

C

1/2 V

*

V

OR 0V

RO

L

CC

0.5V

V

OL

RE

DI = 0V OR V

*

CC

V

OH

RO

0V

2862345 F07b

2862345 FO7a

t

,

t

,

HZR

ZHR

t

ZHSR

SHDNR

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

L

CC

*LTC2865 ONLY: SUBSTITUTE V FOR V

L

CC

Figure 7. Receiver Enable/Disable Time Measurements

2862345fc

11

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

±±6V Fault Protection

±25V Extended Common Mode Range

The LTC2862-LTC2865 devices answer application needs

for overvoltage fault-tolerant RS485/RS422 transceivers

operating from 3V to 5.5V power supplies. Industrial

installations may encounter common mode voltages

between nodes far greater than the –7V to 12V range

specified by the RS485 standards. Standard RS485

transceiverscanbedamagedbyvoltagesabovetheirtypical

absolute maximum ratings of –8V to 12.5V. The limited

overvoltage tolerance of standard RS485 transceivers

makes implementation of effective external protection

networks difficult without interfering with proper data

network performance within the –7V to 12V region of

RS485operation. ReplacingstandardRS485transceivers

withtheruggedLTC2862-LTC2865devicesmayeliminate

fieldfailuresduetoovervoltagefaultswithoutusingcostly

external protection devices.

To further increase the reliability of operation and extend

functionality in environments with high common mode

voltages due to electrical noise or local ground potential

differences due to ground loops, the LTC2862-LTC2865

devices feature an extended common mode operating

range of –25V to 25V. This extended common mode

range allows the LTC2862-LTC2865 devices to transmit

and receive under conditions that would cause data errors

and possible device damage in competing products.

±ꢀ5kV ESD Protection

The LTC2862 series devices feature exceptionally robust

ESD protection. The transceiver interface pins (A,B,Y,Z)

feature protection to 15kV HBM with respect to GND

without latchup or damage, during all modes of operation

orwhileunpowered.Alltheotherpinsareprotectedto 8kV

HBMtomakethisacomponentcapableofreliableoperation

under severe environmental conditions.

The 60V fault protection of the LTC2862 series is

achievedbyusingahigh-voltageBiCMOSintegratedcircuit

technology. The naturally high breakdown voltage of this

technology provides protection in powered-off and high-

impedanceconditions.Thedriveroutputsuseaprogressive

foldbackcurrentlimitdesigntoprotectagainstovervoltage

faults while still allowing high current output drive.

Driver

ThedriverprovidesfullRS485/RS422compatibility.When

enabled, if DI is high, Y–Z is positive for the full-duplex

devices (LTC2863-LTC2865) and A–B is positive for the

half-duplex device (LTC2862).

TheLTC2862seriesisprotectedfrom 60Vfaultsevenwith

GNDopen,orV openorgrounded.Additionalprecautions

When the driver is disabled, both outputs are high-

impedance. For the full-duplex devices, the leakage on

the driver output pins is guaranteed to be less than 30µA

over the entire common mode range of –25V to 25V. On

the half-duplex LTC2862, the impedance is dominated by

CC

must be taken in the case of V present and GND open.

CC

The LTC2862 series chip will protect itself from damage,

but the chip ground current may flow out through the ESD

diodes on the logic I/O pins and into associated circuitry.

The system designer should examine the susceptibility

of the associated circuitry to damage if the condition of a

the receiver input resistance, R .

IN

GND open fault with V present is anticipated.

Driver Overvoltage and Overcurrent Protection

CC

The high voltage rating of the LTC2862 series makes it

simple to extend the overvoltage protection to higher

levels using external protection components. Compared

to lower voltage RS485 transceivers, external protection

devices with higher breakdown voltages can be used, so

as not to interfere with data transmission in the presence

of large common mode voltages. The Typical Applications

section shows a protection network against faults up to

360V peak, while still maintaining the extended 25V

common mode range on the signal lines.

The driver outputs are protected from short circuits to any

voltage within the Absolute Maximum range of –60V to

60V. Themaximumcurrentinafaultconditionis 250mA.

Thedriverincludesaprogressivefoldbackcurrentlimiting

circuit that continuously reduces the driver current limit

with increasing output fault voltage. The fault current is

less than 15mA for fault voltages over 40V.

All devices also feature thermal shutdown protection that

disablesthedriverandreceiverincaseofexcessivepower

dissipation (see Note 4).

2862345fc

12

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

Full Failsafe Operation

the positive and negative thresholds. If this condition

persists for more than about 3µs the failsafe condition is

asserted and the RO pin is forced to the logic 1 state. This

circuit provides full failsafe operation with no negative

impact to receiver duty cycle symmetry, as shown in

Figure 8. The input signal in Figure 8 was obtained by

drivinga10MbpsRS485signalthrough1000feetofcable,

thereby attenuating it to a 200mV signal with slow rise

and fall times. Good duty cycle symmetry is observed at

RO despite the degraded input signal.

Whentheabsolutevalueofthedifferentialvoltagebetween

the A and B pins is greater than 200mV with the receiver

enabled, the state of RO will reflect the polarity of (A–B).

These parts have a failsafe feature that guarantees the

receiver output will be in a logic 1 state (the idle state)

when the inputs are shorted, left open, or terminated but

not driven, for more than about 3µs. The delay allows

normal data signals to transition through the threshold

regionwithoutbeinginterpretedasafailsafecondition.This

failsafe feature is guaranteed to work for inputs spanning

the entire common mode range of –25V to 25V.

Enhanced Receiver Noise Immunity

An additional benefit of the fully symmetric receiver

thresholds is enhanced receiver noise immunity. The

differential input signal must go above the positive

threshold to register as a logic 1 and go below the

negative threshold to register as a logic 0. This provides

a hysteresis of 150mV (typical) at the receiver inputs for

any valid data signal. (An invalid data condition such as

a DC sweep of the receiver inputs will produce a different

observed hysteresis due to the activation of the failsafe

circuit.) Competing devices that employ a negative offset

of the input threshold voltage generally have a much

smaller hysteresis and subsequently have lower receiver

noise immunity.

Most competing devices achieve the failsafe function by a

simple negative offset of the input threshold voltage. This

causes the receiver to interpret a zero differential voltage

as a logic 1 state. The disadvantage of this approach is

the input offset can introduce duty cycle asymmetry at the

receiver output that becomes increasingly worse with low

input signal levels and slow input edge rates.

Other competing devices use internal biasing resistors to

create a positive bias at the receiver inputs in the absence

of an external signal. This type of failsafe biasing is

ineffectiveifthenetworklinesareshorted,orifthenetwork

is terminated but not driven by an active transmitter.

RS485 Network Biasing

A, B

RS485 networks are usually biased with a resistive divider

to generate a differential voltage of ≥200mV on the data

lines, which establishes a logic 1 state (the idle state)

when all the transmitters on the network are disabled. The

values of the biasing resistors are not fixed, but depend

on the number and type of transceivers on the line and

the number and value of terminating resistors. Therefore,

the values of the biasing resistors must be customized to

eachspecificnetworkinstallation,andmaychangeifnodes

are added to or removed from the network.

200mV/DIV

A–B

200mV/DIV

RO

1.6V/DIV

2862345 F08

40ns/DIV

Figure 8. Duty Cycle of Balanced Receiver with ±266mV

ꢀ6Mbps Input Signal

The internal failsafe feature of the LTC2862-LTC2865

eliminates the need for external network biasing resistors

provided they are used in a network of transceivers with

similar internal failsafe features. The LTC2862-LTC2865

transceivers will operate correctly on biased, unbiased,

or under-biased networks.

The LTC2862 series uses fully symmetric positive and

negativereceiverthresholds(typically 75mV)tomaintain

gooddutycyclesymmetryatlowsignallevels. Thefailsafe

operation is performed with a window comparator to

determinewhenthedifferentialinputvoltagefallsbetween

2862345fc

13

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

Hi-Z State

There are no power-up sequence restrictions on the

LTC2865.However,correctoperationisnotguaranteedfor

The receiver output is internally driven high (to V or V )

CC

L

V > V .

L

CC

orlow(toGND)withnoexternalpull-upneeded. Whenthe

receiver is disabled the RO pin becomes Hi-Z with leakage

of less than 5ꢀA for voltages within the supply range.

Shutdown Mode Delay

TheLTC2862,LTC2864,andLTC2865featurealowpower

shutdown mode that is entered when both the driver and

the receiver are simultaneously disabled (pin DE low and

REhigh). Ashutdownmodedelayofapproximately250ns

(not tested in production) is imposed after this state is

receivedbeforethechipentersshutdown.IfeitherDEgoes

high or RE goes low during this delay, the delay timer is

reset and the chip does not enter shutdown. This reduces

the chance of accidentally entering shutdown if DE and

RE are driven in parallel by a slowly changing signal or if

DE and RE are driven by two independent signals with a

timing skew between them.

High Receiver Input Resistance

ThereceiverinputloadfromAorBtoGNDfortheLTC2863,

LTC2864, and LTC2865 is less than one-eighth unit load,

permitting a total of 256 receivers per system without

exceeding the RS485 receiver loading specification. All

grades of the LTC2862 and the H- and MP-grade devices

of the LTC2863, LTC2864, and LTC2865 have an input

load less than one-seventh unit load over the complete

temperaturerangeof–40°Cto125°C. Theincreasedinput

load specification for these devices is due to increased

junction leakage at high temperature and the transmitter

circuitry sharing the A and B pins on the LTC2862. The

inputloadofthereceiverisunaffectedbyenabling/disabling

the receiver or by powering/unpowering the part.

This shutdown mode delay does not affect the outputs of

the transmitter and receiver, which start to switch to the

high impedance state upon the reception of their respec-

tive disable signals as defined by the parameters t

SHDND

Supply Current

and t

. The shutdown mode delay affects only the

SHDNR

The unloaded static supply currents in these devices

are low —typically 900ꢀA for non slew limited devices

and 3.3mA for slew limited devices. In applications

with resistively terminated cables, the supply current is

dominatedbythedriverload.Forexample,whenusingtwo

120Ω terminators with a differential driver output voltage

of 2V, the DC load current is 33mA, which is sourced by

thepositivevoltagesupply.Powersupplycurrentincreases

with toggling data due to capacitive loading and this term

can increase significantly at high data rates. A plot of

the supply current vs data rate is shown in the Typical

Performance Characteristics of this data sheet.

time when all the internal circuits that draw DC power

from V are turned off.

CC

High Speed Considerations

Agroundplanelayoutwitha0.1µFbypasscapacitorplaced

lessthan7mmawayfromtheV pinisrecommended.The

CC

PC board traces connected to signals A/B and Z/Y should

be symmetrical and as short as possible to maintain good

differentialsignalintegrity. Tominimizecapacitiveeffects,

the differential signals should be separated by more than

the width of a trace and should not be routed on top of

each other if they are on different signal planes.

During fault conditions with a positive voltage larger than

thesupplyvoltageappliedtothetransmitterpins,orduring

transmitter operation with a high positive common mode

voltage, positive current of up to 80mA may flow from the

Care should be taken to route outputs away from any

sensitive inputs to reduce feedback effects that might

cause noise, jitter, or even oscillations. For example, in

the full-duplex devices, DI and A/B should not be routed

near the driver or receiver outputs.

transmitter pins back to V . If the system power supply

CC

or loading cannot sink this excess current, a 5.6V 1W

1N4734 Zener diode may be placed between V and GND

CC

The logic inputs have a typical hysteresis of 100mV to

provide noise immunity. Fast edges on the outputs can

causeglitchesinthegroundandpowersupplieswhichare

to prevent an overvoltage condition on V .

CC

2862345fc

14

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

exacerbated by capacitive loading. If a logic input is held

near its threshold (typically V /2 or V /2), a noise glitch

lengths, these transition times become a significant part

of the signal bit time. Jitter and intersymbol interference

aggravate this so that the time window for capturing valid

data at the receiver becomes impossibly small.

CC

L

fromadrivertransitionmayexceedthehysteresislevelson

the logic and data input pins, causing an unintended state

change. This can be avoided by maintaining normal logic

levels on the pins and by slewing inputs faster than 1V/

ꢀs. Goodsupplydecouplingandproperdrivertermination

also reduce glitches caused by driver transitions.

The boundary at 20Mbps in Figure 9 represents the

guaranteed maximum operating rate of the LTC2862

series. The dashed vertical line at 10Mbps represents the

specified maximum data rate in the RS485 standard. This

boundary is not a limit, but reflects the maximum data

rate that the specification was written for.

RS485 Cable Length vs Data Rate

Many factors contribute to the maximum cable length

that can be used for RS485 or RS422 communication,

including driver transition times, receiver threshold, duty

cycle distortion, cable properties and data rate. A typical

curve of cable length versus maximum data rate is shown

in Figure 9. Various regions of this curve reflect different

performance limiting factors in data transmission.

It should be emphasized that the plot in Figure 9 shows

a typical relation between maximum data rate and

cable length. Results with the LTC2862 series will vary,

depending on cable properties such as conductor gauge,

characteristic impedance, insulation material, and solid

versus stranded conductors.

Atfrequenciesbelow100kbps,themaximumcablelengthis

determined by DC resistance in the cable. In this example,

a cable longer than 4000ft will attenuate the signal at the

far end to less than what can be reliably detected by the

receiver.

Low EMI 256kbps Data Rate

The LTC2862-2, LTC2863-2, and the LTC2864-2 feature

slew rate limited transmitters for low electromagnetic

interference (EMI) in sensitive applications. In addition,

theLTC2865hasalogic-selectable250kbpstransmitrate.

The slew rate limit circuit maintains consistent control of

transmitter slew rates across voltage and temperature to

ensure low EMI under all operating conditions. Figure 10

demonstrates the reduction in high frequency content

achieved by the 250kbps mode compared to the 20Mbps

mode.

For data rates above 100kbps the capacitive and inductive

propertiesofthecablebegintodominatethisrelationship.

The attenuation of the cable is frequency and length

dependent, resulting in increased rise and fall times at

the far end of the cable. At high data rates or long cable

20

80

10k

0

60

NON SLEW LIMITED

–20

–40

40

1k

20

LOW EMI

MODE

–60

0

SLO = GND

100

–80

–20

–40

–60

RS485

STANDARD

SPEC

–100

–120

SLEW LIMITED

10

0

4

6

8

12

2

10k

100k

1M

10M

100M

FREQUENCY (MHz)

DATA RATE (bps)

2862345 F10

2862345 F09

Figure 9. Cable Length vs Data Rate (RS485/RS422 Standard

Shown in Vertical Solid Line)

Figure ꢀ6. High Frequency EMI Reduction of Slew Limited

256kbps Mode Compared to Non Slew Limited 26Mbps Mode

2862345fc

15

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

The 250kbps mode has the added advantage of reducing

signal reflections in an unterminated network, and there-

by increasing the length of a network that can be used

without termination. Using the rule of thumb that the rise

time of the transmitter should be greater than four times

the one-way delay of the signal, networks of up to 140

feet can be driven without termination.

cable to attenuate the transmitted signal to meet the

PROFIBUSupperlimitof7Vwhilestillprovidingenough

drive strength to meet the lower limit of 4V.

4. The LTC2865 family transceiver should be powered by

a 5% tolerance 5V supply (4.75V to 5.25V) to ensure

that the PROFIBUS V tolerances are met.

OD

ꢂuxiliary Protection For IEC Surgeꢁ EFT and ESD

PROFIBUS Compatible Interface

An interface transceiver used in an industrial setting

may be exposed to extremely high levels of electrical

overstress due to phenomena such as lightning surge,

electrical fast transient (EFT) from switching high current

inductive loads, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) from

the discharge of electrically charged personnel or equip-

ment. Test methods to evaluate immunity of electronic

equipment to these phenomenon are defined in the IEC

standards 61000-4-2, 61000-4-4, and 61000-4-5, which

address ESD, EFT, and surge, respectively. The transi-

ents produced by the EFT and particularly the surge tests

contain much more energy than the ESD transients. The

LTC2865 family is designed for high robustness against

ESD, but the on-chip protection is not able to absorb the

energy associated with the 61000-4-5 surge transients.

Therefore,aproperlydesignedexternalprotectionnetwork

is necessary to achieve a high level of surge protection,

and can also extend the ESD and EFT performance of the

LTC2865 family to extremely high levels.

PROFIBUS is an RS485-based field bus. In addition

to the specifications of TIA/EIA-485-A, the PROFIBUS

specification contains additional requirements for cables,

interconnects, line termination, and signal levels. The

followingdiscussionappliestothePROFIBUSTypeAcables

with associated connectors and termination. The Type A

cable is a twisted pair shielded cable with a characteristic

impedance of 135Ω to 165Ω and a loop resistance of

< 110Ω/km.

The LTC2865 family of RS485 transceivers may be used

in PROFIBUS compatible equipment if the following

considerations are implemented. (Please refer to the

schematic of the PROFIBUS Compatible Interface in the

Typical Applications Section.)

1. The polarity of the PROFIBUS signal is opposite to the

polarity convention used in this data sheet. The PRO-

FIBUS B wire is driven by a non-inverted signal, while

the A wire is driven by an inverted signal. Therefore,

it is necessary to swap the output connections from

the transceiver. Pin A is connected to the PROFIBUS B

wire, and Pin B is connected to the PROFIBUS A wire.

In addition to providing surge, EFT and ESD protection,

an external network should preserve or extend the ability

of the LTC2865 family to withstand overvoltage faults,

operate over a wide common mode, and communicate

at high frequencies. In order to meet the first two

requirements, protection components with suitably high

conduction voltages must be chosen. A means to limit

current must be provided to prevent damage in case

a secondary protection device or the ESD cell on the

LTC2865 family fires and conducts. The capacitance of

thesecomponentsmustbekeptlowinordertopermithigh

frequency communication over a network with multiple

nodes. Meetingtherequirementsforconductingveryhigh

energyelectricaltransientswhilemaintaininghighhold-off

voltages and low capacitance is a considerable challenge.

2. Each end of the PROFIBUS line is terminated with a

220Ω resistor between B and A, a 390Ω pull-up resis-

tor between B and V , and a 390Ω pull-down resistor

CC

be-tweenAandGND.Thisprovidessuitabletermination

for the 150Ω twisted pair transmission cable.

3. The peak to peak differential voltage V received at

OD

the end of a 100m cable with the cable and termina-

tions described above must be greater than 4V and less

than 7V. The LTC2865 family produces signal levels in

excess of 7V when driving this network directly. 8.2Ω

resistors may be inserted between the A and B pins of

the transceiver and the B and A pins of the PROFIBUS

2862345fc

16

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

applicaTions inForMaTion

A protection network shown in the Typical Applications

section (network for IEC level 4 protection against surge,

EFT and ESD) meets this challenge. The network provides

the following protection:

The gas discharge tubes (GDTs) provide the primary pro-

tection against electrical surges. These devices provide a

very low impedance and high current carrying capability

when they fire, safely discharging the surge current to

GND. The transient blocking units (TBUs) are solid state

devices that switch from a low impedance pass through

state to a high impedance current limiting state when a

specified current level is reached. These devices limit the

current and power that can pass through to the secondary

protection. The secondary protection consists of a

bidirectionalthyristor,whichtriggersabove35Vtoprotect

the bus pins of the LTC2865 family transceiver. The high

trigger voltage of the secondary protection maintains the

full 25V common mode range of the receivers. The final

component of the network is the metal oxide varistors

(MOVs) which are used to clamp the voltage across the

TBUs to protect them against fast ESD and EFT transients

which exceed the turn-on time of the GDT.

• IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Level 4: 30KV contact, 30kV air

(linetoGND,directdischargetobuspinswithtransceiver

and protection circuit mounted on a ground referenced

test card per Figure 4 of the standard)

• IEC 61000-4-4 EFT Level 4: 5KV (line to GND, 5kHz

repetition rate, 15ms burst duration, 60 second test

duration, discharge coupled to bus pins through 100pF

capacitor per paragraph 7.3.2 of the standard)

• IEC 61000-4-5 Surge Level 4: 5KV (line to GND, line to

line, 8/20µs waveform, each line coupled to generator

through 80Ω resistor per Figure 14 of the standard)

This protection circuit adds only ~8pF of capacitance per

line(linetoGND),therebyprovidinganextremelyhighlevel

ofprotectionwithoutsignificantimpacttotheperformance

of the LTC2865 family transceivers at high data rates.

The high performance of this network is attributable to

the low capacitance of the GDT and thyristor primary

and secondary protection devices. The high capacitance

MOV floats on the line and is shunted by the TBU, so it

contributes no appreciable capacitive load on the signal.

Typical applicaTions

PROFIBUS Compatible Line Interface

V

CC

(4.75V TO 5.25V)

V

CC

V

CC

LTC2862-1

390Ω

8.2Ω

RO

A*

B*

B WIRE

A WIRE

B WIRE

100m

V

RE

220Ω

390Ω

220Ω

390Ω

OD

5.5Ω/WIRE

DI

A WIRE

DE

4V ≤ V ≤ 7V AT 12Mbps

P-P

OD

P-P

GND

* THE POLARITY OF A AND B IN THIS DATA SHEET IS OPPOSITE THE POLARITY DEFINED BY PROFIBUS.

2862345 TA02

2862345fc

17

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

Typical applicaTions

Bidirectional ±±6V 26Mbps Level Shifter/Isolator

C

LTC2863-1

R1

A

B

Y

Z

V

CC

DI

RO

R2

DATA OUT 2

DATA IN 2

R1

C

R1

A

B

Y

Z

DI

RO

DATA IN 1

DATA OUT 1

R2

R1

C

GND

V

CC

GND

6ꢀV

2862345 TAꢀ3

R1 = 1ꢀꢀk 1%. PLACE R1 RESISTORS NEAR A AND B PINS.

R2 = 1ꢀk

C = 47pF, 5%, 5ꢀ WVDC. MAY BE OMITTED FOR DATA RATES ≤ 1ꢀꢀkbps.

Failsafe O ꢂpplication (Idle State = Logic O)

5V

LTC2862

RO

V

I1

RO

CC

B

R

“A”

“B”

DE

DI/

A

DE

DI

D

GND

I2

2862345 TA04

2862345fc

18

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

S8 Package

8-Lead Plastic Small Outline (Narrow .150 Inch)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1610 Rev G)

.189 – .197

(4.801 – 5.004)

.045 ±.005

NOTE 3

.050 BSC

7

5

8

6

.245

MIN

.160 ±.005

.150 – .157

(3.810 – 3.988)

NOTE 3

.228 – .244

(5.791 – 6.197)

.030 ±.005

TYP

1

3

4

2

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT

.010 – .020

(0.254 – 0.508)

× 45°

.053 – .069

(1.346 – 1.752)

.004 – .010

(0.101 – 0.254)

.008 – .010

(0.203 – 0.254)

0°– 8° TYP

.016 – .050

(0.406 – 1.270)

.050

(1.270)

BSC

.014 – .019

(0.355 – 0.483)

TYP

NOTE:

INCHES

1. DIMENSIONS IN

(MILLIMETERS)

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

3. THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.

MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED .006" (0.15mm)

4. PIN 1 CAN BE BEVEL EDGE OR A DIMPLE

SO8 REV G 0212

2862345fc

19

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

DD Package

8-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm × 3mm)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1698 Rev C)

0.70 ±0.05

3.5 ±0.05

2.10 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)

1.65 ±0.05

PACKAGE

OUTLINE

0.25 ± 0.05

0.50

BSC

2.38 ±0.05

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS

APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED

R = 0.125

0.40 ± 0.10

TYP

5

8

3.00 ±0.10

(4 SIDES)

1.65 ± 0.10

(2 SIDES)

PIN 1

TOP MARK

(NOTE 6)

(DD8) DFN 0509 REV C

4

1

0.25 ± 0.05

0.75 ±0.05

0.200 REF

0.50 BSC

2.38 ±0.10

BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD

0.00 – 0.05

NOTE:

1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-1)

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS

4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE

MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE

5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED

6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION

ON TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE

2862345fc

20

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

S Package

14-Lead Plastic Small Outline (Narrow .150 Inch)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1610 Rev G)

.337 – .344

.045 .005

(8.560 – 8.738)

.050 BSC

NOTE 3

13

12

11

10

8

14

N

9

N

1

.245

MIN

.160 .005

.150 – .157

(3.810 – 3.988)

NOTE 3

.228 – .244

(5.791 – 6.197)

2

3

N/2

7

.030 .005

TYP

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT

1

2

3

4

5

6

.010 – .020

(0.254 – 0.508)

× 45

.053 – .069

(1.346 – 1.752)

.004 – .010

(0.101 – 0.254)

.008 – .010

(0.203 – 0.254)

0° – 8° TYP

.050

(1.270)

BSC

.014 – .019

(0.355 – 0.483)

TYP

.016 – .050

(0.406 – 1.270)

S14 REV G 0212

NOTE:

INCHES

(MILLIMETERS)

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

1. DIMENSIONS IN

3. THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.

MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED .006" (0.15mm)

4. PIN 1 CAN BE BEVEL EDGE OR A DIMPLE

2862345fc

21

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

DD Package

ꢀ6-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm × 3mm)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699 Rev C)

0.70 ±0.05

3.55 ±0.05

2.15 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)

1.65 ±0.05

PACKAGE

OUTLINE

0.25 ± 0.05

0.50

BSC

2.38 ±0.05

(2 SIDES)

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS

R = 0.125

0.40 ± 0.10

TYP

6

10

3.00 ±0.10

(4 SIDES)

1.65 ± 0.10

(2 SIDES)

PIN 1 NOTCH

R = 0.20 OR

PIN 1

TOP MARK

(SEE NOTE 6)

0.35 × 45°

CHAMFER

(DD) DFN REV C 0310

5

1

0.25 ± 0.05

0.50 BSC

0.75 ±0.05

0.200 REF

2.38 ±0.10

(2 SIDES)

0.00 – 0.05

BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD

NOTE:

1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2).

CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS

4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE

MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE

5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED

6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE

TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE

2862345fc

22

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

DE/UE Package

ꢀ2-Lead Plastic DFN (4mm × 3mm)

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1695 Rev D)

0.70 ±0.05

3.30 ±0.05

3.60 ±0.05

2.20 ±0.05

1.70 ± 0.05

PACKAGE OUTLINE

0.25 ± 0.05

0.50 BSC

2.50 REF

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS

APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED

0.40 ± 0.10

4.00 ±0.10

(2 SIDES)

R = 0.115

TYP

7

12

R = 0.05

TYP

3.30 ±0.10

3.00 ±0.10

(2 SIDES)

1.70 ± 0.10

PIN 1

TOP MARK

(NOTE 6)

PIN 1 NOTCH

R = 0.20 OR

0.35 × 45°

CHAMFER

(UE12/DE12) DFN 0806 REV D

6

1

0.25 ± 0.05

0.75 ±0.05

0.200 REF

0.50 BSC

2.50 REF

BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD

0.00 – 0.05

NOTE:

1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE A VARIATION OF VERSION

(WGED) IN JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS

4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE

MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE

5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED

6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION

ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE

2862345fc

23

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

packaGe DescripTion

Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings.

MSE Package

ꢀ2-Lead Plastic MSO ꢁ Exposed Die Pad

(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1666 Rev G)

BOTTOM VIEW OF

EXPOSED PAD OPTION

2.845 ±0.102

(.112 ±.004)

0.889 ±0.127

(.035 ±.005)

(.112 ±.004)

1

6

0.35

REF

1.651 ±0.102

(.065 ±.004)

5.10

(.201)

MIN

1.651 ±0.102

(.065 ±.004)

3.20 – 3.45

(.126 – .136)

0.12 REF

DETAIL “B”

CORNER TAIL IS PART OF

THE LEADFRAME FEATURE.

FOR REFERENCE ONLY

NO MEASUREMENT PURPOSE

DETAIL “B”

12

7

0.65

(.0256)

BSC

0.42 ±0.038

4.039 ±0.102

(.159 ±.004)

(NOTE 3)

(.0165 ±.0015)

TYP

0.406 ±0.076

RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT

(.016 ±.003)

12 11 10 9 8 7

REF

DETAIL “A”

0.254

(.010)

3.00 ±0.102

(.118 ±.004)

(NOTE 4)

0° – 6° TYP

4.90 ±0.152

(.193 ±.006)

GAUGE PLANE

0.53 ±0.152

(.021 ±.006)

1

2 3 4 5 6

DETAIL “A”

0.86

(.034)

REF

1.10

(.043)

MAX

0.18

(.007)

SEATING

PLANE

0.22 – 0.38

(.009 – .015)

TYP

0.1016 ±0.0508

(.004 ±.002)

MSOP (MSE12) 0213 REV G

0.650

(.0256)

BSC

NOTE:

1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH)

2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS.

MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE

4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.

INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE

5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX

6. EXPOSED PAD DIMENSION DOES INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH ON E-PAD SHALL

NOT EXCEED 0.254mm (.010") PER SIDE.

2862345fc

24

For more information www.linear.com/LTC2862

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

revision hisTory

REV

DꢂTE

DESCRIPTION

PꢂGE NUMBER

A

03/13 Added MP-Grade to Data Sheet

Updated S8 and S Package

2, 4

17, 19

4

B

01/14 Changed I

for H-/MP-Grade.

CCS

Added V Supply Current vs Data Rate graph.

7

L

Added Shutdown Mode Delay section.

14

Added PROFIBUS Compatible Interface section, Auxiliary protection For IEC Surge, EFT and ESD section, and

PROFIBUS Compatible Line Interface schematic.

16, 17

Replaced RS485 Network with 120V AC Line Fault Protection schematic with Network for IEC Level 4 Protection

Against Surge, EFT and ESD Plus 360V Overvoltage Protection schematic.

26

C

03/14 Changed part marking for DE package

4

2862345fc

Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.

However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representa-

tion that the interconneFctoiornmofoirtseciinrcfuoirtsmaastdioesncrwibwedwh.elirneeinawr.cilol nmot/LinTfrCin2g8e6o2n existing patent rights.

25

LTC2862/LTC2863/

LTC2864/LTC2865

Typical applicaTion

Network for IEC Level 4 Protection gainst Surge EFT and ESD

Plus 36 V Overvoltage Protection

MOV

RS485 A

(EXTERNAL)

V

LTC2862-1

R

CC

DE

A

TBU

RO

DI

GDT

SCR

GND

T

B

SCR

RE

TBU

GND

RS485 B

(EXTERNAL)

2862345 TA05

MOV

GDT: BOURNS 2031-42T-SM; 420V GAS DISCHARGE TUBE

TBU: BOURNS TBU-CA085-300-WH; 850V TRANSIENT BLOCKING UNIT

MOV: BOURNS MOV-7D391K; 390V 25J METAL OXIDE VARISTOR

SCR: BOURNS TISP4P035L1NR-S; 35V BIDIRECTIONAL THYRISTOR

relaTeD parTs

P RT NUMBER

LT1785, LT1791

LTC2850-53

DESCRIPTION

COMMENTS

60ꢀ ꢁaꢂlꢃ ꢄroꢃecꢃeꢅ ꢆR485/ꢆR422 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ

3.3ꢀ 20Mkbꢇ 15ꢉꢀ ꢆR485 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ

60ꢀ Toleranꢃ, 15ꢉꢀ ꢊRS, 250ꢉkbꢇ

Ub ꢃo 256 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ ꢄer Bꢂꢇ

25ꢉꢀ ꢊRS (LTC2854), 15ꢉꢀ ꢊRS (LTC2855)

15ꢉꢀ ꢊRS

LTC2854, LTC2855 3.3ꢀ 20Mkbꢇ ꢆR485 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ wiꢃh Inꢃegraꢃeꢅ Rwiꢃchakle Terminaꢃion

LTC2856-1 ꢁamily 5ꢀ 20Mkbꢇ anꢅ Rlew ꢆaꢃe Limiꢃeꢅ ꢆR485 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ

LTC2859, LTC2861 5ꢀ 20Mkbꢇ ꢆR485 Tranꢇceiꢈerꢇ wiꢃh Inꢃegraꢃeꢅ Rwiꢃchakle Terminaꢃion

15ꢉꢀ ꢊRS

LTC1535

LTM2881

Iꢇolaꢃeꢅ ꢆR485 Tranꢇceiꢈer

Combleꢃe 3.3ꢀ Iꢇolaꢃeꢅ ꢆR485/ꢆR422 μMoꢅꢂle^®Tranꢇceiꢈer + ꢄower

2500ꢀ

Iꢇolaꢃion, ꢆeqꢂireꢇ ꢊxꢃernal Tranꢇceiꢈer

ꢆMR

Iꢇolaꢃion wiꢃh Inꢃegraꢃeꢅ Iꢇolaꢃeꢅ SC/SC

Conꢈerꢃer, 1W ꢄower, Low ꢊMI, 15ꢉꢀ ꢊRS, 30ꢉꢀ/ꢋꢇ

Common Moꢅe Tranꢇienꢃ Immꢂniꢃy

ꢆMR

2862345fc

LT 0314 REV C • PRINTED IN USA

LinearTechnology Corporation

1630 McCarꢃhy Blꢈꢅ., Milbiꢃaꢇ, CA 95035-7417

26

ꢁor more informaꢃion www.linear.com/LTC2862

●

 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2011

(408)432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/LTC2862


型号：	LTC2862IDD-2#PBF
厂家：	Linear
描述：	LTC2862 - ±60V Fault Protected 3V to 5.5V RS485/RS422 Transceivers; Package: DFN; Pins: 8; Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C 驱动光电二极管接口集成电路驱动器
文件：	总26页 (文件大小：380K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

LTC2862IDD-2#PBF [Linear]

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