NE604AD-T [NXP]
IC FM, AUDIO DEMODULATOR, PDSO16, Receiver IC;
| 型号： | NE604AD-T |
| 厂家： | 
NXP |
| 描述： | IC FM, AUDIO DEMODULATOR, PDSO16, Receiver IC |
| 文件： | 总10页 (文件大小：127K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
DESCRIPTION
PIN CONFIGURATION
The NE/SA604A is an improved monolithic low-power FM IF system
incorporating two limiting intermediate frequency amplifiers,
quadrature detector, muting, logarithmic received signal strength
indicator, and voltage regulator. The NE/SA604A features higher IF
bandwidth (25MHz) and temperature compensated RSSI and
limiters permitting higher performance application compared with the
NE/SA604. The NE/SA604A is available in a 16-lead dual-in-line
plastic and 16-lead SO (surface-mounted miniature) package.
D and N Packages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
IF AMP DECOUPLING
GND
IF AMP INPUT
IF AMP DECOUPLING
IF AMP OUTPUT
MUTE INPUT
V
GND
CC
RSSI OUTPUT
LIMITER INPUT
LIMITER DECOUPLING
MUTE AUDIO OUTPUT
FEATURES
10 LIMITER DECOUPLING
UNMUTE AUDIO OUTPUT
QUADRATURE INPUT
• Low power consumption: 3.3mA typical
9
LIMITER
• Temperature compensated logarithmic Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI) with a dynamic range in excess of 90dB
SR00311
Figure 1. Pin Configuration
• Two audio outputs - muted and unmuted
• Low external component count; suitable for crystal/ceramic filters
APPLICATIONS
• Excellent sensitivity: 1.5µV across input pins (0.22µV into 50Ω
matching network) for 12dB SINAD (Signal to Noise and Distortion
ratio) at 455kHz
• Cellular radio FM IF
• High performance communications receivers
• SA604A meets cellular radio specifications
• Intermediate frequency amplification and detection up to 25MHz
• RF level meter
• Spectrum analyzer
• Instrumentation
• FSK and ASK data receivers
ORDERING INFORMATION
DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE
0 to +70°C
ORDER CODE
NE604AN
DWG #
SOT28-4
SOT109-1
SOT28-4
SOT109-1
16-Pin Plastic Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
16-Pin Plastic Small Outline (SO) package (Surface-mount)
16-Pin Plastic Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
0 to +70°C
NE604AD
-40 to +85°C
SA604AN
16-Pin Plastic Small Outline (SO) package (Surface-mount)
-40 to +85°C
SA604AD
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
RATING
UNITS
V
V
CC
Single supply voltage
9
T
STG
Storage temperature range
-65 to +150
°C
Operating ambient temperature range NE604A
SA604A
0 to +70
-40 to +85
°C
°C
T
A
Thermal impedance
D package
N package
90
75
°C/W
°C/W
θ
JA
397
1994 Dec 15
853-1431 14477
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
BLOCK DIAGRAM
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
GND
IF
AMP
LIMITER
LIMITER
QUAD
DET
SIGNAL
STRENGTH
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
MUTE
V
GND
CC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SR00312
Figure 2. Block Diagram
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
V
CC
= +6V, T = 25°C; unless otherwise stated.
A
LIMITS
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
NE604A
TYP
SA604A
UNITS
MIN
4.5
MAX
MIN
TYP
MAX
8.0
V
CC
Power supply voltage range
DC current drain
8.0
4.0
4.5
2.5
V
I
2.5
3.3
3.3
4.0
mA
CC
Mute switch input threshold (ON)
(OFF)
V
V
1.7
1.7
1.0
1.0
398
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Typical reading at T = 25°C; V = ±6V, unless otherwise stated. IF frequency = 455kHz; IF level = -47dBm; FM modulation = 1kHz with
A
CC
±8kHz peak deviation. Audio output with C-message weighted filter and de-emphasis capacitor. Test circuit Figure 3. The parameters listed
below are tested using automatic test equipment to assure consistent electrical characterristics. The limits do not represent the ultimate
performance limits of the device. Use of an optimized RF layout will improve many of the listed parameters.
LIMITS
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
NE604A
TYP
-92
SA604A
TYP
-92
UNITS
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
Input limiting -3dB
Test at Pin 16
dBm/50Ω
AM rejection
80% AM 1kHz
30
34
30
80
34
dB
Recovered audio level
Recovered audio level
Total harmonic distortion
Signal-to-noise ratio
15nF de-emphasis
150pF de-emphasis
110
175
530
-42
250
175
530
-42
260
mV
mV
RMS
RMS
THD
S/N
-35
-34
dB
No modulation for noise
RF level = -118dBm
RF level = -68dBm
RF level = -18dBm
73
73
dB
mV
V
0
160
2.65
4.85
90
550
3.0
5.5
0
160
2.65
4.85
90
650
3.1
5.6
1
RSSI output
2.0
4.1
1.9
4.0
V
RSSI range
R = 100k (Pin 5)
4
dB
dB
kΩ
kΩ
kΩ
RSSI accuracy
R = 100k (Pin 5)
4
±1.5
1.6
±1.5
1.6
IF input impedance
IF output impedance
Limiter input impedance
1.4
0.85
1.4
1.4
0.85
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.6
Unmuted audio output resis-
tance
58
58
58
58
kΩ
kΩ
Muted audio output resis-
tance
NOTE:
1. NE604 data sheets refer to power at 50Ω input termination; about 21dB less power actually enters the internal 1.5k input.
NE604 (50)
-97dBm
-47dBm
+3dBm
NE604A (1.5k)/NE605 (1.5k
-118dBm
-68dBm
-18dBm
The NE605 and NE604A are both derived from the same basic die. The NE605 performance plots are directly applicable to the NE604A.
399
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
F
1
NE604A TEST CIRCUIT
C
4
Q = 20 LOADED
C
R
1
C
2
2
C
C
5
6
R
3
INPUT
F
2
R
1
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
C
7
NE 604A
C
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C
C
8
9
S
C
1
10
R
4
C
AUDIO
OUTPUT
DATA
OUTPUT
12
C
11
RSSI
OUTPUT
MUTE
INPUT
V
CC
C1 100nF + 80 – 20% 63V K10000–25V Ceramic
SIGNETICS
NE604A TEST CKT
100nF +10% 50V
100nF +10% 50V
C2
C3
100nF +10% 50V
C4
100nF +10% 50V
C5
C6
10pF +2% 100V NPO Ceramic
100nF +10% 50V
C7
100nF +10% 50V
C8
15nF +10% 50V
C9
150pF +2% 100V N1500 Ceramic
1nF +10% 100V K2000-Y5P Ceramic
C10
C11
6.8µF +20% 25V Tantalum
C12
F1 455kHz Ceramic Filter Murata SFG455A3
455kHz (Ce = 180pF) TOKO RMC 2A6597H
F2
R1
51Ω +1% 1/4W Metal Film
1500Ω +1% 1/4W Metal Film
R2
1500Ω +5% 1/8W Carbon Composition
100kΩ +1% 1/4W Metal Film
R3
R4
SIGNETICS
NE604A TEST CKT
SR00313
Figure 3. NE/SA604A Test Circuit
400
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
GND
42k
42k
700
7k
1.6k
1.6k
40k
40k
700
35k
2k 8k
2k
FULL
WAVE
RECT.
FULL
WAVE
RECT.
4.5k
VOLTAGE/
CURRENT
CONVERTER
V
EE
MUTE
QUAD
VOLT
REG
VOLT
REG
V
CC
DET
40k
BAND
GAP
VOLT
40k
V
CC
55k
80k
80k
55k
80k
3
V
GND
2
CC
1
4
5
6
7
8
SR00314
Figure 4. Equivalent Circuit
401
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
0.5
to
SFG455A3
1.3µH
22pF
1nF
0.1µF
NE604A TEST CIRCUIT
0.1µF
455kHz
Q=20
44.545
3rd OVERTURE
XTAL
5.5µH
5.6pF
0.1µF
SFG455A3
10pF
+6V
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
1
7
6
5
4
100nF
10nF
6.8µF
0.1µF
NE 604A
NE 602
2
0.1µF
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
47pF
22pF
0.1µF
DATA
OUT
0.21
100k
to
0.28µH
+6V
C–MSG
FILTER
AUDIO
OUT
MUTE
100nF
RSSI
NE604A IF INPUT (µV) (1500Ω)
10
100
1k
10k
100k
AUDIO
–0
4V
3V
2V
1V
RSSI (VOLTS)
–20
–40
–60
THD + NOISE
AM (80% MOD)
NOISE
–80
–120
–100
–80
–60
–40
–20
NE602 RF INPUT (dBm) (50Ω)
SR00315
Figure 5. Typical Application Cellular Radio (45MHz to 455kHz)
output of the first limiter is a low impedance emitter follower with
1kΩ of equivalent series resistance. The second limiting stage
consists of three differential amplifiers with a gain of 62dB and a
small signal AC bandwidth of 28MHz. The outputs of the final
differential stage are buffered to the internal quadrature detector.
One of the outputs is available at Pin 9 to drive an external
quadrature capacitor and L/C quadrature tank.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The NE/SA604A is a very high gain, high frequency device.
Correct operation is not possible if good RF layout and gain
stage practices are not used. The NE/SA604A cannot be
evaluated independent of circuit, components, and board
layout. A physical layout which correlates to the electrical
limits is shown in Figure 3. This configuration can be used as
the basis for production layout.
Both of the limiting amplifier stages are DC biased using feedback.
The buffered output of the final differential amplifier is fed back to the
input through 42kΩ resistors. As shown in Figure 4, the input
impedance is established for each stage by tapping one of the
feedback resistors 1.6kΩ from the input. This requires one
additional decoupling capacitor from the tap point to ground.
The NE/SA604A is an IF signal processing system suitable for IF
frequencies as high as 21.4MHz. The device consists of two limiting
amplifiers, quadrature detector, direct audio output, muted audio
output, and signal strength indicator (with output characteristic). The
sub-systems are shown in Figure 4. A typical application with
45MHz input and 455kHz IF is shown in Figure 5.
Because of the very high gain, bandwidth and input impedance of
the limiters, there is a very real potential for instability at IF
frequencies above 455kHz. The basic phenomenon is shown in
Figure 8. Distributed feedback (capacitance, inductance and
radiated fields)
IF Amplifiers
The IF amplifier section consists of two log-limiting stages. The first
consists of two differential amplifiers with 39dB of gain and a small
signal bandwidth of 41MHz (when driven from a 50Ω source). The
402
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
42k
V+
15
16
700
14
7k
1.6k
1
40k
BPF
BPF
SR00316
Figure 6. First Limiter Bias
SR00318
42k
9
Figure 8. Feedback Paths
11
12
V+
40k
8
10
40k
80k
SR00317
Figure 7. Second Limiter and Quadrature Detector
HIGH IMPEDANCE
BPF
HIGH IMPEDANCE
BPF
LOW IMPEDANCE
7a. Terminating High Impedance Filters with Transformation to Low Impedance
BPF
BPF
A
RESISTIVE LOSS INTO BPF
7b. Low Impedance Termination and Gain Reduction
Figure 9. Practical Termination
SR00319
403
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
430
11
16
15
14
13
12
10
9
8
NE 604A
430
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SR00320
Figure 10. Crystal Input Filter with Ceramic Interstage Filter
forms a divider from the output of the limiters back to the inputs
(including RF input). If this feedback divider does not cause
attenuation greater than the gain of the forward path, then oscillation
or low level regeneration is likely. If regeneration occurs, two
symptoms may be present: (1)The RSSI output will be high with no
signal input (should nominally be 250mV or lower), and (2) the
demodulated output will demonstrate a threshold. Above a certain
input level, the limited signal will begin to dominate the regeneration,
and the demodulator will begin to operate in a “normal” manner.
As illustrated in Figure 10, 430Ω external resistors are applied in
parallel to the internal 1.6kΩ load resistors, thus presenting
approximately 330Ω to the filters. The input filter is a crystal type for
narrowband selectivity. The filter is terminated with a tank which
transforms to 330Ω. The interstage filter is a ceramic type which
doesn’t contribute to system selectivity, but does suppress wideband
noise and stray signal pickup. In wideband 10.7MHz IFs the input
filter can also be ceramic, directly connected to Pin 16.
In some products it may be impractical to utilize shielding, but this
mechanism may be appropriate to 10.7MHz and 21.4MHz IF. One
of the benefits of low current is lower radiated field strength, but
lower does not mean non-existent. A spectrum analyzer with an
active probe will clearly show IF energy with the probe held in the
proximity of the second limiter output or quadrature coil. No specific
recommendations are provided, but mechanical shielding should be
considered if layout, bypass, and input impedance reduction do not
solve a stubborn instability.
There are three primary ways to deal with regeneration: (1)
Minimize the feedback by gain stage isolation, (2) lower the stage
input impedances, thus increasing the feedback attenuation factor,
and (3) reduce the gain. Gain reduction can effectively be
accomplished by adding attenuation between stages. This can also
lower the input impedance if well planned. Examples of
impedance/gain adjustment are shown in Figure 9. Reduced gain
will result in reduced limiting sensitivity.
A feature of the NE604A IF amplifiers, which is not specified, is low
phase shift. The NE604A is fabricated with a 10GHz process with
very small collector capacitance. It is advantageous in some
applications that the phase shift changes only a few degrees over a
wide range of signal input amplitudes.
The final stability consideration is phase shift. The phase shift of the
limiters is very low, but there is phase shift contribution from the
quadrature tank and the filters. Most filters demonstrate a large
phase shift across their passband (especially at the edges). If the
quadrature detector is tuned to the edge of the filter passband, the
combined filter and quadrature phase shift can aggravate stability.
This is not usually a problem, but should be kept in mind.
Stability Considerations
The high gain and bandwidth of the NE604A in combination with its
very low currents permit circuit implementation with superior
performance. However, stability must be maintained and, to do that,
every possible feedback mechanism must be addressed. These
mechanisms are: 1) Supply lines and ground, 2) stray layout
inductances and capacitances, 3) radiated fields, and 4) phase shift.
As the system IF increases, so must the attention to fields and
strays. However, ground and supply loops cannot be overlooked,
especially at lower frequencies. Even at 455kHz, using the test
layout in Figure 3, instability will occur if the supply line is not
decoupled with two high quality RF capacitors, a 0.1µF monolithic
Quadrature Detector
Figure 7 shows an equivalent circuit of the NE604A quadrature
detector. It is a multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage. Instead of
mixing two different frequencies, it mixes two signals of common
frequency but different phase. Internal to the device, a constant
amplitude (limited) signal is differentially applied to the lower port of
the multiplier. The same signal is applied single-ended to an
external capacitor at Pin 9. There is a 90° phase shift across the
plates of this capacitor, with the phase shifted signal applied to the
upper port of the multiplier at Pin 8. A quadrature tank (parallel L/C
network) permits frequency selective phase shifting at the IF
frequency. This quadrature tank must be returned to ground through
a DC blocking capacitor.
right at the V pin, and a 6.8µF tantalum on the supply line. An
CC
electrolytic is not an adequate substitute. At 10.7MHz, a 1µF
tantalum has proven acceptable with this layout. Every layout must
be evaluated on its own merit, but don’t underestimate the
importance of good supply bypass.
The loaded Q of the quadrature tank impacts three fundamental
aspects of the detector: Distortion, maximum modulated peak
deviation, and audio output amplitude. Typical quadrature curves
are illustrated in Figure 12. The phase angle translates to a shift in
the multiplier output voltage.
At 455kHz, if the layout of Figure 3 or one substantially similar is
used, it is possible to directly connect ceramic filters to the input and
between limiter stages with no special consideration. At frequencies
above 2MHz, some input impedance reduction is usually necessary.
Figure 9 demonstrates a practical means.
404
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
(5)
Thus a small deviation gives a large output with a high Q tank.
However, as the deviation from resonance increases, the
non-linearity of the curve increases (distortion), and, with too much
deviation, the signal will be outside the quadrature region (limiting
the peak deviation which can be demodulated). If the same peak
deviation is applied to a lower Q tank, the deviation will remain in a
region of the curve which is more linear (less distortion), but creates
a smaller phase angle (smaller output amplitude). Thus the Q of the
quadrature tank must be tailored to the design. Basic equations and
an example for determining Q are shown below. This explanation
includes first-order effects only.
2Q
ω1
1
2
π
1
2
2
V
=
=
ω
OUT
A
Cos
Sin
–
2
2Q
1
2
1
ω
A
( ω )
1
(6)
ω1 + ∆ω
ω
2Q
1
V
OUT
=
2Q
(
)
1
ω1
ω1
2Q ω
π
2
1
For
<<
ω1
Which is discriminated FM output. (Note that ∆ω is the deviation
frequency from the carrier ω1.
Frequency Discriminator Design Equations for
NE604A
Ref. Krauss, Raab, Bastian; Solid State Radio Eng.; Wiley, 1980, p.
311. Example: At 455kHz IF, with +5kHz FM deviation. The
maximum normalized frequency will be
V
OUT
455 +5kHz
= 1.010 or 0.990
455
Go to the f vs. normalized frequency curves (Figure 12) and draw a
vertical straight line at
ω
= 1.01.
ω1
SR00321
Figure 11.
The curves with Q = 100, Q = 40 are not linear, but Q = 20 and less
shows better linearity for this application. Too small Q decreases
(1a)
C
S
1
+
V
V
=
IN
the amplitude of the discriminated FM signal. (Eq. 6)
Q = 20
Choose a
O
C
+ C
S
ω
ω
1
2
P
1
1 +
1
( )
Q S
S
1
The internal R of the 604A is 40k. From Eq. 1c, and then 1b, it
results that
(1b)
(1c)
where ω =
1
L(C + C )
P
S
C
+ C = 174pF and L = 0.7mH.
S
P
Q = R (C + C ) ω
1
1
P
S
A more exact analysis including the source resistance of the
previous stage shows that there is a series and a parallel resonance
in the phase detector tank. To make the parallel and series
resonances close, and to get maximum attenuation of higher
From the above equation, the phase shift between nodes 1 and 2, or
the phase across C will be:
S
ω
(2)
1
harmonics at 455kHz IF, we have found that a C = 10pF and C
=
S
P
Q ω
1
-1
φ =
V
O
-
V
=
t
IN
164pF (commercial values of 150pF or 180pF may be practical), will
give the best results. A variable inductor which can be adjusted
around 0.7mH should be chosen and optimized for minimum
g
ω
2
1
–
( ω )
1
distortion. (For 10.7MHz, a value of C = 1pF is recommended.)
S
Figure 12 is the plot of φ vs. (ωω )
1
Audio Outputs
Two audio outputs are provided. Both are PNP current-to-voltage
It is notable that at ω = ω , the phase shift is
1
π
converters with 55kΩ nominal internal loads. The unmuted output
is always active to permit the use of signaling tones in systems such
as cellular radio. The other output can be muted with 70dB typical
and the response is close to a straight
2
∆φ
2Q
ω1
1
=
line with a slope of
∆ω
attenuation. The two outputs have an internal 180° phase
difference.
The signal V would have a phase shift of
O
2Q
ω1
π
2
1
ω
with respect to the V
.
–
The nominal frequency response of the audio outputs is 300kHz.
this response can be increased with the addition of external
resistors from the output pins to ground in parallel with the internal
55k resistors, thus lowering the output time constant. Singe the
output structure is a current-to-voltage converter (current is driven
into the resistance, creating a voltage drop), adding external parallel
resistance also has the effect of lowering the output audio amplitude
and DC level.
IN
(3)
If V = A Sin ωt
V = A
O
IN
2Q
ω1
π
2
1
ωt +
ω
Sin
–
Multiplying the two signals in the mixer, and
low pass filtering yields:
2
(4)
V
IN • V = A Sin ωt
This technique of audio bandwidth expansion can be effective in
many applications such as SCA receivers and data transceivers.
O
2Q
ω1
π
ωt +
1
ω
Sin
–
2
Because the two outputs have a 180° phase relationship, FSK
demodulation can be accomplished by applying the two output
after low pass filtering
405
1994 Dec 15
Philips Semiconductors
Product specification
High performance low power FM IF system
NE/SA604A
differentially across the inputs of an op amp or comparator. Once
optimized at 0.22µV for 12dB SINAD with minor change in the RSSI
the threshold of the reference frequency (or “no-signal” condition)
has been established, the two outputs will shift in opposite directions
(higher or lower output voltage) as the input frequency shifts. The
output of the comparator will be logic output. The choice of op amp
or comparator will depend on the data rate. With high IF frequency
(10MHz and above), and wide IF bandwidth (L/C filters) data rates in
excess of 4Mbaud are possible.
linearity.
Any application which requires optimized RSSI linearity, such as
spectrum analyzers, cellular radio, and certain types of telemetry,
will require careful attention to limiter interstage component
selection. This will be especially true with high IF frequencies which
require insertion loss or impedance reduction for stability.
At low frequencies the RSSI makes an excellent logarithmic AC
voltmeter.
RSSI
The “received signal strength indicator”, or RSSI, of the NE604A
demonstrates monotonic logarithmic output over a range of 90dB.
The signal strength output is derived from the summed stage
currents in the limiting amplifiers. It is essentially independent of the
IF frequency. Thus, unfiltered signals at the limiter inputs, spurious
products, or regenerated signals will manifest themselves as RSSI
outputs. An RSSI output of greater than 250mV with no signal (or a
very small signal) applied, is an indication of possible regeneration
or oscillation.
For data applications the RSSI is effective as an amplitude shift
keyed (ASK) data slicer. If a comparator is applied to the RSSI and
the threshold set slightly above the no signal level, when an in-band
signal is received the comparator will be sliced. Unlike FSK
demodulation, the maximum data rate is somewhat limited. An
internal capacitor limits the RSSI frequency response to about
100kHz. At high data rates the rise and fall times will not be
symmetrical.
The RSSI output is a current-to-voltage converter similar to the
audio outputs. However, an external resistor is required. With a
In order to achieve optimum RSSI linearity, there must be a 12dB
insertion loss between the first and second limiting amplifiers. With
a typical 455kHz ceramic filter, there is a nominal 4dB insertion loss
in the filter. An additional 6dB is lost in the interface between the
filter and the input of the second limiter. A small amount of
91kΩ resistor, the output characteristic is 0.5V for a 10dB change in
the input amplitude.
Additional Circuitry
additional loss must be introduced with a typical ceramic filter. In the
test circuit used for cellular radio applications (Figure 5) the optimum
Internal to the NE604A are voltage and current regulators which
have been temperature compensated to maintain the performance
of the device over a wide temperature range. These regulators are
not accessible to the user.
linearity was achieved with a 5.1kΩ resistor from the output of the
first limiter (Pin 14) to the input of the interstage filter. With this
resistor from Pin 14 to the filter, sensitivity of 0.25µV for 12dB
SINAD was achieved. With the 3.6kΩ resistor, sensitivity was
200
Q = 100
Φ
175
150
125
100
75
Q = 80
Q = 60
Q = 20
Q = 10
50
25
0
0.95
0.975
1.0
1.025
1.05
SR00322
w
w1
Dw
w1
Figure 12. Phase vs Normalized IF Frequency
+ 1 )
406
1994 Dec 15
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