FAN8060EMPX [ONSEMI]

1.2MHz,1A 同步步降 DC-DC 转换器;
FAN8060EMPX
型号: FAN8060EMPX
厂家: ONSEMI    ONSEMI
描述:

1.2MHz,1A 同步步降 DC-DC 转换器

开关 光电二极管 转换器
文件: 总14页 (文件大小:484K)
中文:  中文翻译
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November 2013  
FAN8060  
1.2 MHz, 1 A Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC  
Regulator  
Features  
Description  
The FAN8060 is a highly efficient, monolithic, current-  
mode, step-down synchronous regulator. It can provide  
1 A continuous current from 2.5 V to 5.5 V input  
voltage. The output voltage can be adjusted from 1.2 V  
up to the input voltage with an external voltage divider.  
.
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.
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Current Mode Control  
Over 96% Efficient  
Selectable Continuous Output Current: 500 mA/1 A  
2.5 V to 5.5 V Input Voltage Range  
Output Voltage as Low as 1.2 V  
1.2 MHz Operating Frequency  
External compensation and soft-start allow for design  
optimization and flexibility. High-frequency operation  
allows for all-ceramic solutions and small footprints. In  
Less than 1 µA Shutdown Current  
External Synchronization from 500 kHz to 2 MHz  
100% Duty Cycle  
addition,  
a
user-selectable current limit provides  
protection against output overload and short circuit.  
FAN8060 features pulse skipping to achieve higher  
efficiency during light load operation. 100% duty cycle  
capability enables power solutions to extend the drop  
out voltage.  
Synchronous Switching FET; no Schottky Diode  
Required  
.
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.
Stable with Ceramic Capacitors  
Light Load Mode with Pulse Skipping  
External Compensation  
Provision for external synchronization allows users to  
minimize input capacitors and manage EMI in solutions.  
External Soft-Start  
FAN8060 is available in a green, low profile, 10-Lead  
3x3 mm MLP package.  
Overload / Short-Circuit Protection  
Under-Voltage Lockout  
Thermal Shutdown  
HI  
10-Lead 3x3 mm Green MLP Package  
INPUT  
2.5 to 5.5V  
EN  
PVIN  
AVIN  
LO  
SYNC  
Applications  
OUTPUT  
1.2V to 5.5V  
FAN8060  
SS  
SW  
LOUT  
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
PDAs  
COMP  
CIN  
R2  
R3  
COUT  
GPS Devices  
MP3 Players  
Mini PCI  
FB  
RC  
PGND  
AGND  
CSS  
CA  
CC  
Digital Cameras  
Peripheral Ports  
DSP Core  
Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit  
USB Devices  
PCMCIA  
Cable Modem  
Data Cards  
Ordering Information  
Operating  
Temperature Range  
Part Number  
Package  
Packing Method  
10-Pin, 3x3 mm Molded Leadless  
Package (MLP)  
FAN8060EMPX  
-40 to +85°C  
Tape & Reel  
For Fairchild’s definition of “green” Eco Status, please visit: http://www.fairchildsemi.com/company/green/rohs_green.html.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
 
Pin Configuration  
1
2
3
4
5
10  
9
EN  
AVIN  
PVIN  
AGND  
FB  
8
COMP  
SS  
7
SW  
6
SYNC  
PGND  
Figure 2. Pin Configuration (Top View)  
Note:  
1. Connect exposed PAD to AGND  
Pin Definitions  
Pin  
1
Name  
EN  
Function  
Enable. Enables operation when pulled to logic HIGH.  
Analog Input Voltage. All internal control circuits are connected to this supply.  
Power Input Voltage. Power stage supply voltage.  
2
AVIN  
PVIN  
SW  
3
4
Switching Node. The drains of both PMOS and NMOS.  
Power Ground. Power return and source of the power NMOS  
5
PGND  
Synchronization. Use this pin to synchronize the part to an external clock. This pin also  
controls current limit threshold. Tie to ground for 1.0 A or tie to VIN for 0.5 A continuous load  
current. When an external clock is applied, the default current setting is 1 A. This pin has a  
pull-down resistor of 450 K.  
6
SYNC  
7
8
SS  
Soft-Start. A capacitor connected between this pin and AGND can set soft-start time.  
Compensation. Error amplifier output. Connect the external compensation network between  
this pin and AGND.  
COMP  
9
FB  
Output Voltage Feedback. Connect through a resistor divider to set the output voltage.  
Analog Ground. Ground return for all internal control circuits.  
10  
AGND  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
2
Absolute Maximum Ratings  
Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be  
operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended.  
In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device  
reliability. The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. All voltage values, except differential voltages, are  
given with respect to the network ground terminal. Stress beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may  
cause permanent damage to the device.  
Symbols  
Parameter  
Min.  
Max.  
Unit  
VPVIN  
VAVIN  
VSW  
PVIN (AGND=PGND)  
AVIN (AGND=PGND)  
-0.3  
-0.3  
-0.3  
-0.3  
-65  
6.0  
6.0  
V
V
Switch Voltage, SW to GND  
All other pins except COMP  
Storage Temperature  
VIN + 0.3 or 6.0  
6.0  
V
V
TSTG  
TJ  
+150  
°C  
°C  
Junction Temperature  
-40  
+125  
Human Body Model,  
JESD22-A114  
2.0  
2.5  
ESD  
Electrostatic Discharge Protection  
kV  
Charged Device Model,  
JESD22-C101  
Note:  
2. COMP pin has an internal clamp to 1.5 V.  
Recommended Operating Conditions  
The Recommended Operating Conditions table defines the conditions for actual device operation. Recommended  
operating conditions are specified to ensure optimal performance to the datasheet specifications. Fairchild does not  
recommend exceeding them or designing to Absolute Maximum Ratings.  
Symbol  
VIN  
Parameter  
Min.  
2.5  
Max.  
5.5  
Unit  
V
Supply Voltage  
Ambient Operating Temperature  
TA  
-40  
+85  
°C  
Thermal Information  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Min.  
-65  
Typ.  
Max.  
+150  
+300  
Units  
TSTG  
TL  
Storage Temperature  
°C  
°C  
Lead Soldering Temperature, 30 Seconds  
Thermal Resistance: Junction-to-Ambient  
Thermal Resistance: Junction-to-Case(3)  
Total Power Dissipation in the package, TA=25°C(3)  
49  
8
°C/W  
°C/W  
W
θJA  
θJc  
PD  
1.3  
Note:  
3. Typical thermal resistance when mounted on a four-layer PCB. Actual results are dependent upon mounting  
method and surface related to the design.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
3
 
Electrical Characteristics  
VIN=5.0 V, VOUT=2.5 V, COUT=10 µF, CIN=10 µF, over operating range, unless otherwise noted.  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Min.  
Typ.  
Max.  
Units  
Basic Operation  
VIN  
IQ  
VIN Operating Voltage  
Quiescent Current  
AVIN=PVIN  
2.5  
5.5  
500  
0.60  
2.25  
V
µA  
µA  
V
VEN=5 V, VSS=0 V  
VEN=0 V  
250  
371  
0.34  
2.19  
70  
ISD  
Shutdown Current  
VUVLO  
VIN Under-Voltage Lockout  
Rising VIN  
2.10  
0.80  
VUVLOHYS VIN Under-Voltage Lockout Hysteresis  
mV  
V
VENH  
VENL  
Enable High Input Voltage  
Enable Low Input Voltage  
1.70  
1.22  
200  
300  
200  
300  
1.2  
2.00  
V
VIN=5 V  
RONPMOS PMOS On Resistance(4)  
RONNMOS NMOS On Resistance(4)  
mΩ  
mΩ  
A
VIN=3.3 V  
VIN=5 V  
VIN=3.3 V  
VSYNC=0 V  
P-Channel Current Limit  
ILIM  
VFB=0.7 V, VIN=5 V, 100% Duty Cycle  
VSYNC=VIN  
0.6  
fOSC  
VSYNC  
fSYNC  
tSYNC  
Oscillator Frequency  
TA=25°C  
1.105  
500  
1.210  
VIN/2  
1.350  
2000  
MHz  
V
SYNC Threshold  
Rising Edge  
VSYNC=Square Wave  
VSYNC On Time  
Sink/Source Current  
Synchronization Frequency  
Minimum SYNC Pulse Width  
KHz  
ns  
100  
45  
30  
60  
µA  
(4)  
IAMP  
Error Amplifier  
GEA  
700  
1000  
550  
3
1400  
µA/V  
V/V  
A/V  
(4)  
AVEA  
GCS  
Current Sense Gain(4)  
Reference Voltage for Temperature  
Co-efficient, see Figure 12  
Measured at FB Pin  
TA=25°C  
VREF  
1.181  
1.205  
1.229  
V
IFB  
ISS  
FB Bias Current  
TA=25°C  
-0.10  
-5.5  
-0.06  
-4.5  
0
µA  
µA  
Soft-Start Current  
-3.5  
Protections  
TOTP  
Over-Temperature Threshold(4)  
Over-Temperature Hysteresis  
+165  
+20  
°C  
°C  
THYS  
Note:  
4. Guaranteed by design and characterization; not production tested.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
4
 
Functional Block Diagram  
AVIN  
To Internal Supply  
PVIN  
SYNC  
+
Current  
Sense  
-
450k  
+
+
Oscillator  
Slope  
Compensation  
EN  
Enable  
& Reference  
Logic  
&
Driver  
SW  
OTP  
4uA  
PWM  
Vref  
+
-
+
Pulse  
Skip  
SS  
FB  
+
GM  
+
-
-
1.4V  
PGND  
Low Current  
Detect  
Short  
Circuit  
Protection  
COMP  
AGND  
Figure 3. Functional Block Diagram  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
5
Operation Description  
The FAN8060 is a step-down converter operating in  
current-mode PWM architecture with a typical switching  
frequency of 1.2 MHz. At the beginning of each clock  
cycle, the P-channel transistor is turned on. The current  
in the inductor ramps up and is sensed via an internal  
circuit. The P-channel switch is turned off when the  
sensed current causes the PWM comparator to trip,  
which is when the output voltage is in regulation or  
when the inductor current reaches the current limit (set  
internally to 1.2 A, typically). After a minimum dead time  
to prevent shoot-through current, the N-channel  
transistor is turned on and the current ramps down. As  
the clock cycle is completed, the N-channel switch is  
turned off and the next clock cycle starts.  
Soft Start  
When the input voltage on AVIN exceeds the UVLO  
threshold and EN is high, the circuit releases SS and  
enables the PWM regulator. A capacitor connected to  
the SS pin and AGND is charged by a 4 μA internal  
current source, causing the voltage on the capacitor to  
rise. When this voltage reaches 1.2 V, the output is in  
regulation. The SS voltage continues to rise to AVIN.  
The time for the output to reach regulation is given by  
the following equation:  
CSS (nF)  
t(ms) =  
(1)  
(
4µA/1.2V  
)
Output overload and short-circuit protection is active  
during soft-start. When the part is disabled, SS pin is  
pulled low internally.  
Light Load Operation  
As the output load reduces, the current in the inductor  
during off time is sensed across the low side MOSFET.  
When the current reverses direction, the low-side  
MOSFET is turned off and the high-side MOSFET is not  
turned on until the output is out of regulation.  
Overload & Short-Circuit Protection  
FAN8060 employs cycle-by-cycle current limiting, which  
limits current by reducing duty cycle during overload. As  
the load increases beyond the limit, the output voltage  
starts to reduce, thereby reducing the FB voltage. When  
the FB node is half the reference voltage and the  
COMP node has reached maximum value, short-circuit  
protection is detected. At that time, both the SS pin and  
the COMP pin are pulled to ground until the inductor  
current crosses zero. At that point, both SS and COMP  
are released for the current to ramp up again. This  
continues until the short-circuit condition is released.  
100% Duty Cycle Operation  
As the input voltage approaches the output voltage, the  
controller starts to increase the duty cycle to maintain  
output regulation until duty cycle reaches 85%. The  
controller then transitions to a 100% duty cycle mode  
over several cycles to support the load. When the  
dropout condition is met, the converter turns the P-  
channel high side continuously on. In this mode, the  
output voltage is equal to the input voltage, minus the  
voltage drop across the P-channel MOSFET.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
6
Typical Performance Characteristics  
VIN=5 V, VOUT=2.4 V, L=3.3 µH, CIN=10 µF, COUT=10 µF, fS=1.2 MHz, TA=25°C, unless otherwise noted.  
EN(2V/div.)  
VSW(2V/div.)  
EN(2V/div.)  
VSW(2V/div.)  
VOUT(2V/div.)  
VOUT(2V/div.)  
IL((1A/div.)  
IL((1A/div.)  
[1ms/div.]  
[1ms/div.]  
Figure 4. EN Startup with 1 A Load  
Figure 5. EN Turn off with 1 A Load  
VSW(2V/div.)  
VSW(2V/div.)  
VOUT(2V/div.)  
VOUT(2V/div.)  
IL((1A/div.)  
IL((1A/div.)  
[500ns/div.]  
[200ns/div.]  
Figure 6. PWM Operation with 1 A Load  
Figure 7. 2 MHz Sync Operation with 1 A Load  
VOUT(10mV/div. AC coupled)  
VSW(2V/div.)  
VOUT(50mV/div. AC coupled)  
IOUT(500mA/div.)  
Slew rate : 2.5A/us  
IL((1A/div.)  
[500ns/div.]  
[200µs/div.]  
Figure 8. Load Transient Response(Step-up/down)  
Figure 9. Output Voltage Ripple with 1 A Load  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
7
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)  
VIN=5 V, VOUT=2.4 V, L=3.3 µH, CIN=10 µF, COUT=10 µF, fS=1.2 MHz, TA=25°C, unless otherwise noted.  
0.10  
0.05  
98  
95  
92  
89  
86  
83  
80  
3.3VIN/2.4VO  
3.3VIN/2.4VO  
0.00  
-0.05  
-0.10  
-0.15  
-0.20  
-0.25  
-0.30  
5VIN/2.4VO  
5VIN/2.4VO  
0
0.2  
0.4  
0.6  
0.8  
1
0
0.2  
0.4  
0.6  
0.8  
1
Load Current [A]  
Load Current [A]  
Figure 10. Normalized VOUT vs. Load Current  
Figure 11. Efficiency vs. Load Current  
4.00  
2.00  
0.00  
-2.00  
-4.00  
-50  
-25  
0
25  
50  
75  
100  
Temperature []  
Temperature []  
Figure 12. Normalized VREF vs. Temperature  
Figure 13. Normalized Oscillation Frequency  
vs. Temperature  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
8
 
Applications Information  
Refer to Figure 1 for reference designators.  
Input Capacitor Selection  
The input capacitor reduces the RMS current drawn  
from the input and switching noise from the device. The  
combined RMS current rating for the input capacitor  
should be greater than the value calculated by the  
following equation:  
Output Voltage Setting  
The output voltage of the FAN8060 can be set from  
1.2 V to VIN by an external resistor divider, given by the  
following equation:  
IRMS = IOUTMAX ( D D2 )  
R2  
(5)  
VOUT = 1.2(1+  
)
(2)  
R3  
where:  
where, VOUT equals the output voltage.  
IRMS  
= RMS current of the input capacitor; and  
Inductor Selection  
IOUTMAX = Maximum output current.  
Typically, the inductor value is chosen based on ripple  
current (IL), which is chosen between 10% and 35% of  
the maximum DC load. Regulator designs that require  
fast transient response use a higher ripple-current  
setting, while regulator designs that require higher  
efficiency keep ripple current on the low side and  
operate at a lower switching frequency.  
Small, high value, inexpensive, lower-ESR ceramic  
capacitors are recommended; 10 µF ceramic  
capacitors with X7R or X5R should be adequate for  
1 A applications.  
Loop Compensation  
The loop is compensated using a feedback network  
connected between COMP and AGND. Figure 14  
For a given output voltage ripple requirement, L can be  
calculated by the following equation:  
shows  
a Type-2 compensation network used to  
stabilize the FAN8060.  
VOUT (1D)  
L ≥  
(3)  
IL fS  
Vout  
where;  
R2  
R3  
D
=
=
=
Duty ratio (VO/VIN);  
Switching frequency; and  
Inductor ripple value, typically set to 10% -  
VFB  
-
fS  
Ve  
G
m
IL  
R
C
C
+
35% of the maximum steady-state load current.  
C
A
C
The inductor should have a low DCR to minimize the  
conduction losses and maximize efficiency. Some  
recommended inductors are suggested in Table 1:  
Vref  
Figure 14. Compensation Network  
Table 1. Recommended Inductors (3.3 µH)  
The goal of the compensation design is to shape the  
frequency response of the converter to achieve high  
DC gain and fast transient, while maintaining loop  
stability. FAN8060 employs peak-current-mode control  
for easy use and fast transient response. Current mode  
control helps simplify the loop to a one-pole and one  
zero system.  
Size[mm2]  
7x7x3  
DCR  
23 mΩ  
60 mΩ  
78 mΩ  
130 mΩ  
Part Number  
SLF7032T-3R3  
LTF5022T-3R3  
VLCF4020T-3R3  
VLF3012AT-3R3  
Vendor  
TDK  
5x5x2  
TDK  
4x4x2  
TDK  
2.6x2.8x1.2  
TDK  
The DC gain of the voltage feedback loop is given by:  
Output Capacitor Selection  
VFB  
AVDC = RL GCS AVEA  
(6)  
The output capacitor is selected based on the needs of  
the final application and its output ripple requirements.  
A larger output capacitor value reduces the output  
ripple voltage. The formula of output ripple ΔVOUT is:  
VOUT  
where:  
AVDC = DC gain of the feedback loop;  
RL = Load resistor value (VOUT/IOUT);  
1
VOUT ≅ ∆I ESR +  
(4)  
L  
8 COUT fS  
GCS = Current sense gain (3 A/V);  
where COUT is the output capacitor.  
AVEA = Error amplifier voltage gain (550 V/V); and  
VFB = Feedback threshold voltage (1.2 V).  
ESR is the equivalent series resistance of the output  
capacitor.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
9
 
 
The system pole is calculated by the equation:  
1
If required, add the second compensation capacitor  
(CA) to set the pole fP3 at the location of the ESR zero.  
Determine (CA) value by the equation:  
fP1  
=
(7)  
2π COUT RL  
COUT ESR  
CA  
=
(14)  
The system zero is due to the output capacitor and its  
ESR. System zero is calculated by the equation:  
RC  
1
fz1  
=
(8)  
2π COUT ESR  
Design Example  
Table 2 provides component values for delivering  
various output voltages with loads up to 1 A with VIN at  
5 V (±10% tolerance).  
The output characteristics of the error (Gm) amplifier  
are controlled by a series capacitor and resistor  
network connected at the COMP pin to GND.  
The pole is calculated by the following equation:  
Table 2. Recommended Feedback and  
Compensation Values (VIN=5 V)  
GEA  
fp2  
=
(9)  
2π CC AVEA  
VO  
C4  
L1  
R2  
R3  
R1  
C5  
C2  
where:  
Short  
Open  
1.2 V  
1.5 V  
1.8 V  
2.5 V  
3.3 V  
GEA = Error Amplifier Transconductance (1000 µA/V);  
and  
2.55 k10.2 kΩ  
5.9 k11.8 kΩ  
16.2 k15 kΩ  
18.7 k10.7 kΩ  
10 µF 3.3 µH  
4.7 k1.5 nF 150 pF  
CC = compensation capacitor.  
Zero is due to the compensation capacitor (CC) and  
resistor (RC) calculated by the following equation:  
1
HI  
INPUT  
2.5 to 5.5V  
fz2  
=
EN  
LO  
PVIN  
AVIN  
(10)  
2π CC RC  
SYNC  
SS  
OUTPUT  
2.5V/1A  
FAN8060  
SW  
where RC is compensation resistor.  
L1  
3.3µH  
R2  
16.2k  
COMP  
R1  
4.7k  
The system crossover frequency (fC), where the control  
loop has unity gain, is recommended to be set at 1/10th  
of switching frequency. Generally, higher fC means  
faster response to load transients, but can result in  
instability if not properly compensated.  
FB  
C3  
10µF  
C4  
10µF  
AGND  
PGND  
C1  
C2  
R3  
15k  
10nF 150pF  
C5  
1.5nF  
Figure 15. Recommended Schematic (5 VIN to  
2.5 VO)  
The first step in compensation design is choosing the  
compensation resistor (RC) to set the crossover  
frequency by the following equation:  
2π COUT fC VOUT  
GCS GEA VFB  
RC  
=
(11)  
where VFB is reference voltage.  
The next step is choosing the compensation capacitor  
(CC) to achieve the desired phase margin. For  
applications with typical inductor values, setting the  
compensation zero, fZ2, to below one fourth of the  
crossover frequency provides sufficient phase margin.  
Determine the (CC) value by the following equation:  
2
CC  
=
(12)  
π RC fC  
Then determine if the second compensation capacitor  
(CA) is required. It is required if the ESR zero of the  
output capacitor is located at less than half of the  
switching frequency.  
fS  
1
<
(13)  
2π COUT ESR  
2
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
10  
 
PCB Layout Recommendations  
The switching power supply PCB layout needs careful  
attention and is critical to achieving low losses and  
clean and stable operation. Although each design is  
different, below are some general recommendations for  
a good PCB layout.  
.
.
.
Keep the high-current traces and load connectors  
as short and wide as possible. These traces  
consist of VIN, GND, VOUT, and SW.  
Place the input capacitor, the inductor, and the  
output capacitor as close as possible to the IC  
terminals.  
Keep the loop area between SW node, inductor,  
and output capacitors as small as possible;  
minimizing ground loops to reduce EMI issues.  
Figure 16. Recommended PCB Layout  
.
.
Route high-dV/dt signals, such as SW node, away  
from the error amplifier input/output pins.  
Keep components connected to the FB and COMP  
pins close to the pins.  
© 2013 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation  
FAN8060 • Rev. 1.0.1  
www.fairchildsemi.com  
11  
10  
6
A
2.25  
2.20  
2.00  
0.55  
0.78  
3.0  
B
0.10 C  
2X  
2.33  
3.0  
2X  
1.55 2.00 3.10  
0.23  
0.02  
0.50  
0.10 C  
0.20  
0.25  
TOP VIEW  
0.80 MAX  
0.10 C  
1
5
D
LAND PATTERN RECOMMENDATION  
0.08 C  
SEATING PLANE  
SIDE VIEW  
C
0.05  
0.00  
NOTES:  
0.30  
0.20  
A. CONFORMS TO JEDEC REGISTRATION  
MO-229, VARIATION WEED-5  
0.5  
0.38  
1
5
B. DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS  
C. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES PER  
ASME Y14.5M, 2009  
PIN #1  
IDENT  
D. LAND PATTERN DIMENSIONS ARE  
NOMINAL REFERENCE VALUES ONLY  
E. DRAWING FILENAME: MKT-MLP10Brev2  
1.60  
1.50  
3.10  
2.90  
10  
6
0.45  
0.35  
2.0  
2.30  
2.20  
M
M
0.10  
0.05  
C A B  
C
3.10  
2.90  
BOTTOM VIEW  
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