PIC16C73T-04/JW [MICROCHIP]

8-BIT, UVPROM, 4 MHz, RISC MICROCONTROLLER, CDIP28, 0.600 INCH, WINDOWED, CERDIP-28;


型号：	PIC16C73T-04/JW
厂家：	MICROCHIP
描述：	8-BIT, UVPROM, 4 MHz, RISC MICROCONTROLLER, CDIP28, 0.600 INCH, WINDOWED, CERDIP-28 可编程只读存储器时钟 CD 外围集成电路
文件：	总8页 (文件大小：93K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

FACT002

Mastering the PIC16C7X A/D Converter

General

Author:

Jim Simons

Microchip Technology Inc.

Even though we are converting to the ‘digital world’, we

must remember that certain analog ‘laws’ still hold true.

Specifically, the A/D is basically a capacitor which has

to have time to charge/discharge to the analog level on

the I/O pin before a conversion can be started. Source

impedance and internal impedances add up to give an

effective resistance in series with the capacitor(s). This

RC time constant determines the minimum amount of

charge/discharge time to achieve a desired accuracy.

This time is the minimum tracking time (referred to as

the minimum sampling time in our data book). Once the

minimum time has been met, the voltage on the capac-

itor will track the voltage on the I/O pin until a conver-

sion is started. Once the conversion has begun, the I/O

pin is internally disconnected from the capacitor. The

voltage on the capacitor is held constant for the entire

conversion process. This type of sampling circuit is

referred to as a "track and hold".

The Analog-to-Digital converter (A/D) is the primary

tool that allows analog signals to be quantized into the

world of digital electronics. Once the signal is digitally

represented, it can be stored, analyzed and manipu-

lated by a variety of logic devices. The PIC16C7X

microcontrollers have an A/D integrated onto the

PIC16CXX core processor. Utilizing Microchip’s A/D

requires only a basic level of understanding to get a

result. However, maximizing the effectiveness of the

A/D for each specific application requires a higher level

of thought and understanding. Typically, a thorough

comprehension of a device is obtained through experi-

ence, studying data sheets and studying application

notes for a reasonable amount of time. This article

addresses the main technical considerations for an

effective design to reduce your design time.

Step by Step

When detailing how to maximize the effectiveness of

any design, we look at the weakest (and strongest) ele-

ments. Please DO NOT misinterpret the statements

detailing weaknesses to be below our specification.

Our part specifications are based upon the worst case.

All suggestions should improve on the worst case

specifications.

1. In order to perform a conversion, you must

enable the A/D by setting the ADON bit

(ADCON0 register).

2. Select the channel to be sampled by setting/

clearing the CHS2, CHS1, and CHS0 bits

(ADCON0 register). See the ADCON0 register’s

bit descriptions in the device’s data sheet for the

actual bit combinations for the selected

channel(s).

We’ll start by covering the A/D Basics, then dive into

the other three general technical categories, which are

essential for an effective design:

3. The default input setup of all analog I/O pins is

analog, not digital. For I/O pins set up as analog,

the digital input buffers are internally discon-

nected. This is to keep analog voltages off of the

CMOS input buffer. If the input voltage on a dig-

ital I/O was 0.5 VDD for example, then both the

PMOS and NMOS cells which make up the

CMOS input buffer would be turned on. This

causes the input buffer to draw around 100 to

150 µA.

• Speed

• Accuracy

• Power Usage

BASICS

Specifications

Microchip’s A/D is a successive approximation A/D

which uses a bank of internal capacitors totalling

51.2 pF. The maximum resolution of the A/D is 8-bits.

The converter accuracy specification is ±1 bit, but that

can be made better or worse by your design. The ana-

log channels are multiplexed to the converter which

means that only one analog channel can be sampled at

a time. The conversion time and maximum sampling

frequency is application specific.

If you are using an analog I/O as a digital input, load the

default from analog to digital. The I/O pin’s bit will

always read as a 0 when configured as an analog input

(since it is disconnected from the pin). See the

ADCON1 register’s bit descriptions in the device’s data

sheet for the actual bit combinations for the selected

channel(s).

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00839A-page 1

FACT002

EXAMPLE 1:

Step by Step (cont’d)

VDD = VREF = 5V

4. Wait for at least the minimum tracking time. The

tracking time is the time required to charge a

51.2 pF capacitor (located internal of the

PIC16C7X) to the voltage level of the selected

channel. The tracking time is made up of three

components:

RIC = 1 kΩ

RSS = 7 kΩ

RS = 10 kΩ

Error = 8 bits ±1/2 = 2⁹= 512

CHARGE = – (1 kΩ + 7 kΩ + 10 kΩ)(51.2 pF) ln 1/512 = 5.75 µs

• Amplifier Settling Time

• Holding Capacitor Charging Time

• Temperature Coefficient

EXAMPLE 2:

Same values as Example 1, except we put a .01 µF

decoupling capacitor on the I/O pin. This effectively

reduces RS to the impedance of the capacitor:

RS ≈ 50Ω

TTRACKING = TAMP + TCHARGE + TTEMP

Given: TtAMP = 5 µs

Given: TTEMP = (Temp - 25°C)(0.05 µs/°C), if > 25°C

TTEMP = 0, if ≤ 25°C

TCHARGE = – (1 kΩ + 7 kΩ + 50Ω)(51.2 pF) ln 1/512 = 2.57 µs

5. Choosing the A/D clock source (TAD) deter-

mines the time required for the conversion of

each bit. There are four choices for the clock

source: FOSC/2, FOSC/8, FOSC/32 and FRC. Bits

ADCS1 and ADCS0 (ADCON0 register) deter-

mine the clock source.

TCHARGE Equation Derivation:

Basic Capacitor Charge Equation

-T

VCAP = VFINAL – (VFINAL – VINITIAL) e

or as it applies

Table 1 will help you to choose the clock source

according to your oscillator frequency.

-TCHARGE

RCHOLD

VHOLDCAP = VREF – (VREF – 0) e

TABLE 1:

DEVICE OSCILLATOR

FREQUENCY BY CLOCK

SOURCE

Where: R = RIC + RSS + RS

RS = Source Impedance

RIC = Internal Interconnect Impedance

RSS = Internal Sampling Switch Impedance

FOSC/2 FOSC/8 FOSC/32 FRC

(see PIC16/17 Data Book, Section 13.1 for values)

PIC16C71

≤1 MHz ≤4 MHz ≤16 MHz any F

CHOLD = 51.2 pF

PIC16C70/71A/72/73/74 ≤1.25 MHz ≤5 MHz ≤20 MHz any F

VREF

VHOLDCAP = VREF –

error

Note: FRC assigns TAD to an internal RC oscillator

which is typically 4 µs (min = 2 µs, max = 6 µs).

Therefore:

To calculate the precise TAD period you have chosen:

-TCHARGE

(RIC + RSS + RS) CHOLD

TAD =

where x = either 2, 8 or 32

FOSC

VREF

error

VREF –

= VREF – VREF e

6. After setting up the A/D and waiting the mini-

mum tracking time, set the GO/DONE bit

(ADCON0 register) to start the conversion.

-TCHARGE

(RIC + RSS + RS) CHOLD

VREF 1 –

= VREF 1 – e

error

7. Either poll for the GO/DONE bit to be cleared, poll

for the ADIF to be set, or enable interrupts and

wait for the interrupt to happen. When any one of

these events occurs, the conversion is finished

and the result is located in the ADRES register.

-TCHARGE

(RIC + RSS + RS) CHOLD

error

= e

error

TCHARGE = – (RIC + RSS + RS) CHOLD (In

)

8. The A/D will begin tracking the analog signal

again 2 TAD (TRESET) after the conversion has

completed.

Reducing this time can significantly reduce the

accuracy of the result.

9. The time necessary to take an analog-to-digital

sample is the total of tracking time plus conversion

time. For repetitive samples, TRESET is added to

the total time. Use this equation to calculate the

max. repetitive sampling rate (FSAMPLING).

1/FSAMPLING

= TSAMPLE

= TTRACKING + TCONVERSION + TRESET

DS00839A-page 2

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

FACT002

version after achieving the desired accuracy,

since the result is not written to ADRES until the

entire 8 bits have been converted (regardless of

the accuracy of each bit). Figure 1 illustrates the

timing required to determine each bit. Since the

A/D operates synchronously with respect to the

internal instruction cycle (4/FOSC), we can accu-

rately determine when to select a faster TAD

(FOSC/2). The Least Significant bits determined

after the conversion has been accelerated will

be unreliable and most likely inaccurate. The fol-

lowing calculation determines the minimum

amount of time before you can change the TAD

clock select bits for the resolution required.

SPEED

If your design will require an A/D sample time less than

60 µs, then you will want to consider the following fac-

tors: tracking time, conversion time, and minimum

acceptable precision.

When choosing the clock source to get the fastest con-

version time, we want to get a TAD as close to (but not

less than) 2 µs for a PIC16C71 and 1.6 µs for a

PIC16C70, PIC16C71A, PIC16C72, PIC16C73 or

PIC16C74.

1. What is the minimum precision your design

requires (i.e., 4-bit, 6-bit or 8-bit)? This is an

important question, since we can accelerate the

conversion after the desired accuracy has been

achieved. We cannot interrupt or abort the con-

TCONVERSION = 1.5 • TAD + N • TAD + (8-N)(2 • TOSC)

(where N = Number of bits of resolution)

FIGURE 1:

A/D CONVERSION TIMING

BSF ADCON0, GO

(TOSC/2)⁽¹⁾

131

130

A/D CLK

A/D DATA

NEW_DATA

DONE

OLD_DATA

ADRES

ADIF

TRACKING TIME

132

TRACKING STOPPED

Note 1: If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the

SLEEPinstruction to be executed.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00839A-page 3

FACT002

TABLE 2:

A/D CONVERSION REQUIREMENTS*

Param. # Sym.

Characteristic Min. Typ.† Max. Units

Conditions

130

TAD A/D Clock Period

1.6

2.0

—

µs VREF ≥ 3.0V

µs VREF full range

ADCS1,0 = 11

TAD A/D Internal RC

Oscillator source

(RC oscillator source)

3.0

2.0

6.0

4.0

9.0

6.0

µs PIC16LC74

µs PIC16C74

131

TCNV Conversion Time (not

—

9.5 TAD

—

including S/H time) (Note 1)

132†† TSMP Sampling Time

—

µs The minimum time is the amplifier settling

time. This may be used if the “new” input

voltage has not changed by more than

1 LSb (i.e., 20 mV @ 5.12V) from the last

sampled voltage (as stated on CHOLD).

These parameters are characterized but not tested.

†

Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance

only and are not tested.

††

TTRACK = TSMP. Parameter #132 is TSMP Sampling Time.

Note 1: ADRES register may be read on the following TCY cycle.

EXAMPLE 3:

A STANDARD 8-BIT (±1 LSb) FAST CONVERSION

Processor = PIC16C74

Oscillator = 20 MHz

Max possible TAD = 1.6 µs

TAD clock source = FOSC/32

∴ TAD = 1.6 µs

TTRACKING = (5 µs + 0 µs + 2.57 µs) = 7.65 µs [from Example 2]

TCONVERSION = 1.5 • 1.6 µs + 8 • 1.6 µs + (8 - 8)(2 • 50 ns) = 15.2 µs

TAD_SAMPLE = 15.2 µs + 7.6 µs + 2 • 1.6 µs = 26 µs

FMAX_A/D_SAMPLING_RATE = 38.4 kHz

EXAMPLE 4:

A 4-BIT (±1/32 LSb) FAST CONVERSION

Processor = PIC16C71

Oscillator = 16 MHz

Max possible TAD = 2.0 µs

TAD clock source = FOSC/32

∴ TAD = 2.0 µs

TTRACKING = (5 µs + 0 µs + 2.57 µs) = 7.65 µs [from Example 2]

TCONVERSION = 1.5 • 2.0 µs + 4 • 2.0 µs + (8 - 4)(2 • 62.5 ns) = 11.5 µs

TAD_SAMPLE = 11.5 µs + 7.6 µs + 2 • 2.0 µs = 23.1 µs

FMAX_A/D_SAMPLING_RATE = 43.3 kHz

2. Executing a few instructions while the previous

conversion is still running will allow ‘overhead’

code to be executed during the tracking time

and conversion time. Don’t worry about using

the data from the A/D immediately after the GO

bit has been cleared. The ADRES register will

contain the previous A/D result until it is updated

with the new result. (The GO bit is cleared at that

time.) In order to ensure that the sampling time

is started as quickly as possible, set up the A/D

channel for the next conversion (ADCON1) after

the current tracking has stopped and before the

current conversion is done (this will not affect

the current conversion).

DS00839A-page 4

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

FACT002

5. Increasing the tracking time (TTRACKING) > 5 µs

produces a measurable increase in accuracy.

20 µs is generally a good length of tracking time

before starting a conversion.

ACCURACY

Every designer should understand what effects the

accuracy of the A/D. The following techniques may

improve your designs. A meticulous and careful design

can achieve approximately ±1 LSb.

6. Increase TAD to about 4 µs. This allows the inter-

nal comparator response time to increase with

less overdrive error. Notice that TRC is typically

4 µs.

7. Operate at room temperature (25°C), since a

high temperature increases leakage from the

sample capacitor and low temperatures shift

threshold levels. If you know that high tempera-

ture operation is possible, keep TAD as close to

the minimum as possible.

1. A critical factor in our A/D’s accuracy is the

power supply to the PIC16C7X. Noise or ripple

on VDD can adversely affect the conversion’s

accuracy (the degree to which the accuracy is

affected is dependent upon the amplitude of the

noise). To improve the supply, use common fil-

tering techniques, such as decoupling capaci-

tors for various frequencies.

Note: Remember that capacitors are not ideal

and are really band-pass, not low-pass, fil-

ters (i.e., more than one of different values

may be necessary).

8. Do not change the value on any I/O pins which

are configured as output while a conversion is in

progress (regardless of the port). The high

source/sink capability of the pins could directly

inject noise onto VDD..

9. The A/D is capable of finishing a conversion

while the part is sleeping. Putting the part to

SLEEP helps accuracy, since this mode elimi-

nates the internal switching noise of the proces-

sor core.

2. VREF can pull up to 1 mA for 8 to 20 ns when a

conversion is started. The VREF source (either

RA3 or VDD) doesn’t change the current draw.

Make sure your design can source this current

(and be able to do it very fast). Capacitors on

VREF will act as a source for this current draw.

3. VDD is a better VREF source than RA3 because

if noise is present on VDD, it is absolutely cou-

pled, NOT linearly coupled.

Note: You can do this with any Oscillator mode,

but you will have to allow for the osc wake-

up time when using LP, XT or HS modes.

RC mode has no start-up timer and starts

up instantly.

EXAMPLE 5:

If you put the processor to SLEEP, consider clearing all

interrupt enable bits (including the GIE bit), except for

the ADIE. This will cause the processor to wake-up

from SLEEP when the conversion is complete and

resume executing code with the instruction following

the SLEEPinstruction. This method helps simplify your

Interrupt Service Routine for other peripherals.

20 mV of noise when VDD = 5.0V = VREF is ±1 LSb

20 mV of noise when RA3 = 3.0V = VREF is ±1 LSb

4. Noise on the A/D input channel during tracking

will add error to the desired result. A properly

sized filter capacitor on the input pin will help

correct this.

Note: On the PIC16C71 and PIC16C70, RA0 is

right next to OSC1 and cannot help but

pick up some noise. If possible, make this

pin an output to help isolate the noise from

getting to RA1.

EXAMPLE 6:

(PIC16C71 AND PIC16C70)

CLRF

BSF

INTCON

INTCON,ADIE

ADCON0,GO

SLEEP

MOVF

ADRES,0

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00839A-page 5

FACT002

Keeping the A/D Usage Simple

POWER USAGE

• Put a decoupling capacitor on VDD.

The following simple, straight forward pointers can help

any application meet its power requirements.

• Put a .01 µF capacitor on the analog input source.

• Select which pins are digital and which pins are

analog (register ADCON1).

1. Keeping the A/D turned off until you are ready to

start tracking will reduce approximately 180 µA

of current draw from your system. The ADON

(ADCON0) bit turns the A/D on or off.

• Using the internal RC oscillator to determine the

TAD provides a relatively fast and accurate con-

version for most applications (bits ADCS1,

ADCS0 = 1,1 in register ADCON1). If you are

using RC mode for the core’s oscillator, then you

should put the part to SLEEP during the conver-

sion, or choose an appropriate TAD source other

than RC.

2. Configure all analog inputs to be analog since

this will disconnect the CMOS digital input

buffer. If you do not, and the signal on the pin is

0.5 VDD, both transistors in the CMOS input

buffer will be turned on, causing the maximum

current draw of the input buffer.

• Select which channel is to be sampled (bits

CHS2, CHS1 and CHS0 in register ADCON0).

3. You may want to put the controller to SLEEP

during the conversion. There are several factors

to consider for this decision, here are a few:

• Turn on the A/D by setting the ADON bit (register

ADCON0).

• The FRC move must be selected for A/D

conversion clock.

• Wait 20 µs (tracking time).

• Do you have any timers running that cannot

• Set the GO bit (register ADCON0) to start the

be stopped?

conversion.

• Is the wake-up from SLEEP time longer than

• Poll either the ADIF or the GO bit to determine

the conversion time?

when the conversion has completed.

• Can you afford to lose the processing time

• Utilize the result located in the ADRES register.

• Clear the ADIF bit.

while sleeping and waking up from SLEEP?

EXAMPLE 7:

BSF

MOVLW

STATUS,RP0

0xFE

;MAKE RA0 AN OUTPUT

;AND RA1 AN INPUT

;MAKE ANALOG INPUTS

;RC OSC, RA1, ADON

MOVWF

CLRF

BCF

MOVLW

MOVF

CALL

BCF

BTFSC

GOTO

BSF

BTFSC

GOTO

TRISA

ADCON1

STATUS,RP0

0C9h

ADCON0,W

20US_DELAY

INTCON,GIE

GIE_OFF

ADCON0,G0

ADCON0,GO

AD_GOING

GIE_OFF

;

;MAKE SURE BCF WAS NOT INTERRUPTED

;

AD_GOING

;Result is located in ADRES

DS00839A-page 6

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

Note the following details of the code protection feature on PICmicro MCUs.

•

The PICmicro family meets the specifications contained in the Microchip Data Sheet.

Microchip believes that its family of PICmicro microcontrollers is one of the most secure products of its kind on the market today,

when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions.

•

There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowl-

edge, require using the PICmicro microcontroller in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in the data sheet.

The person doing so may be engaged in theft of intellectual property.

•

Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not

mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable”.

•

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of

our product.

If you have any further questions about this matter, please contact the local sales office nearest to you.

Information contained in this publication regarding device

applications and the like is intended through suggestion only

and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to

ensure that your application meets with your specifications.

No representation or warranty is given and no liability is

assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect

to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of

patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such

use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical com-

ponents in life support systems is not authorized except with

express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are con-

veyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property

rights.

Trademarks

The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, FilterLab,

KEELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER,

PICSTART, PRO MATE, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control

Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Tech-

nology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.

dsPIC, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB,

In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microPort,

Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM,

MXDEV, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select Mode

and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology

Incorporated in the U.S.A.

Serialized Quick Term Programming (SQTP) is a service mark

of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.

All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their

respective companies.

Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received QS-9000 quality system

certification for its worldwide headquarters,

design and wafer fabrication facilities in

Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The

Company’s quality system processes and

procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its

PICmicro^®8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ^®code hopping

devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral

products. In addition, Microchip’s quality

system for the design and manufacture of

development systems is ISO 9001 certified.

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00839A - page 7

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Hong Kong

Italy

Microchip Technology Inc.

2107 North First Street, Suite 590

San Jose, CA 95131

Microchip Technology Hongkong Ltd.

Unit 901-6, Tower 2, Metroplaza

223 Hing Fong Road

Kwai Fong, N.T., Hong Kong

Tel: 852-2401-1200 Fax: 852-2401-3431

Microchip Technology SRL

Centro Direzionale Colleoni

Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1

20041 Agrate Brianza

Tel: 408-436-7950 Fax: 408-436-7955

Toronto

Milan, Italy

Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883

6285 Northam Drive, Suite 108

Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1X5, Canada

Tel: 905-673-0699 Fax: 905-673-6509

India

Microchip Technology Inc.

India Liaison Office

United Kingdom

Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd.

505 Eskdale Road

Winnersh Triangle

Wokingham

Divyasree Chambers

1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4)

No. 11, O’Shaugnessey Road

Bangalore, 560 025, India

Tel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062

Berkshire, England RG41 5TU

Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820

03/01/02

DS00839A-page 8

 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.

PIC16C73T-04/JW [MICROCHIP]

相关型号：

PIC16C73T-04/SS

PIC16C73T-04E/SO

PIC16C73T-04I/JW

PIC16C73T-04I/SO

PIC16C73T-10/P

PIC16C73T-10/SS

PIC16C73T-10E/JW

PIC16C73T-10E/P

PIC16C73T-10E/SO

PIC16C73T-10I/JW

PIC16C73T-10I/SS

PIC16C73T-20/JW