DS36C279MDC [NSC]

LINE TRANSCEIVER, UUC, DIE;
DS36C279MDC
型号: DS36C279MDC
厂家: National Semiconductor    National Semiconductor
描述:

LINE TRANSCEIVER, UUC, DIE

文件: 总13页 (文件大小:211K)
中文:  中文翻译
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National Semiconductor is now part of  
Texas Instruments.  
Search http://www.ti.com/ for the latest technical  
information and details on our current products and services.  
July 2000  
DS36C279  
Low Power EIA-RS-485 Transceiver with Sleep Mode  
General Description  
Features  
n 100% RS-485 compliant  
The DS36C279 is a low power differential bus/line trans-  
ceiver designed to meet the requirements of RS-485 Stan-  
dard for multipoint data transmission. In addition it is compat-  
ible with TIA/EIA-422-B.  
— Guaranteed RS-485 device interoperation  
n Low power CMOS design: ICC 500 µA max  
n Automatic sensing sleep mode  
— Reduces ICC to 10 µA maximum  
n Built-in power up/down glitch-free circuitry  
The sleep mode feature automatically puts the device in a  
power saving mode when both the driver and receiver are  
††  
disabled. The device is ideal for use in power conscious  
— Permits live transceiver intersection/displacement  
n SOIC packages  
n Industrial temperature range: −40˚C to +85˚C  
n On-board thermal shutdown circuitry  
— Prevents damage to the device in the event of  
excessive power dissipation  
applications where the device may be disabled for extended  
periods of time.  
The driver and receiver outputs feature TRI-STATE® capabil-  
ity. The driver outputs operate over the entire common mode  
range of −7V to +12V. Bus contention or fault situations that  
cause excessive power dissipation within the device are  
handled by a thermal shutdown circuit, which forces the  
driver outputs into a high impedance state.  
n Wide common mode range: −7V to +12V  
n Receive open input fail-safe (Note 1)  
1
n
n
4
unit load (DS36C279): 128 nodes  
unit load (DS36C279T): 64 nodes  
The receiver incorporates a fail safe circuit which guarantees  
a high output state when the inputs are left open.  
1
2
n ESD (Human Body Model): 2 kV  
n Drop-in replacement for:  
— LTC485 MAX485 DS75176 DS3695  
The DS36C279T is fully specified over the industrial tem-  
perature range (−40˚C to +85˚C).  
Connection and Logic Diagram  
DRIVER SECTION  
RE*  
X
DE  
H
DI  
H
L
DO/RI  
DO*/RI*  
H
L
L
H
Z
X
H
X
L
X
Z
RECEIVER SECTION  
RE*  
L
DE  
L
RI-RI*  
RO  
+0.2V  
−0.2V  
X
H
DS012053-1  
L
L
L
Z (Note 2)  
H
Order Number DS36C279M, DS36C279TM  
See NS Package Number M08A  
H
L
L
L
OPEN (Note 1)  
Note 1: Non-terminated, open input only  
Note 2: Device enters sleep mode if enable conditions are held 600 ns  
TRI-STATE® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.  
© 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation  
DS012053  
www.national.com  
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 3)  
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,  
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/  
Distributors for availability and specifications.  
Lead Temperature  
(Soldering 4 sec)  
+260˚C  
Recommended Operating  
Conditions  
Supply Voltage (VCC  
Input Voltage (DE, RE*, & DI)  
Common Mode (VCM  
)
+12V  
−0.5V to (VCC +0.5V)  
Min  
+4.75  
−7  
Typ  
Max  
+5.25  
+12  
Units  
)
Supply Voltage (VCC  
Bus Voltage  
)
+5.0  
V
V
±
±
Driver Output/Receiver Input  
Input Voltage (DO/RI, DO*/RI*)  
Receiver Output Voltage  
15V  
14V  
Operating Free Air Temperature (TA)  
−0.5V to (VCC +0.5V)  
DS36C279T  
DS36C279  
−40  
0
+25  
+25  
+85  
+70  
˚C  
˚C  
Maximum Package Power Dissipation  
@
+25˚C  
M Package 1190 mW, derate  
Storage Temperature Range  
9.5 mW/˚C above +25˚C  
−65˚C to +150˚C  
Electrical Characteristics (Notes 4, 5)  
Over Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Reference  
Min  
Typ  
Max Units  
DIFFERENTIAL DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
VOD1  
VOD0  
VOD0*  
VOD2  
Differential Output Voltage  
Output Voltage  
IO = 0 mA (No Load)  
(422)  
(485)  
1.5  
0
5.0  
5.0  
5.0  
V
V
V
V
V
V
IO = 0 mA  
Output Voltage  
(Output to GND)  
RL = 50Ω  
0
Differential Output Voltage  
(Termination Load)  
Balance of VOD2  
(422)  
(485)  
(Note 6)  
Figure 1  
2.0  
1.5  
−0.2  
2.8  
2.3  
0.1  
RL = 27Ω  
5.0  
VOD2  
VOD3  
VOC  
RL = 27or 50Ω  
+0.2  
|VOD2 − VOD2*  
|
(422, 485)  
Figure 2  
Differential Output Voltage  
(Full Load)  
R1 = 54, R2 = 375Ω  
VTEST = −7V to +12V  
RL = 27Ω  
1.5  
2.0  
5.0  
V
Driver Common Mode  
Output Voltage  
(485)  
(422)  
(Note 6)  
(422, 485)  
Figure 1  
0
0
3.0  
3.0  
V
V
V
RL = 50Ω  
VOC  
Balance of VOC  
RL = 27or  
RL = 50Ω  
−0.2  
+0.2  
|VOC − VOC*  
|
IOSD  
Driver Output Short-Circuit  
Current  
VO = +12V  
(485) Figure 4  
(485)  
200  
+250  
mA  
mA  
VO = −7V  
−190 −250  
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
VTH  
Differential Input High  
Threshold Voltage  
VO = VOH, IO = −0.4 mA  
−7V VCM +12V  
VO = VOL, IO = 0.4 mA  
−7V VCM +12V  
VCM = 0V  
+0.035  
+0.2  
V
V
(Note 7)  
(422, 485)  
VTL  
Differential Input Low  
Threshold Voltage  
−0.2 −0.035  
VHST  
RIN  
Hysteresis  
(Note 8)  
70  
mV  
kΩ  
kΩ  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mA  
mV  
V
Input Resistance  
−7V VCM +12V  
DS36C279T  
DS36C279  
DS36C279  
24  
48  
0
68  
68  
IIN  
Line Input Current  
(Note 9)  
Other Input = 0V,  
DE = VIL, RE* = VIL,  
VCC = 4.75 to 5.25  
or 0V  
VIN = +12V  
VIN = −7V  
0.19  
−0.1  
0.19  
−0.1  
0.19  
−0.1  
0.19  
−0.1  
0.25  
−0.2  
0.5  
0
DS36C279T  
DS36C279  
DS36C279T  
VIN = +12V  
VIN = −7V  
0
0
−0.4  
0.25  
−0.2  
0.5  
IING  
Line Input Current Glitch  
(Note 9)  
Other Input = 0V,  
DE = VIL, RE* = VIL,  
VIN = +12V  
VIN = −7V  
0
0
VCC = +3.0V or 0V,  
TA = 25˚C  
VIN = +12V  
VIN = −7V  
0
0
−0.4  
±
IB  
Input Balance Test  
RS = 500Ω  
(422) (Note 12)  
400  
0.5  
VOH  
VOL  
High Level Output Voltage  
Low Level Output Voltage  
IOH = −4 mA, VID = +0.2V  
IOL = +4 mA, VID = −0.2V  
RO  
Figure 11  
3.5  
4.6  
0.3  
V
www.national.com  
2
Electrical Characteristics (Notes 4, 5) (Continued)  
Over Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Reference  
Min  
Typ  
Max Units  
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
IOSR  
IOZR  
Short Circuit Current  
VO = GND  
RO  
7
35  
85  
mA  
µA  
±
1
TRI-STATE Leakage  
Current  
VO = 0.4V to 2.4V  
DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS  
VIH  
VIL  
IIH  
High Level Input Voltage  
Low Level Input Voltage  
High Level Input Current  
Low Level Input Current  
DE,  
RE*,  
DI  
2.0  
VCC  
0.8  
2
V
GND  
V
VIH = VCC  
µA  
µA  
µA  
µA  
µA  
µA  
µA  
IIL  
VCC = 5V  
VIL = 0V  
−2  
VCC = +3.0V  
−2  
ICC  
Power Supply Current  
(No Load)  
Driver and Receiver ON  
200  
200  
200  
0.2  
500  
500  
500  
10  
ICCR  
ICCD  
ICCX  
Driver OFF, Receiver ON  
Driver ON, Receiver OFF  
Sleep Mode  
VCC  
Switching Characteristics (Notes 5, 10)  
Over Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Reference  
Min  
Typ  
39  
40  
1
Max  
Units  
ns  
DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
tPHLD  
tPLHD  
tSKD  
Differential Propagation  
Delay High to Low  
RL = 54, CL = 100 pF  
10  
10  
0
80  
80  
10  
Differential Propagation  
Delay Low to High  
ns  
Figures 5, 6  
Differential Skew  
ns  
|tPHLD − tPLHD  
Rise Time  
Fall Time  
|
tr  
3
3
25  
25  
80  
80  
50  
65  
98  
50  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
tf  
50  
tPHZ  
tPLZ  
tPZH  
tPZL  
tPSH  
Disable Time High to Z  
Disable Time Low to Z  
Enable Time Z to High  
Enable Time Z to Low  
Driver Enable from Sleep  
Mode to Output High  
Driver Enble from Sleep  
Mode to Output Low  
CL = 15 pF  
RE* = L  
Figures 7, 8  
Figures 9, 10  
Figures 7, 8  
Figures 9, 10  
Figures 7, 8  
200  
200  
200  
200  
250  
CL = 100 pF  
RE* = L  
CL = 100 pF  
(Note 11)  
70  
70  
tPSL  
CL = 100 pF  
(Note 11)  
Figures 9, 10  
Figures 12, 13  
98  
250  
ns  
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
tPHL  
Propagation Delay  
High to Low  
CL = 15 pF  
30  
30  
0
210  
190  
400  
400  
ns  
ns  
tPLH  
Propagation Delay  
Low to High  
tSK  
Skew, |tPHL − tPLH  
|
20  
50  
55  
40  
45  
97  
50  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
ns  
tPLZ  
tPHZ  
tPZL  
tPZH  
tPSH  
Output Disable Time  
CL = 15 pF  
DE = H  
150  
150  
150  
150  
250  
Figures 14, 15,  
16  
Output Enable Time  
Receiver Enable from Sleep  
Mode to Output High  
CL = 15 pF  
(Note 11)  
Figures 14, 16  
Figures 14, 15  
70  
70  
tPSL  
Receiver Enable from Sleep  
CL = 15 pF  
95  
250  
ns  
3
www.national.com  
Switching Characteristics (Notes 5, 10) (Continued)  
Over Supply Voltage and Operating Temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Reference  
Min  
Typ  
Max  
Units  
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS  
Mode to Output Low  
(Note 11)  
Note 3: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” are those values beyond which the safety of the device cannot be guaranteed. They are not meant to imply that the devices  
should be operated at these limits. The table of “Electrical Characteristics” specifies conditions of device operation.  
Note 4: Current into device pins is defined as positive. Current out of device pins is defined as negative. All voltages are referenced to ground except V  
and V  
.
OD2  
OD1  
Note 5: All typicals are given for: V  
= +5.0V, T = + 25˚C.  
A
CC  
Note 6: Delta |V  
| and Delta |V  
| are changes in magnitude of V  
and V  
, respectively, that occur when input changes state.  
OD2  
OC  
OD2  
OC  
Note 7: Threshold parameter limits specified as an algebraic value rather than by magnitude.  
Note 8: Hysteresis defined as V = V − V  
.
TL  
HST  
TH  
Note 9:  
I
includes the receiver input current and driver TRI-STATE leakage current.  
IN  
Note 10: C includes probe and jig capacitance.  
L
Note 11: For enable from sleep mode delays DE = L and RE* = H for greater than 600 ns prior to test (device is in sleep mode).  
Note 12: For complete details of test, see RS-485.  
Parameter Measurement Information  
DS012053-3  
DS012053-2  
FIGURE 3. Driver VOH and VOL  
FIGURE 1. Driver VOD2 and VOC  
DS012053-4  
Vtest = −7V to +12V  
FIGURE 4. Driver IOSD  
DS012053-17  
FIGURE 2. Driver VOD3  
DS012053-5  
FIGURE 5. Driver Differential Propagation Delay Test Circuit  
www.national.com  
4
Parameter Measurement Information (Continued)  
DS012053-6  
FIGURE 6. Driver Differential Propagation Delays and Differential Rise and Fall Times  
DS012053-10  
FIGURE 10. TRI-STATE and Sleep Mode Waveforms  
(tPZL, (tPSL), tPLZ  
)
DS012053-7  
FIGURE 7. TRI-STATE and Sleep Mode Test Circuit  
(tPZH, (tPSH), tPHZ  
)
DS012053-11  
DS012053-8  
FIGURE 11. Receiver VOH and VOL  
FIGURE 8. TRI-STATE and Sleep Mode Waveforms  
(tPZH, (tPSH), tPHZ  
)
DS012053-12  
FIGURE 12. Receiver Differential Propagation Delay  
Test Circuit  
DS012053-9  
FIGURE 9. TRI-STATE and Sleep Mode Test Circuit  
(tPZL, (tPSL), tPLZ  
)
5
www.national.com  
Parameter Measurement Information (Continued)  
DS012053-13  
FIGURE 13. Receiver Differential Propagation Delay Waveforms  
DS012053-14  
FIGURE 14. Receiver TRI-STATE and Sleep Mode Test Circuit  
DS012053-15  
FIGURE 15. Receiver Enable and Disable Waveforms (tPLZ, tPZL, (tPSL))  
DS012053-16  
FIGURE 16. Receiver Enable and Disable Waveforms (tPHZ, tPZH, (tPSH))  
www.national.com  
6
Parameter Measurement Information (Continued)  
DS012053-19  
FIGURE 17. Entering Sleep Mode Conditions  
Typical Application Information  
DS012053-18  
FIGURE 18. Typical RS-485 Bus Interface  
TABLE 1. Device Pin Descriptions  
Description  
Pin  
No.  
1
Name  
RO  
Receiver Output: When RE (Receiver Enable) is LOW, the receiver is enabled (ON), if DO/RI ≥  
DO*/RI* by 200 mV, RO will be HIGH. If DO/RI DO*/RI* by 200 mV, RO will be LOW. Additionally  
RO will be HIGH for OPEN (Non-terminated) Inputs.  
2
3
4
RE*  
DE  
DI  
Receiver Output Enable: When RE* is LOW the receiver output is enabled. When RE* is HIGH, the  
receiver output is in TRI-STATE (OFF). When RE* is HIGH and DE is LOW, the device will enter a  
low-current sleep mode after 600 ns.  
Driver Output Enable: When DE is HIGH, the driver outputs are enabled. When DE is LOW, the  
driver outputs are in TRI-STATE (OFF). When RE* is HIGH and DE is LOW, the device will enter a  
low-current sleep mode after 600 ns.  
Driver Input: When DE (Driver Enable) is HIGH, the driver is enabled, if DI is LOW, then DO/RI will  
be LOW and DO*/RI* will be HIGH. If DI is HIGH, then DO/RI is HIGH and DO*/RI* is LOW.  
5
6
7
8
GND  
DO/RI  
DO*/RI*  
VCC  
Ground Connection.  
Driver Output/Receiver Input, 485 Bus Pin.  
Driver Output/Receiver Input, 485 Bus Pin.  
Positive Power Supply Connection: Recommended operating range for VCC is +4.75V to +5.25V.  
Unit Load  
A unit load for an RS-485 receiver is defined by the input cur-  
rent versus the input voltage curve. The gray shaded region  
is the defined operating range from −7V to +12V. The top  
border extending from −3V at 0 mA to +12V at +1 mA is de-  
fined as one unit load. Likewise, the bottom border extending  
from +5V at 0 mA to −7V at −0.8 mA is also defined as one  
unit load (see Figure 19). An RS-485 driver is capable of  
driving up to 32 unit loads. This allows up to 32 nodes on a  
single bus. Although sufficient for many applications, it is  
sometimes desirable to have even more nodes. For ex-  
ample, an aircraft that has 32 rows with 4 seats per row  
would benefit from having 128 nodes on one bus. This would  
7
www.national.com  
Unit Load (Continued)  
allow signals to be transferred to and from each individual  
seat to 1 main station. Usually there is one or two less seats  
in the last row of the aircraft near the restrooms and food  
storage area. This frees the node for the main station.  
The DS36C278, the DS36C279, and the DS36C280 all have  
1
1
4
⁄ unit load and ⁄ unit load (UL) options available. These  
2
devices will allow up to 64 nodes or 128 nodes guaranteed  
over temperature depending upon which option is selected.  
1
The  
2  
UL option is available in industrial temperature and  
UL is available in commercial temperature.  
UL device the top and bottom borders shown in  
1
the ⁄  
4
First, for a 1⁄  
2
DS012053-20  
Figure 19 are scaled. Both 0 mA reference points at +5V and  
−3V stay the same. The other reference points are +12V at  
FIGURE 19. Input Current vs Input Voltage  
Operating Range  
+0.5 mA for the top border and −7V at −0.4 mA for the bot-  
1
tom border (see Figure 19). Second, for a ⁄  
4
UL device the  
The DS36C279 and DS36C280 have an additional feature  
which offers more advantages. The DS36C279 has an auto-  
matic sleep mode function for power conscious applications.  
The DS36C280 has a slew rate control for EMI conscious  
applications. Refer to the sleep mode and slew rate control  
portion of the application information section in the corre-  
sponding datasheet for more information on these features.  
top and bottom borders shown in Figure 19 are scaled also.  
Again, both 0 mA reference points at +5V and −3V stay the  
same. The other reference points are +12V at +0.25 mA for  
the top border and −7V at −0.2 mA for the bottom border  
(see Figure 19).  
1
1
The advantage of the  
⁄ UL and ⁄ UL devices is the in-  
2
4
creased number of nodes on one bus. In a single master  
multi-slave type of application where the number of slaves  
exceeds 32, the DS36C278/279/280 may save in the cost of  
extra devices like repeaters, extra media like cable, and/or  
extra components like resistors.  
Sleep Mode  
The DS36C279 features an automatic shutdown mode that  
allows the device to save power when not transmitting data.  
Since the shutdown mode is automatic, no external compo-  
nents are required. It may be used as little or as much as the  
application requires. The more the feature is utilized, the  
more power it saves.  
The sleep mode is automatically entered when both the  
driver and receiver are disabled. This occurs when both the  
DE pin is asserted to a logic low and the RE* pin is asserted  
to a logic high. Once both pins are asserted the device will  
enter sleep mode typically in 50 ns. The DS36C279 is guar-  
anteed to go into sleep mode within 600 ns after both pins  
are asserted. The device wakes up (comes out of sleep  
mode) when either the DE pin is asserted to a logic high  
and/or the RE* pin is asserted to a logic low. After the device  
enters sleep mode it will take longer for the device to wake  
up than it does for the device to enable from TRI-STATE. Re-  
fer to datasheet specifications tPSL and tPSH and compare  
with tPZL and tPZH for timing differences.  
The benefit of the DS36C279 is definitely its power savings.  
When active the device has a maximum ICC of 500 µA.  
When in sleep mode the device has a maximum ICC of only  
10 µA, which is 50 times less power than when active. The  
ICC when the device is active is already very low but when in  
sleep mode the ICC is ultra low.  
www.national.com  
8
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted  
8-Lead (0.150" Wide) Molded Small Outline Package, JEDEC  
Order Number DS36C279M or DS36C279TM  
NS Package Number M08A  
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DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL  
COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:  
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or  
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant  
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and  
whose failure to perform when properly used in  
accordance with instructions for use provided in the  
labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a  
significant injury to the user.  
2. A critical component is any component of a life  
support device or system whose failure to perform  
can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of  
the life support device or system, or to affect its  
safety or effectiveness.  
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Products > Analog - Interface > Data Transmission Circuits > RS-485 > DS36C279  
DS36C279 Product Folder  
Low Power TIA/EIA-485 Transceiver with Sleep Mode  
Generic P/N 36C279  
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Parametric Table  
Number of Drivers  
Number of Receivers  
Parametric Table  
Supply Voltage  
Process  
1
1
5 V  
CMOS  
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DS36C279M  
8
N/A  
N/A  
1K+ $1.2500  
Samples  
Buy Now  
Samples  
rail  
of  
95  
[logo]¢2¢T  
36C27  
SOIC  
NARROW  
Full  
production  
MSL  
MSL  
DS36C279TM  
DS36C279MX  
8
8
N/A  
N/A  
N/A  
N/A  
1K+ $1.4000  
1K+ $1.2500  
Buy Now  
9TM  
reel [logo]¢2¢T  
of  
2500  
SOIC  
NARROW  
Full  
production  
36C27  
9M  
reel [logo]¢2¢T  
SOIC  
NARROW  
Full  
production  
MSL  
DS36C279TMX  
DS36C279 MDC  
8
N/A  
N/A  
N/A  
N/A  
1K+ $1.4000  
of  
2500  
36C27  
9TM  
Buy Now  
Samples  
tray  
of  
Full  
production  
Die  
-
N/A  
wafer  
jar  
of  
Full  
production  
Wafer  
DS36C279 MWC  
N/A  
N/A  
-
N/A  
General Description  
The DS36C279 is a low power differential bus/line transceiver designed to meet the requirements of RS-485  
Standard for multipoint data transmission. In addition it is compatible with TIA/EIA-422-B.  
The sleep mode feature automatically puts the device in a power saving mode when both the driver and  
receiver are disabled.†† The device is ideal for use in power conscious applications where the device may be  
disabled for extended periods of time.  
The driver and receiver outputs feature TRI-STATE® capability. The driver outputs operate over the entire  
common mode range of -7V to +12V. Bus contention or fault situations that cause excessive power  
dissipation within the device are handled by a thermal shutdown circuit, which forces the driver outputs into  
a high impedance state.  
The receiver incorporates a fail safe circuit which guarantees a high output state when the inputs are left  
open.†  
The DS36C279T is fully specified over the industrial temperature range (-40°C to +85°C).  
Features  
100% RS-485 compliant  
Guaranteed RS-485 device interoperation  
Low power CMOS design: ICC 500 µA max  
Automatic sensing sleep mode  
Reduces ICC to 10 µA maximum  
Built-in power up/down glitch-free circuitry  
Permits live transceiver intersection/displacement  
SOIC packages  
Industrial temperature range: -40°C to +85°C  
On-board thermal shutdown circuitry  
Prevents damage to the device in the event of excessive power dissipation  
Wide common mode range: -7V to +12V  
Receive open input fail-safe  
¼ unit load (DS36C279): > 128 nodes  
½ unit load (DS36C279T): > 64 nodes  
ESD (Human Body Model): > 2 kV  
Drop-in replacement for:  
LTC485 MAX485 DS75176 DS3695  
Application Notes  
Title  
Size in Kbytes Date  
Receive via Email  
Download  
View Online  
View Online Download Receive via Email  
5-Oct-98  
AN-1057: Application Note 1057  
Ten Ways to Bulletproof RS-485  
Interfaces  
155 Kbytes  
If you have trouble printing or viewing PDF file(s), see Printing Problems.  
[Information as of 5-Aug-2002]  
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