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AZ46019 [PANASONIC]

Snap Acting/Limit Switch, SPDT, Momentary, 5A, 30VDC, 5mm, Quick Connect Terminal, Push Plunger Actuator, Panel Mount, ROHS COMPLIANT;
AZ46019
型号： AZ46019
厂家： PANASONIC    PANASONIC
描述：

Snap Acting/Limit Switch, SPDT, Momentary, 5A, 30VDC, 5mm, Quick Connect Terminal, Push Plunger Actuator, Panel Mount, ROHS COMPLIANT

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文件： 总21页 (文件大小：709K)
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’06–’07  
Limit Switches  
These materials are printed on ECF pulp.  
These materials are printed with earth-friendly vegetable-based (soybean oil) ink.  
Please contact ..........  
Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.  
Automation Controls Business Unit  
Head Office: 1048, Kadoma, Kadoma-shi, Osaka 571-8686, Japan  
Telephone: +81-6-6908-1050  
Facsimile: +81-6-6908-5781  
http://www.nais-e.com/  
Limit Switches  
ARCT1B272E ’06.9  
All Rights Reserved © 2006 COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.  
Specifications are subject to change without notice. Printed in Japan.  
ARCT1B272E 200609-1YT  
Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.  
QL (AZ4) Micro  
Limit Switches  
SUBMINIATURE SIZE  
LIMIT SWITCHES  
High precision micro limit switches with excellent environment proofing  
Quickly upgraded to limit switches with lamps by mounting an LED lamp socket  
An exposed terminal type model com-  
bined with a socket with cord for the  
built-in LED lamp (sold separately) easily  
become a limit switch with lamp.  
Convenient for maintenance such as  
operations checks.  
bly, an O.P. accuracy of 0.2mm  
.008inch can be safeguarded between  
lots, so that almost no operating position  
adjustment is required during either  
attachment or replacement.  
6. A subminiature limit switch with a  
great stroke margin (O.T./T.T.)  
The T.T. has been enlarged by using a  
switching mechanism by coil spring for  
QL.  
QL limit  
with lamp  
QL exposed  
terminal type  
Socket with  
LED lamp  
7. Long life  
LED lamp  
The unit has a long mechanical life of  
minimum 107 times and a long electrical  
life of min. 3 ꢀ 105 times (5A, 250V AC  
resistance load) by means of a silver  
alloy contact with excellent solvent-proof  
characteristics and a guaranteed wiping  
operation that possesses two hinges and  
switching method by coil spring.  
8. A mechanism with excellent envi-  
ronment proofing  
3. With appropriate O.T. range display  
The arm model has a convenient appro-  
priate O.T. range display for attachment  
adjustment work. This should be set so  
that the operations display board’s indi-  
cated protrusion winds inside the protru-  
sion on the axle receptor, permitting use  
under optimum conditions.  
L socket type (roller arm)  
RoHS Directive compatibility information  
http://www.nais-e.com/  
FEATURES  
1. Subminiature design  
• A protective construction equivalent to  
O.T. exceeded  
The size of the actual unit is approxi-  
mately 1/10 in the case of the plunger  
model and approximately 1/6.5 in the  
case of the arm model, that of the verti-  
cal type limit switch.  
Large-scale miniaturization has been  
achieved. Ideal for miniaturized machin-  
ery designs or highly accurate miniatur-  
ized machines.  
IEC IP64  
Appropriate range  
The actuator has an axle seal with spe-  
cial packing, and the main case and ter-  
minals have both a waterproof ring and  
an epoxy-sealed mechanism. Also, the  
entire mechanism is water-proof due to  
the optional socket.  
Insufficient O.T. range  
Appropriate range  
Operating display board  
O.T. exceeded  
4. Terminal uses both solder and tab  
(#110)  
Socket with cord type... IP64 equivalent  
5. O.P. accuracy of 0.2 (O.P. repeated  
accuracy initially 0.03) achieved  
Attachment accuracy improved greatly  
The plunger model has achieved a high  
O.P. repeated accuracy of within  
0.03mm through the development of a  
unique switch mechanism and a stan-  
dard attachment surface on the upper  
surface of the unit (a surface with no  
slants.)  
• A sturdy, shockproof construction  
The body uses die-cast zinc, and the  
actuator uses stainless steel. Moreover,  
shock absorbers have been added to  
lessen the shock during plunger release.  
Approx. 1/10  
r
Plunger model  
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS  
Any application where compactness,  
density, and robustness, such as sub-  
miniaturized machines and plant machin-  
ery, is required.  
Vertical type  
QL  
Also, through a unique mechanism that  
permits adjustment of the O.P. in each  
individual product at the time of assem-  
2. A lamp can be easily added for  
operations checks  
PRODUCT TYPE  
1. Switch body  
Actuator  
Push plunger  
Exposed terminal type  
AZ4001  
L socket type*  
AZ4601  
Socket with cord type*  
AZ4701  
Roller plunger  
AZ4002  
AZ4602  
AZ4702  
Cross roller plunger  
Roller arm  
AZ4003  
AZ4603  
AZ4703  
AZ4004  
AZ4604  
AZ4704  
Adjustable rod  
AZ4007  
AZ4607  
AZ4707  
Adjustable roller arm  
AZ4008  
AZ4608  
AZ4708  
Notes) 1. Cadmium free contact types are available on a custom-made basis. Please add an “F” to the end of the part number when ordering.  
2. *L socket type or socket with cord type is combination of;  
L socket type = Exposed terminal type + L socket, Socket with cord type = Exposed terminal type + Socket with cord type (cord length: 1m)  
3. UL recognized, CSA certified type available. When ordering, add suffix 9 to part No..  
(For the socket with cord type, only UL recognized type available with suffix 9 to the part No.)  
38  
QL (AZ4)  
2. Socket  
Applicable limit switches  
Exposed terminal types  
Specifications  
L socket  
Part No.  
AZ3806  
AZ3807  
AZ3827  
AZ3837  
AZ3857  
Socket with cord (1 m)  
Socket with cord (2 m)  
Socket with cord (3 m)  
Socket with cord (5 m)  
3. Socket with LED  
Applicable limit switches  
Lamp connection  
Lamp rating  
6V DC  
Part No.  
AZ3807162  
AX3807161  
AZ380716  
AZ3807362  
AZ3807361  
AZ380736  
Normally open connection  
Normally closed connection  
12V DC  
24V to 48V DC  
6V DC  
Exposed terminal types  
12V DC  
24V to 48V DC  
Notes) 1. Types with 24 to 48V DC lamp rating are recommended for PC input use.  
2. The following cord lengths are also available and lot-produced upon request.  
The 5th digit (boxed) of product code denotes the length of cord.  
Numerals come in the asterisked (*) digits, which show the lamp specifications.  
The 7th digit: 1: N.O. connection, 3: N.C. connection  
Cord length  
2m 6.562ft.  
3m 9.843ft.  
5m 16.404ft.  
Part No.  
∗ ∗  
AZ38 7 6  
2
∗ ∗  
AZ38 7 6  
3
The 9th digit: None: 24 to 48V DC, 1: 12V DC, 2: 6V DC  
∗ ∗  
AZ38 7 6  
5
FOREIGN STANDARDS  
Standards  
Applicable product  
Part No.  
File No.  
Ratings  
: E122222  
UL recognized product  
CSA certified product  
: 5A 250V AC  
Product type : All products  
Add “9” to the end of the part No.  
File No.  
Ratings  
: LR55880  
: 5A 250V AC  
Product type : All products excluding socket with cord types.  
SPECIFICATIONS  
1. Rating  
Rated control voltage  
Resistive load (cos φ]1)  
Inductive load (cos φ]0.4)  
125V AC  
5A  
250V AC  
5A  
30V DC  
5A  
125V DC  
0.4A  
3A  
3A  
3A  
0.1A  
2. Characteristics  
Contact arrangement  
1 From C  
Initial contact resistance, max.  
Contact material  
50 mΩ (By voltage drop 5 to 6V DC 1A)  
Ag alloy (Contains cadmium.)  
Min. 100MΩ  
Initial insulation resistance (At 500V DC)  
Between non-consective terminals  
1000 Vrms for 1 min  
Initial breakdown voltage  
Between dead metal parts and each terminal  
Between ground and each terminal  
In the free position  
1500 Vrms for 1 min  
1500 Vrms for 1 min  
Max. 300 m/s2 {Approx. 30G} (Adjustable rod type and adjustable roller  
Shock resistance  
arm type: Min. 100m/s2 {Approx. 10G}  
In the full operating position  
Vibration resistance  
10 to 55 Hz, double amplitude of 1.5 mm  
107 (at 120 cpm)  
3 ꢀ 105 (at 20 cpm, 5A 250V resistive load)  
–20 to +60°C –4 to +140°F  
Max. 95% R.H.  
Mechanical  
Electrical  
Expected life (min. operations)  
Ambient temperature  
Ambient humidity  
Max. operating speed  
120 cpm  
3. Operating characteristics  
Movement  
Differential [M.D.]  
max. mm inch  
Characteristics  
Actuator  
Operating Force  
[O.F.] (N{gf}) max.  
Release Force  
[R.F.] (N{gf}) min.  
Pretravel [P.T.], max.  
mm inch  
Overtravel [O.T.],  
min. mm inch  
Totaltravel [T.T.],  
min.  
Push plunger  
6.86 {700}  
6.86 {700  
6.86 {700}  
4.41 {450}  
0.69 {70}  
0.69 {70}  
0.69 {70}  
0.24 {25}  
1 .039  
1 .039  
0.15 .006  
0.15 .006  
0.15 .006  
3°  
4 .157  
–
–
Roller plunger  
Cross roller plunger  
Roller arm  
4 .157  
1 .039  
4 .157  
–
15° 3°  
15° 3°  
15° 3°  
–
–
–
80°  
80°  
80°  
Adjustable rod  
Adjustable roller arm  
4.41 {450} to 1.11 {113} 0.24 {25} to 0.06 {6}  
4.41 {450} to 2.01 {205} 0.24 {25} to 0.11 {11}  
3°  
3°  
Note) For the operating characteristics, refer to the TECHNICAL INFORMATION.  
4. Protective characteristics  
5. LED rating  
Protective construction  
Type with socket  
and cord  
Switch body  
L socket type  
Rated operating voltage Operating voltage range  
Internal resistance  
IEC  
IP64  
IP65  
IP66  
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
6V DC  
12V DC  
5 to 15V DC  
9 to 28V DC  
20 to 55V DC  
2.4kΩ  
4.7kΩ  
15kΩ  
–
–
24 to 48V DC  
Note) For the switch proper, protect its terminals.  
39  
QL (AZ4)  
2. Actual load life curve (relay coil load)  
DATA  
WIRING DIAGRAMS  
,
1 000  
1. Life curve  
,
1 000  
QL  
900  
800  
700  
600  
500  
400  
300  
200  
100  
30  
1
Operating rate: 20 cpm  
COM  
2
N.C.  
500  
3
N.O.  
0
0.5 1  
3
5
50  
260 700  
250 V AC  
Resistive load  
(NK) (HC) (HP) (HG) (VC20) (FC-10) (FC-35) (FC-100)  
→
)
(
Various relay loads VA  
0
1
2
3
4
5
Note) The FC magnetic contactor series is 200 V AC.  
→
(
)
A
Applied load  
The NK is 2 Form C 24 V DC type.  
23.7  
mm inch  
23.7  
.933  
Roller pluger  
.933  
14 dia.  
.551  
DIMENSIONS  
10.5ꢀ3.8 dia.  
14 dia.  
.551  
8 dia.  
15.4  
.606  
(
)
1 max. P.T.  
.413ꢀ.150 dia.  
15.4  
.606  
.315  
(
)
1 max. P.T.  
.039  
.039  
stainless steel roller  
1. L socket type  
stainless  
steel plunger  
(
)
O.P.  
(
)
4.9  
.193  
O.P.  
17.2 0.2  
.677 .008  
Push plunger  
4.9  
.193  
25.5 0.2  
1.004 .008  
12.6  
.496  
12.6  
.496  
28 0.2  
28 0.2  
1.6  
1.6  
1.102 .008  
3.6  
1.102 .008  
3.6  
.063  
.063  
.142  
2-4.5 dia.  
2-.177  
mounting holes  
37.2  
1.465  
.142  
2-4.5 dia.  
2-.177  
mounting holes  
37.2  
15.6  
.614  
15.6  
.614  
1.465  
(
)
M12 P=1.25  
(
)
M12 P=1.25  
AZ4601  
AZ4602  
Weight:  
90g  
head section M8  
head section M8  
hexagon nut  
hexagon nut  
Weight:  
90g  
15.6  
.614  
15.6  
.614  
23  
23  
.906  
.906  
(
)
)
2.4  
13  
.512  
(
)
)
2.4  
13  
(
.094  
(
.094  
M3 socket  
M3 socket  
fastening screw  
14.8  
.583  
.512  
14 0.2  
14.8  
.583  
14 0.2  
.551 .008  
fastening screw  
.551 .008  
)
7.5  
8
.315  
8
.315  
(
)
25  
7.5  
.295  
(
25  
(
)
.984  
(
)
.295General tolerance: 0.4 .016  
)
32.5 1.280  
.984  
(Set with AZ4001 exposed terminal  
type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
(Set with AZ4002 exposed terminal  
type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
(
)
(
)
32.5 1.280  
(
)
(
23.7  
.933  
(
)
)
23.7  
.933  
15.4  
.606  
8.3  
Cross roller plunger  
Roller arm  
(
.327  
PT 15° 3°  
12.5ꢀ3.8 dia.  
.492ꢀ.150 dia.  
14 dia.  
.551  
38.1 1  
1.500 .039  
10.5ꢀ3.8 dia.  
(
)
1 max. P.T.  
16  
.630  
35.1  
1
.413ꢀ.150 dia.  
stainless steel roller  
.039  
1.382 .039  
27 min.  
1.063  
stainless steel roller  
(
)
O.P.  
R25  
M4 arm  
4.9  
.193  
M4 arm fixing  
with hexagonal holes  
25.5 0.2  
1.004 .008  
fixing nut  
(
)
12.6  
.496  
22.5  
.886  
28 0.2  
14.5  
.571  
14 0.2  
1.6  
1.102 .008  
3.6  
.551 .008  
AZ4603  
AZ4604  
Weight:  
92.5g  
.063  
.142  
2-4.5 dia.  
2-.177  
mounting holes  
37.2  
15.6  
.614  
1.465  
3.6  
4.8  
.189  
28 0.2  
1.102 .008  
37.5  
1.476  
.142  
(
)
M12 P=1.25  
head section M8  
hexagon nut  
15.6  
.614  
2-4.5 0.2 dia.  
2-.177 .008 dia.  
mounting holes  
15.6  
.614  
23  
.906  
23  
.906  
(
)
(
)
)
2.4  
2.4  
13  
.512  
8
(
)
M12 P=1.25  
(
)
.094  
(
.094  
14.8  
.583  
.315  
M3 socket  
14 0.2  
14.8  
.583  
head section M8  
M3 socket  
fastening screw  
fastening screw  
.551 .008  
(
15.6  
.614  
Between side  
7.5  
.295  
25  
.984  
8
.315  
)
distance 13  
38.8  
1.528 .039  
1
(
)
25  
7.5  
.295  
(
) (  
)
(
)
32.5 1.280  
(Set with AZ4003 exposed terminal  
type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
.984  
(Set with AZ4004 exposed terminal  
type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
General tolerance: 0.4 .016  
(
)
(
)
32.5 1.280  
Adjustable roller arm  
Adjustable rod  
PT 15° 3°  
15°  
23.7  
.933  
44.6  
1.756 .039  
1
2.6 dia.  
.102 dia. stainless rod  
23.7  
.933  
(
)
)
12.5ꢀ3.8 dia.  
.492ꢀ.150 dia.  
stainless steel roller  
8.3  
(
(
)
8.5  
.335  
37.3  
1.469 .039  
1
41.6  
1
(
.327  
)
Presettable at any angle  
1.638 .039  
5
.197  
35.9  
1.413 .039  
1
Adjustable  
length rod  
25–100  
.984–3.937  
(
)
in the 360° range  
16  
.630  
Presettable at any angle  
32.9  
1
(
)
in the 360° range  
Adjustable  
M4 rod fastening plate screw  
(
(
)
1.295 .039  
length rod  
)
Rod fastening plate  
M4 arm fastening plate screw  
(
(
)
25~55  
)
.984~2.165  
Arm fastening plate  
22.5  
.886  
Mounting metal  
14.5  
.571  
22.5  
.886  
Mounting metal  
14.5  
.571  
14 0.2  
.551 .008  
AZ4607  
Weight:  
94.5g  
M6 mounting  
metal fastening  
screw  
with hexagonal  
holes  
AZ4608  
M6 mounting  
metal fastening  
37.5 screw  
1.476 with hexagonal  
holes  
3.6  
28 0.2  
1.102 .008  
37.5  
1.476  
Weight:  
.142  
3.6  
4.8  
.189  
28 0.2  
1.102 .008  
15.6  
.614  
97g  
.142  
2-4.5 0.2 dia.  
2-.177 .008 dia.  
mounting holes  
15.6  
.614  
1.5  
.059  
2-4.5 0.2 dia.  
2-.177 .008 dia.  
mounting holes  
4.8  
.189  
14 0.2  
23  
.906  
)
23  
.906  
(
(
2.4  
.094  
.551 .008  
)
8
)
(
)
2.4  
(
14.8  
.583  
M12 P=1.25  
.315  
8
(
)
.094  
14.8  
.583  
(
)
M12 P=1.25  
head section M8  
M3 socket  
fastening screw  
.315  
15.6  
.614  
7.5  
25  
(
head section M8  
M3 socket  
fastening screw  
Between side  
15.6  
.614  
7.5  
.295  
25  
.984  
.295  
.984  
(
(
)
Between side  
(
)
)
distance 13  
45.6  
(
)
)
46.6  
)
distance 13  
(
)
)
(
32.5 1.280  
1.795  
(
General toleranc1e.8:35 0.4 .016  
(Set with AZ4007  
exposed terminal type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
(Set with AZ4008  
(
)
(
)
32.5 1.280  
exposed terminal type and AZ3806 L socket.)  
23.7  
.933  
14 dia.  
8 dia.  
2. Exposed terminal type  
Push plunger  
3. Socket with cord type  
Push plunger  
(
)
1 max. P.T.  
.039  
15.4  
.606  
.551 dia.  
.315  
stainless steel  
plunger  
23.7  
.933  
(
)
4.9  
.193  
O.P.  
14 dia.  
8 dia.  
.315  
stainless steel  
plunger  
17.2 0.2  
12.6  
.496  
(
)
1 max. P.T.  
15.4  
.606  
.551 dia.  
.677 .008  
Black COM  
Red N.C.  
.039  
1.6  
.063  
28 0.2  
1.102 .008  
2-4.5 0.2 dia.  
2-.177 .008 dia.  
mounting holes  
(
)
4.9  
.193  
O.P.  
3.6  
.142  
17.2 0.2  
.677 .008  
12.6  
.496  
White N.O.  
37.2  
1.465  
15.6  
.614  
(Set with AZ4001  
exposed terminal  
type and AZ3807  
socket with cord.)  
1.6  
.063  
28 0.2  
1.102 .008  
2-4.5 0.2 dia.  
2-.177 .008 dia.  
mounting holes  
3.6  
.142  
AZ4001  
37.2  
1.465  
17.0  
.669  
14.8  
.583  
20  
.787  
M3 mounting screw  
8
Approx. 1000  
39.370  
8.7  
.343  
AZ4701  
3-quick connecting  
(#  
Vinyl cabtire cord  
VCTF 0.75 3-wire  
.315  
14  
.551  
)
terminal 110  
(
)
E
14 0.2  
.551 .008  
8
2
15.6  
.614  
23.7  
.933  
.315 .079  
23 .906  
General  
tolerance:  
0.4 .016  
Note) The following types are also available. Roller plunger: AZ4002  
Cross roller plunger: AZ4003 Roller arm: AZ4004  
Note) The following types are also available. Roller plunger: AZ4702  
Cross roller plunger: AZ4703 Roller arm: AZ4704  
Adjustable rod: AZ4007 Adjustable roller arm: AZ4008  
Adjustable rod: AZ4707 Adjustable roller arm: AZ4708  
40  
QL (AZ4)  
mm inch  
14.8  
.583  
10  
22.5  
SOCKETS  
(
(
)
2.4  
.886  
)
.094  
15.6  
.614  
L socket  
.394  
14.8  
.583  
Terminal case  
2
3
5
.197  
Socket fastening screw  
1
(
)
32.5  
(
)
1.280  
Terminal body  
14.8 dia.  
.583 dia.  
Rubber  
packing  
t=0.5 0.2  
Waterproof ring  
M12ꢀ1.25  
Head section  
M8  
13  
.512  
Hexagonal nut  
Terminal number  
Terminal  
AZ3806  
1
2
3
COM  
N.C.  
N.O.  
Rubber packing  
Terminal receptacle  
General tolerance: 0.4 .016  
Rubber packing  
Socket with cord  
(
)
t=0.5 0.2  
2
.079  
Approx.  
1000  
39.370  
14.8  
.583  
16.5  
.650  
8
2
.315 .079  
Cord  
(PVC)  
20  
3
.787 .118  
Socket body  
8.7  
.343  
23  
.906  
Cord  
3
2
5
.197  
7.5  
.295  
1
Waterproof ring  
Rubber packing  
(
(
)
2.4  
9.5  
.374  
)
.094  
Socket fastening screw  
Terminal number  
Cord color  
B (Black)  
R (Red)  
Terminal  
COM  
AZ3807 (cord length: 1m)  
weight: 85g  
1
2
3
N.C.  
W (White)  
N.O.  
General tolerance: 0.4 .016  
Socket with LED  
Rubber packing  
Approx.  
1000  
(
)
t=0.5 0.2  
2
.079 39.370  
14.8  
.583  
16.5  
.650  
8
2
20  
3
.315 .079  
Cord  
(PVC)  
LED lamp  
.787 .118  
Socket body  
8.7  
.343  
23  
.906  
Cord  
3
2
5
.197  
7.5  
.295  
1
3.8  
.150  
Rubber  
packing  
Waterproof ring  
( )  
LED Red  
1.5 max.  
.059  
9.5  
.374  
3.8  
.150  
(
(
)
2.4  
Socket fastening screw  
)
.094  
Terminal number  
Cord color  
B (Black)  
R (Red)  
Terminal  
COM  
1
2
3
AZ380716 (cord length: 1m)  
N.C.  
W (White)  
N.O.  
General tolerance: 0.4 .016  
LAMP LIGHTING CIRCUIT  
1. Load at N.O. side  
2. Load at N.C. side  
Use normally open (N.O.) connection ter-  
minal. LED will be turned on when switch  
is in free position, when switch is on,  
LED will be turned off.  
Use normally closed (N.C.) connection  
terminal. LED will be turned off when is  
in free position, when switch is on, LED  
will be turned on.  
Notes)  
1. Keep possible leakage current (see the CAUTIONS)  
in mind in order to prevent the load from malfunc-  
tioning.  
2. Types with the 24 to 48V DC lamp rating are recom-  
mended for sequencer input use.  
3. Connect the red and black leads to the positive B  
and negative v terminals, respectively, for the N.C.  
type, and the white and black leads to the positive  
B and negative v terminals, respectively, for the  
N.O. type.  
LED  
3
N.O.  
COM  
1
Load  
2
N.C.  
3
2
N.O.  
N.C.  
Load  
1
LED  
COM  
DC power source  
DC power source  
+
–
+
–
41  
QL (AZ4)  
MOUNTING METHOD  
1. L socket type  
2. Socket with cord (including socket  
with lamp)  
1) Apply the rubber packing over the ter-  
minals, then insert the socket with cord  
into the switch body.  
1) After loosening the L socket fastening  
screws, grasp the terminal cover and pull  
it away from the switch body.  
2) Remove the fastening screw from the  
terminal block. (Remove with the 3 termi-  
nal receptacle.)  
8) After the terminals have been properly  
crimped in the terminal body, insert the  
body into the terminal case. (When  
inserting the body, be careful not to block  
the hole for the fastening screw with the  
wires.)  
Pull away from the body.  
Turn counterclockwise.  
9) Temporarily screw in the fastening  
screw through the terminal body, then  
insert the washer and rubber bushing  
into the cord opening of L socket.  
Tighten it with a wrench or pliers.  
2) Screw the socket fastening screw into  
the switch body and tighten it.  
Terminal receptacle  
3) Loosen the hexagonal nut and  
remove the rubber bushing and washer  
from the inside.  
Turn counterclockwise.  
4) Select cord from applicable wire table.  
5) Decide which direction the cord outlet  
is to face and strip the sheath according-  
ly. (See page 43.)  
10) Apply the rubber packing over the  
terminals, then insert the L socket into  
the switch body.  
Clockwise direction  
6) After passing the applicable cord  
through the hexagonal nut, bushing, and  
washer in that order, pass the cord  
through the terminal case.  
Mounting  
The QL micro limit switch is manufac-  
tured with a very small variation in the  
distance between the datum plane and  
the operating point. When the operating  
point has been accurately established  
and the mounting position clearly deter-  
mined, two M4 bolts should be used  
securely fastening the switch.  
11) Tighten the fastening screw into the  
switch body.  
7) After stripping the cord sheath, insert  
the corresponding wires into the grooves  
of the terminal body up to the wire stop,  
then crimp the terminal receptacle over  
the wires with a pair of pliers.  
Operating position  
(
)
O.P.  
Mounting  
datum plane  
Mounting plate  
M4 fastening bolts  
Terminal body connection diagram  
Terminal receptacle  
Lead wire  
Lead wire stop  
Terminal body  
Clockwise direction  
42  
QL (AZ4)  
CORD OUTLET DIRECTION AND SHEATH STRIPPING DIMENSIONS  
The cord outlet direction is selected from (1) of the (4) drawings below, and the cord is stripped to match the desired dorection  
(1)  
(2)  
(3)  
(4)  
QL  
22.5  
Packaging  
condition  
Standard  
A
Note: The stripping of the cord is  
based on a length for dimension  
A as standard and should be  
stripped accordingly.  
A
B
B
A
L socket  
direction  
B
A
A
B
Terminal (1) and (A) direction are aligned.  
Terminal (3) and (A) direction are aligned.  
Terminal (1) and (B) direction are aligned.  
Terminal (2) and (A) direction are aligned.  
(
)
22 N.C.  
(
)
22 N.O.  
.866  
.866  
(
,
)
(
)
16 N.O. N.C.  
.630  
(
)
16 COM  
.630  
14 COM  
(
)
16 COM  
.630  
Cord sheath  
stripping  
dimensions  
.551  
( )  
3
( )  
1
( )  
To  
To  
To  
To  
To  
To  
3
( )  
To  
1
( )  
1
( )  
2
( )  
To  
To  
1
( )  
3
To  
( )  
( )  
3
( )  
2
To  
2
( )  
2
To  
(
)
22 COM  
.866  
(
)
(
)
14 N.O.  
.551  
16 N.O., N.C.  
.630  
(
)
14 N.C.  
.551  
Aplicable wire  
Wire name  
Applicable wire  
Wire strand  
2-wire  
Conductor  
0.75 mm2  
Finished outside diameter  
6.6mm .268 inch dia.  
7.2mm .283 inch dia.  
Vinyl cabtire cord (VCTF)  
3-wire  
CAUTIONS  
1. Ambient conditions  
2. Wiring  
atmosphere. Case should be taken  
where organic silicon rubber, adhesive,  
sealing material, oil, grease or lead wire  
generates silicon.  
5) Avoid use in excessively dusty envi-  
ronments where actuator operation  
would be hindered.  
3. Socket with LED  
1) The OFF condition leakage current at  
each voltage is as follows.  
1) The use of these switches under the  
following conditions should be avoided. If  
the following conditions should become  
necessary, we recommend consulting us  
first.  
• Use where there will be direct contact  
with organic solvents, strong acids or  
alkalis, or direct exposure to their  
vapors.  
1) Although QL limit switches have large  
over-travel (O.T.), excessive O.T. will  
occur wear and change in its characteris-  
tics. Specifically, where there is a need  
for long life, it is recommended that the  
proper O.T. should be used.  
When the operating object is in the free  
condition, force should not be applied  
directly to the actuator.  
• Use where inflammable or corrosive  
gases exist.  
2) Use their own accessories when  
mounting and wiring QL limit switches so  
as to maintain their own characterisrics.  
3) In order to maintain the reliability at a  
high level under practical conditions of  
use, the actual operating conditions  
should be checked for the benefit of the  
quality of the product.  
Rated operating  
6V  
12V  
24V  
48V  
voltage  
24 to 48V DC  
12V DC  
2) Because these switchies are not of  
water resistant or immersion-proof con-  
struction, their use in water or oil should  
be avoided. Also, locations where water  
or oil can normally impringe upon the  
switch or where there is an excessive  
accumulation of dust should be avoided.  
–
–
–
1.6mA 3.2mA  
2.6mA 5.2mA  
–
–
6V DC  
2.5mA 5.6mA  
–
2) Even the polarity of power source is  
connected in the opposite way, LED is  
not broken. However, LED is not lit on.  
4) Do not use the switch in a silicon  
43  
SELECTOR CHART  
Classification  
Subminiature size  
Compact size  
HL (AZH)  
Limit Switches  
(Die cast case)  
HL (AZH)  
Limit Switches  
(Die cast case)  
HL (AZH)  
Limit Switches  
(Plastic case)  
ML (AZ7)  
Limit Switches  
(standard)  
ML (AZ7)  
SL (AZ3) Micro  
Limit Switches  
Product name  
Limit Switches  
(Epoxy-Sealed terminal type)  
Appearance  
Head code  
AZH20  
22  
AZH10  
12  
AZ3  
AZH23  
AZ7  
AZ7  
• A limit switch with  
• High sealability that • High sealability that • Bifurcated type  
high-density mounting satisfies IEC IP67. satisfies IEC IP67. available.  
• Wiring is screw-ter- • Less wiring, less  
• Switches installed  
with both economical  
and compact Z-basic  
microswitches and  
• An ML compact limit  
switch with an  
epoxy-sealed case  
that completely  
that improves stroke  
capacity through an  
O.T. absorption-type • Bifurcated type also  
spring.  
• Perfect for applica-  
tions that prioritize  
economy.  
minal type.  
installation connec-  
tor type.  
• LED lamp type also  
available.  
Feature  
limit switch protective encloses the  
available.  
construction.  
• Coil spring system  
provides long life.  
terminal.  
• LED lamp type also  
available.  
Rubber-cover type Socket with cord type  
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
Dust-proof type IP60  
Abrasion-proof type IP64  
Surge-proof type IP65  
Corrosion-proof type IP67  
ꢀ
–
–
–
–
–
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
Oil-resistant type  
–
Neon  
LED  
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
(with LED lamps)  
[Bifurcated type]  
–
–
–
–
[Standard type] [Bifurcated type]  
[Standard type] [Bifurcated type]  
5A125V AC  
5A250V AC  
5A8V DC  
0.1A125V AC  
0.1A8V DC  
5A125V AC  
0.1A125V AC  
0.1A8V DC  
4A250V AC  
without LEDlamps with LEDlamps 5A250V AC  
0.1A125V AC 0.1A24V AC  
0.1A8V DC  
0.1A14V DC  
0.1A30V DC  
10A250V AC  
10A125V AC  
0.4A115V DC  
10A250V AC  
10A125V AC  
0.4A115V DC  
Ratings  
(load resistance)  
4A125V AC  
4A30V DC  
0.1A14V DC  
0.1A30V DC  
5A8V DC  
0.1A14V DC  
0.1A30V DC  
5A14V DC  
5A14V DC  
5A30V DC  
5A30V DC  
0.5A125V DC  
0.25A250V DC  
0.5A125V DC  
0.25A250V DC  
0.1A 125V DC  
107  
105  
107  
5x105  
107  
5x105  
107  
5x105  
107  
2x105  
107  
2x105  
Mechanical  
Life  
(Min.ope.)  
Electrical  
0. 98N {100gf}  
1. 96N {200gf}  
(short lever type)  
2. 94N {300gf}  
2.45N {250gf}  
3. 92N {400gf}  
11.8N {1,200gf}  
(Plunger type)  
2.45N {250gf}  
3.92N {400gf}  
11.8N {1,200gf}  
(Plunger type)  
1.47N {150gf}, 1.77N {180gf}, 1.47N {150gf}, 1.77N {180gf},  
1.96N {200gf}, 2.16N {220gf}, 1.96N {200gf}, 2.16N {220gf},  
2.35N {240gf}, 2.75N {280gf}, 2.35N {240gf}, 2.75N {280gf},  
Operating force  
(max.)  
(hinge lever type)  
2.45N {250gf}  
3. 92N {400gf}  
5.88N {600gf} max.  
5.88N {600gf} max.  
Available  
actuators  
• Rubber cover (Solder  
and quick connect  
(#110) terminal)  
Vinyl cabtire cable  
(1m 3.281ft)  
Terminals  
Wiring  
Screw terminal  
Cabtire code  
Connector terminal  
Cabtire code  
Screw terminal  
Cabtire code  
Screw terminal  
Cabtire cable  
• Socket with cord  
Cabtire code  
Cabtire cable  
Cross-angled wiring  
28 ꢀ 14mm  
1.102 ꢀ .551inch  
(M4 screw)  
Mounting pitch  
(Applicable screw)  
33mm 1.299inch  
(M4 screw)  
33mm 1.299inch  
(M4 screw)  
33mm 1.299inch  
(M4 screw)  
25.4mm 1.000inch  
(M4 screw)  
25.4mm 1.000inch  
(M4 screw)  
Available standards  
UL, CSA  
P.13  
UL, CSA, TÜV, CE  
P.18  
UL, CSA, TÜV, CE  
P.18  
UL, CSA, TÜV, CE  
P.18  
UL, C-UL, TÜV, CE  
P.33  
–
Page  
P.33  
Note: Excludes limit switch replacement parts  
ꢁ Actuators  
Push plunger  
Roller plunger  
Cross-roller plunger  
Roller arm  
Adjustable roller arm  
Adjustable rod  
Fork  
Spring wire  
Flexible rod  
Hinge lever  
Roller lever  
One-way roller lever  
Roller lever  
Short  
Short  
Long  
Short  
Long  
Long  
2
Subminiature size  
vertical type  
Classification  
Product name  
Compact size vertical type  
Vertical type  
Touch type  
Door switch  
QL (AZ4) Micro  
Limit Switches  
DL (AZD1) Mini  
Limit Switches  
VL (AZ8) Mini  
Limit Switches  
AZ5  
Limit Switches  
VL-T Mini Touch  
Limit Switches  
Compact  
Magnelimit  
Magnelimit  
Appearance  
Head code  
AZ4  
AZD1  
AZ8  
AZ5  
AZ84  
AZC3  
AZC1  
• A subminiature, highly accu-  
rate limit switch with built-in  
environment-proof functions.  
• Cord extraction can be  
changed in four directions,  
due to the dedicated L socket.  
• LED lamp can also be  
attached.  
• Excellent safety even if the • In addition to the  
• Built-in dedicated • Operate just by  
• Secured by magnet • Secured by magnet  
contact point is welded,  
due to the forced contact  
opening mechanism.  
• Block mount system makes  
parts replacement easy.  
• Conforms to DIN stan-  
dards.  
characteristics of  
stand mounted limit (1 Form A  
switches, is com- 1 Form B).  
pact, easily instal- • Different types of  
lable, highly reli-  
able, lightweight,  
and economical.  
circuit breaker  
touching lightly.  
•
Built-in switch detection  
•
Built-in switch detection  
• Comes with sen-  
sitivity adjustment Dual-role switch in  
Dual-role switch in  
one unit.  
Feature  
function and indi-  
one unit.  
actuator avail-  
able.  
cates operations. • Safe design prevents • Construction possi-  
• VL type touch  
limit switch  
operator making  
errors.  
ble with 100V AC  
power.  
L socket type  
Socket with cord type  
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
Dust-proof type IP60  
Abrasion-proof type IP64  
Surge-proof type IP65  
Corrosion-proof type IP67  
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
–
1) ꢀ  
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
–
–
–
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
Oil-resistant type  
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
Neon  
LED  
–
–
–
–
–
–
ꢀ
ꢀ
–
–
–
[Standard type] [With lamp type]  
[Standard type] [With lamp type]  
Input voltage  
12-24V DC  
Output current  
150mA  
2)  
5A250V AC  
5A125V AC  
[Neon lamp type] 10A125V AC [Neon lamp type]  
5A 240V AC  
6A250V AC  
6A380V AC  
5A24V DC  
5A 125V AC  
5A 250V AC  
5A 30VDC  
Ratings  
(load resistance)  
5A (2A) 125V AC  
5A (2A) 250V AC  
5A (2A) 30VDC  
6A250V AC  
2A500V AC  
0.8A125V DC  
10A 125V AC  
6A 240V AC  
[LED lamp type]  
6A 24V DC  
5A250V AC  
0.4A125V DC 5A 125V AC  
[LED lamp type]  
3A 24V DC  
107  
3x105  
107  
1.5x105  
107  
3x105  
107  
5x105  
107  
105  
5x104  
105  
5x104  
Mechanical  
Life  
(Min.ope.)  
Electrical  
–
6.86N {700gf}  
(Plunger type)  
1.11N {113gf}, 4.41N {450gf}  
(Arm type)  
0.88N {90gf},  
5.88N {600gf},  
8. 83N {900gf},  
19.16N {2,000gf}  
Operating force  
(max.)  
(hinge lever type)  
6.37N {650gf}  
4.90N {500gf}  
3.29N {400gf}  
1.39N {142gf}  
26.67N {2,720gf}  
–
–
3.43N {350gf}  
Available  
actuators  
Free attachment  
Screw terminal  
• L socket (Solderand Screw terminal  
quick connect  
(#110) terminal)  
• Socket with code  
(Conduit connec-  
tors: PF: 1/2, PG:  
13.5 types)  
Tab #110 terminal  
Lead wire  
Terminals  
Wiring  
Screw terminal  
Screw terminal  
Screw terminal  
Cabtire cord  
Cabtire cord  
Cap tire cable  
Cabtire cable  
(wiring type)  
Cabtire cord  
Cabtire cable  
Cabtire code  
Cabtire code  
Cabtire cord  
14 ꢀ 28mm  
22 ꢀ (47mm)  
21 ꢀ 56mm  
30.2 ꢀ 58.7mm  
21 ꢀ 56mm  
827 ꢀ 2.205inch  
(M4 screws)  
Mounting pitch  
(Applicable screw)  
30mm 1.181inch  
(M3)  
52mm 2.047inch  
(M4)  
.551 ꢀ 1.102inch .866 ꢀ 1.850inch .827 ꢀ 2.205inch 1.189 ꢀ 2.311inch  
(M4 screws)  
(M4 screws)  
(M4 screws)  
(M5 screws)  
Available standards  
UL, CSA  
P.38  
UL, C-UL, TÜV, CE UL, C-UL, TÜV, CE  
P.44 P.52  
UL  
–
UL, C-UL  
P.72  
UL, C-UL, CE  
P.74  
Page  
P.61  
P.68  
Notes: 1) Excludes exposed part of terminals, externally mounted components, and magnet catches.  
2) Figures in parentheses ( ) indicate rated current of water-resistant type.  
ꢁ Other listed products  
Product name  
PS Hall Sensors  
Appearance  
AN9  
Detector distance 2.5mm .098inch  
• Magnetic detector type subminiature sensor  
Feature  
• Perfect for slide table limiting  
• Economical price with operating display lamp attached.  
Page  
P.76  
3
ACTUATOR SELECTION  
Pretravel Overtravel Operating  
Vibration  
shock  
Type  
Classification  
Accuracy  
Characteristics  
(P.T.)  
(O.T.)  
force (O.F.)  
High-level accuracy gives firm detection for position  
fixing, etc., by using perpendicular movement.  
Push plunger type  
Small  
Medium  
Large  
Excellent  
Excellent  
Roller plunger type  
(includes cross  
roller plunger)  
Operating range can be widened by mounting  
Excellent accessory actuators like cams, dogs, cylinders, etc.  
High-level detection for position fixing.  
Small  
Medium  
Large  
Large  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Small  
Excellent  
The stroke in the direction of revolution is large at  
between 45° and 90° and the lever angle can be set  
Excellent at will to within 360° for easy use. Wide angle type  
(large O.T.) available. Can be used for wide-range  
position fixing.  
Small to  
large  
Good to  
excellent  
Roller arm type  
Adjustable roller  
arm type  
Small to  
large  
Good to  
excellent  
Lever length can be altered to allow rough operation  
Good  
Large  
detection using the roller lever characteristics.  
Wide range of operations, and convenient for  
uneven mountings. Lightest operation among the  
Adjustable rod type  
Large  
Large  
Large  
Good  
Good  
revolving operation type of limit switches. Rod length  
is adjustable, and bending is also easy.  
If operated up to 55° position, revolves automatically  
to retain 90° position. Two dog operation enables  
Fork  
Medium  
Large  
Good  
Excellent  
recovery operation through single dog, or for any-  
thing that has caused the roller position to slip.  
Excluding the thread direction, direction can be  
adjusted up to 360°. Operating power is the lowest  
of the limit switches, and is effective in detecting  
when direction and conditions are uneven. In order  
to absorb the movements after operation in the actu-  
ator part, work slippage tolerances are also large.  
Spring wire and  
flexible rod  
Medium  
Large  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Using a low speed, low torque cam, the lever can  
assume various shapes suited to the operation. The  
lever is very sturdy.  
Hinge lever type  
Roller lever type  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Small  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Possible  
Suited to high speed cams through the attachment  
of a hinge roller lever.  
Large  
Small  
Operation is possible with both hinge lever type and  
one way operation, but the roller will break if operat-  
ed in the opposite direction, rendering the unit inop-  
erable. Can be used to prevent opposite direction  
movement.  
One way roller lever  
type  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Medium  
Roller lever type  
The roller position can be changed.  
4
TECHNICAL INFORMATION  
ꢀ Standard glossary  
ꢀ CONSTRUCTION  
ꢀ OPERATING CHAR-  
Fixed rating values  
Actuator  
ACTERISTICS  
•
•
The values that guarantee the stan-  
dards for the limit switch characteris-  
tics and functions. For example, the  
rated current and rated voltage,  
which are preset conditions (load  
type, current, voltage, frequency,  
etc.)  
This part directly detects movement  
of the dog, cam, and so forth in the  
operating unit, and transmits external  
force to the changeover mechanism,  
thereby engaging the moveable con-  
tact and operating the switch.  
Operating Force (O.F.)  
•
The force required to cause contact  
snap-action. It is expressed in terms  
of force applied to the actuator.  
Release Force (R.F.)  
•
The force to be applied to the actua-  
tor, at the moment contact snaps  
back from the operated position to  
unoperated position.  
Headblock  
An independent part of the actuator  
mechanism of the Limit Switch.  
•
Operating object  
•
The mechanism and mountings that  
operate the limit switch actuator.  
Used for mechanical operators  
such as cams and dogs.  
Wiring vent (cord vent)  
•
Pretravel (P.T.)  
•
The seal on the wiring at the mouth  
of the wiring vent. Also called the  
conduit vent for the screw hole used  
in the wiring.  
Distance of the actuator movement  
from free position to operating posi-  
tion.  
Detective object  
•
The unit other than mechanical  
mountings that operate the limit  
switch. Products, parts, jigs, etc.  
Overtravel (O.T.)  
•
Terminals  
•
The distance which the actuator is  
permitted to travel after actuation  
without any damage to the switching  
mechanism.  
The part of the wiring work in the  
wiring that forms the circuit for elec-  
trical input and output.  
Reaction spring (movable spring)  
•
The mechanical part that switches  
the limit switch contact is called  
either the reaction spring or the  
moveable spring.  
Total Travel (T.T.)  
•
The distance which the actuator is  
permitted to travel from free position  
without any damage to the switching  
mechanism.  
Roller  
Contact  
•
Head block  
When the counter-spring revolves,  
power is switched on and off through  
the contact between metal parts  
Actuator  
Cam  
Roller  
Arm  
Movement Differential (M.D.)  
The distance from operating to  
release position of the actuator.  
•
Plunger  
Reset spring  
Pushbutton  
Contact gap  
•
The effective clearance between the  
fixed contact and the moveable con-  
tact. Also called breaking distance.  
Operating Position (O.P.)  
•
The position of the actuator when the  
traveling contact snaps to the fixed  
contact.  
Contact arrangement  
•
Front view  
Cam  
The construction of the electrical  
input/output circuit depending on  
use. For example, the following two  
applications:  
Release Position (R.P.)  
•
Cord vent  
The position of the actuator when the  
traveling contact snaps back from  
the operating position to its original  
position.  
Roller  
Reset spring  
Pushbutton  
F
Free Position (F.P.)  
Position of the actuator when no  
force is applied to it.  
•
( )  
[1 Form C Single Pole Double Throw ]  
N.O. N.C.  
VL limit switch  
COM  
Free position  
F
O. P. Operating position  
O. P. Operating position  
N.C.  
N.O.  
N.C.  
P.T. P.T.  
O.T.  
M.D.  
O.T.  
M.D.  
R.P.  
(
)
[1 Form Z Double Break Double Make ]  
N.O.  
R.P.  
Contact type  
•
•
Used in opposition to a semiconduc-  
tor switch that has switching charac-  
teristics. Fulfills switch functions  
through a mechanical ON/OFF con-  
tact.  
R.F.  
R.T.  
M.D.  
O.T.T.F.  
O.F.  
P.T.  
Terminal mold  
T.T.  
After wiring, the connecting part is  
molding by epoxy resin for water-  
proof, oil-resistant and dust-proof  
capabilities.  
F.P.  
O.P.  
R.P.  
Standard position  
,
,
Note: F.P. O.P. and R.P. are expressed as distances  
from the standard position.  
5
TECHNICAL INFORMATION  
ꢀ Glossary relating to the EN60947-5-1  
EN60947-5-1  
Rated impulse withstand voltage  
Pollution degree  
•
•
•
EN standard same as IEC947-5-1  
(Uimp)  
Expresses in levels the environment  
in which the switch is used. The four  
levels are shown below.  
The peak impulse current value  
which enables the switch to resist  
without insulation breakdown.  
Utilization categories  
•
The following examples express the  
classification of switches by category  
of use.  
Limit switches come under contami-  
nation level 3.  
Rated enclosed thermal current  
(Ithe)  
•
Pollution  
degree  
Current  
The current value that enables cur-  
rent to flow without exceeding the  
specified maximum temperature in  
the recharging contact switch. If the  
pins are made of brass, the maxi-  
mum temperature limit is 65°C 149°F.  
Contents  
Category  
AC-15  
Contents  
type  
No contamination or, even if conta-  
mination is present, only non-con-  
ducting contamination is generated.  
Controls electromagnetic  
loads in excess of 72VA  
(Volt Amperes.)  
1
AC  
Normally, only non-conducting cont-  
amination is generated, but there  
remains the possibility of temporary  
conducting contamination when the  
circuit is formed.  
Controls resistance  
loads and semiconductor  
loads.  
DC  
DC-12  
2
Conditional short circuit current  
The current the switch can resist  
until the short circuit protection  
device is activated.  
•
•
•
Rated operational voltage (Ue)  
The maximum rated voltage for  
switch operation. This must never  
exceed the maximum ratings insula-  
tion voltage (Ui).  
•
Conducting contamination is gener-  
ated, or else dry non-conducting  
contamination is generated by cir-  
cuits which can be anticipated.  
3
4
Short circuit protection device  
A device that protects the switch  
from short circuits through a circuit  
break (breakers, fuses, etc.)  
Permanent conducting contamina-  
tion is generated by dust, rain,  
snow, and other conductors.  
Rated operational current (Ie)  
The maximum rated current for  
switch operation.  
•
•
Switching overvoltage  
The surge momentarily generated  
when a circuit is closed. Must be  
lower than the Uimp value.  
Rated insulation voltage (Ui)  
The maximum rated current value  
which guards the switch’s insulation  
functions, forming the parameters for  
the resistance values and the mount-  
ing distance.  
6
PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION  
ꢀ Protective construction  
Expresses the degree of protective construction that guards the level of functionability of the switch against ingress of solid  
objects, water, and oil. The standards are IEC529 (IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission) standards. IEC standards  
determine the level of protection against both water and solid objects, but not against oil.  
ꢁ Protection against both water and solid objects  
□ □  
Level Protection level  
Protection level and test methods  
IP-  
0
3
4
5
6
7
—
No particular protection  
Protection against rain fall  
Protection against flying foam  
Protection against spray  
Rain-proof  
Foam-proof  
Spray-proof  
Water proof  
No damage incurred when sprayed with water  
continuously for 10 minutes at angles of up to 60°  
from the perpendicular.  
No damage incurred when sprayed with water  
continuously for 10 minutes at angles of up to 180°  
from the perpendicular across a wide area.  
Protection  
against water  
Nozzle radius 6.3mm .248inch  
Water pressure 30kP  
No damage incurred when sprayed with a jet of water  
for 3 minutes from all directions, as per the diagram  
on the left.  
3m  
9.843ft.  
Protection against waves  
Nozzle radius 12.5mm .492inch  
Water pressure 100kP  
Water does not invade the interior when sprayed with  
a jet of water for 3 minutes from all directions, as per  
the diagram on the left.  
3m  
9.843ft.  
Protection against corrosion while  
immersed in water  
Corrosion-  
proof  
Water does not invade the interior during immersion  
for 30 minutes at a depth of 1m 3.281ft..  
Level Protection level  
Protection level and test methods  
Protection against solid  
objects exceeding  
1mm .039inch in size.  
1.0 .039 dia.  
4
5
6
—
—
A hard wire 1mm dia. .039 inch dia. across cannot  
penetrate the inside.  
Protection against dust  
Protection against  
solid objects  
The unit is left for 8 hours in an atmosphere in which  
2kg of talcum powder per 1m3 is floating. No damage  
incurred from talcum powder penetrating the inside.  
Protection againt dust  
(dust does not penetrate)  
Dust-proof  
The unit is left for 8 hours in an atmosphere in which  
2kg of talcum powder per 1m3 is floating. The talcum  
powder does not penetrate the inside.  
Note: 1. All of the tests cited above were conducted with the cord vent (conduit vent) tightly shut.  
2. The above protective constructions are based on IEC standard but major differences may arise due to length of use and operating environment.  
This should be thoroughly discussed and verified.  
3. When the corrosion-proof model is immersed in water for 30 minutes or more, verify that no water has penetrated the inside before use.  
7
CAUTIONS FOR USE  
ꢀ DESIGN OF OPERATING DOG AND OPERATING SPEED  
Pay attention to the following points  
when designing the dog for limit switch  
operation.  
1. Make the dog faceplate as smooth  
as possible.  
5) Roller plunger type  
3) 0.5m/s ! V&2m/s  
α
α
α
V
h
h
F
2. Adjust both the dog angle and the  
set arm angle as below, depending on  
the operating speed.  
3. The depth (h) of the dog effects the  
lifespan of the limit switch. Therefore,  
set the depth to a maximum of 80% of  
the Total Travel (T.T.)  
4. The relationship between the speed  
of the dog (V = m/s) and the tip angle  
(α) is as follows:  
θ
o
α
Vmax (m/s)  
0.5  
h
α
Vmax (m/s)  
(0.5 to 0.7) T.T.  
(0.6 to 0.8) T.T.  
20°  
30°  
40°  
35°  
30°  
25°  
0.7  
0.9  
1.3  
2.0  
0.25  
Even if overriding the dog, set the for-  
wards and rearwards motion exactly  
the same, and avoid any settings that  
make the actuator accelerate rapidly  
from the dog.  
The maximum tolerable speed can be  
extended by further reducing the dog  
rise angle from 45° when 0.5m/s !  
V&2m/s. It is necessary to set the arm  
so that the dog’s cutting surfaces are  
always parallel (θ o = 90°– α)  
1) V&0.2m/s  
5. Operation speed  
α = 45° to 90°  
1) When the operation (acting and  
reverting) speed is exceedingly slow,  
switching of the contacts will become  
unstable and this could cause prob-  
lems such as failure to make contact  
and welding. As a guide, the speed  
should be at least 1mm/s.  
2) When the operation (acting and  
reverting) speed is exceedingly fast,  
be careful because the violent motion  
could cause breakage and with  
increased frequency, contact switching  
will not be able to keep up. As a guide,  
the switching frequency should be  
within 20 times per minute.  
V
h
4) Overriding the dog (V&0.2m/s)  
α
α
α
Vmax (m/s)  
h
45°  
60°  
0.2  
0.1  
60 to 90°  
0.05  
When V&0.2m/s, set the arm to per-  
pendicular and set the arm rise angle  
to between 45° and 90°. If the dog rise  
angle is reduced, the maximum tolera-  
ble speed is increased.  
α
Vmax (m/s)  
0.2  
45°  
60°  
0.1  
60 to 90°  
0.05  
As a rule, α = 45° is optimum.  
If overriding the dog, set the arm per-  
pendicularly, so that α =45°. If the dog  
angle is reduced, the tolerable speed  
is increased.  
2) V&0.5m/s  
α = 45°  
V
h
F
= 45°  
o
θ
Because the arm jiggle is as a mini-  
mum at a comparative speed such as  
V&0.5m/s, setting both the dog angle  
so that it travels perpendicularly and  
the arm angle to 45° is optimum.  
8
CAUTIONS FOR USE  
ꢀ PROTECTION CIRCUIT  
1. The ON/OFF circuit for the guidance  
load may suffer contact damage due to  
surges or inrushes when the power is  
turned either ON or OFF.  
Consequently, insertion of a protective  
circuit as per the following diagram is  
recommended, in order to protect the  
contacts.  
2. Do not connect either irregular poles  
or power sources to a switch contact.  
Power connection examples (irregular  
pole connection)  
3. Avoid circuits where power may find  
a way between the contact points (as  
this may cause welding.)  
NO GOOD  
NO GOOD  
Load  
L
L
200V  
Circuit  
Cautions for use  
100V  
Load  
(1) r must be a minimum  
of 10Ω;  
(2) When using AC power:  
Limit switch contact  
Load  
GOOD  
L
4. Using electronic switch circuits (low  
power, low current)  
Q
Impossible when R  
impedance is large.  
Possible when c, r  
impedance is suffi-  
ciently small com-  
pared with R imped-  
ance.  
r
c
R
W
1) Bouncing and chattering are gener-  
ated due to collision between the con-  
tacts when the limit switch is switching  
between them, and this sometimes  
causes such problems as white noises  
and error pulses in both the electronic  
circuit and the reverberation equip-  
ment.  
Load  
Load connected to same pole  
Limit switch contact  
Can be used with both  
AC and DC as appro-  
priate.  
Example of unsuitable power connec-  
tion (abnormal power connection)  
r
R
~
r
R
Risk of AC and DC being mixed.  
c
Load  
C: 0.1 µF  
NO GOOD  
2) If the generation of bouncing and  
chattering becomes a problem, it is  
necessary to consider installing a CR  
circuit or other absorption circuit given  
the circuit design.  
L
Limit switch contact  
AC  
(1) Dedicated DC use.  
(2) AC is impossible  
Diode  
R
DC  
3) This is particularly necessary when  
high contact reliability is needed, and  
is unsuitable for silver contact switch-  
es. Switches with gold contacts pos-  
sess excellent performance.  
Limit switch contact  
Can be used with both  
AC and DC as appro-  
priate.  
ZNR  
R
Varistor  
Load  
L
9
CAUTIONS FOR USE  
ꢀ CAUTIONS FOR USE  
1) Do not attempt to physically alter  
any part of the switch itself, such as  
the actuator, or switch attachment  
vent, as this may cause alterations to  
both characteristics and performance,  
and damage the insulation.  
2) Do not pour any lubricants such as  
oil or grease onto the moving parts of  
the actuator, as there is a possibility  
that this will cause a malfunction due  
to seepage into the inside, and impair  
the motion. Silicon-based grease in  
particular affects the contact points  
badly.  
3) If the switches are not to be used for  
an extended period of time, their con-  
tact reliability may be reduced due to  
oxidation of the contact points.  
Because accidents may result from the  
impaired conductivity, always imple-  
ment a check beforehand.  
4) Prolonged continuous use of the  
switch hastens deterioration of the  
parts (especially the seal rubber) and  
may cause a malfunction in the  
release. For this reason, always imple-  
ment a check beforehand.  
5) Usage in the vicinity of either the  
switch operating position (O.P.) or the  
release position (R.P.) results in unsta-  
ble contacts. If using the NC contact  
point, set the actuator to return to the  
free position (F.P.) Also, is using the  
NO contact point, hold the ratings val-  
ues down to 70 to 100% for the over-  
travel (O.T.)  
7) Do not apply unreasonable force to  
the actuator, as this may result in dam-  
age and impaired movement.  
12) Long term storage (including dur-  
ing transport) in high temperature or  
high humidity environments or where  
the atmosphere contains organic or  
sulfide gas, will cause sulfide or oxide  
membrane to form on the contact sur-  
faces. This in turn will cause unstable  
or failed contacting that may lead to  
functional malfunction. Please verify  
the atmosphere when storing and  
transporting.  
13) Packaging should be designed to  
reduce as much as possible the poten-  
tial influence of humidity, organic gas,  
and sulfide gas, etc.  
14) Please avoid sudden changes in  
temperature. This is a cause of switch  
deformation and encourages the seal  
structure to breathe, which may lead to  
seal failure and operational malfunc-  
tion.  
8) The switch, if dropped, may break  
due to excessive vibration and impact.  
Therefore, please use extra caution  
when transporting and installing.  
9) Condensation inside the switch may  
occur if there are rapid ambient tem-  
perature changes when the switch is in  
a high temperature and humidity.  
Since this occurs easily during marine  
transport, be extra cautious of what the  
environment will be when shipping.  
Condensation is the phenomenon in  
which water vapor condenses into  
switch-adhering water droplets when  
the temperature rapidly drops in a  
high-temperature, high-humidity  
atmosphere or when the switch is  
quickly moved from a low temperature  
location to a place of high temperature  
and high humidity. It is the cause of  
insulation deterioration and of rust.  
10) Be careful of freezing in tempera-  
tures below 0°C. Freezing is the phe-  
nomenon in which moisture adhering  
to the switch from condensation or  
when in unusually high-humidity envi-  
ronments freezes onto the switch  
when the temperature drops below the  
freezing point. Please extra caution  
because freezing can lock moving  
parts, cause operational delays, or  
interfere with conductivity when there  
is ice between the contacts.  
15) If installing a thermoplastic resin  
case, the use of a spring washer tight-  
ened directly against the case will  
cause the case to collapse and  
become damaged. Therefore, please  
add a flat washer before tightening.  
Also, be careful not to install if the  
case is being twisted.  
16) For the purpose of improving quali-  
ty, materials and internal structure may  
be changed without notice.  
17) When used outdoors (in places  
where there is exposure to direct sun-  
light or rain such as in multistory car  
parks) or in ambient temperature envi-  
ronments where ozone is generated,  
the influence of these environments  
may cause deterioration of the rubber  
material. Please consult us if you  
intend to use a switch in such environ-  
ments.  
6) If the actuator is forced beyond its  
total travel (T.T.), the internal mecha-  
nism may be damaged. Always use  
within the T.T.  
11) In low-temperature, low-humidity  
conditions, plastic becomes brittle and  
the rubber and grease harden, which  
may lead to malfunction.  
ꢀ PRECAUTIONS RELATING TO THE INSTALLATION ENVIRONMENT  
Avoid using in silicon environments  
such as organic silicon-based rubber,  
solvents, sealants, oil, grease, or  
wiring.  
10  
IMPROVEMENT EXAMPLES  
Poor design  
Improved design  
Explanation  
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
ꢀ Problem • Dog adjustment is difficult.  
ꢀ Solution • Separate each one until the dog  
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
can be adjusted.  
ꢀ Problem • The dog axis is too long, and slips  
out during operation.  
• For this reason, the limit switch  
operating position slips.  
Dog axle  
ꢀ Solution • Firmly fix the dog plate to the base.  
Detector  
Printer  
ꢀ Problem • The detector sinks, applying force  
Detector  
to the limit switch.  
• The limit switch O.T. cannot be set.  
ꢀ Solution • Relieve the pressure using an  
additional actuator, and the O.T.  
can also be set.  
Rotation axle  
Conveyer  
Conveyer  
ꢀ Problem • The area around the actuator coil  
is easily damaged.  
• Friction generated during opera-  
tion.  
ꢀ Solution • Relieve the friction by installing an  
additional actuator.  
Rotation axle  
• Change the type of limit switch.  
ꢀ Problem • Workers keep bumping the actua-  
tor.  
ꢀ Solution • Fit a protective cover to the side of  
the limit switch.  
Limit  
ꢀ Problem • Because the cord vent for the limit  
switch faces upwards, water droplets  
and so forth can easily penetrate the  
interior.  
Protective cover  
• The cord is constantly moving and  
thus easily damaged.  
ꢀ Solution • Fix the limit switch position on the  
stationary board.  
• Fit a protective cover, so that water  
and oil cannot come into direct con-  
tact with the limit switch.  
ꢀ Problem • The cord is not fixed, and gets  
pulled during work.  
• Dog adjustment is ineffective.  
ꢀ Solution • Change the limit switch position,  
and fix the cord.  
• Attach an adjustment mechanism  
to the dog.  
ꢀ Problem • The limit switch is near a high-tem-  
perature area.  
• Dog adjustment is ineffective, and  
the dog keeps bumping the lever.  
ꢀ Solution • Move the limit switch further away.  
• Make dog adjustment possible,  
and change the shape of the unit.  
High temperature  
High temperature  
11  
IMPROVEMENT EXAMPLES  
Poor design  
Improved design  
Explanation  
ꢀ Problem • The detector is scratched.  
Detector  
Dumper  
• Limit attachment adjustments are  
difficult  
@
• The actuator is damaged.  
• Specimen transfer is impeded.  
ꢀ Solution • Fix the limit position to behind the  
dumper to solve the above prob-  
lems.  
r
Conveyer  
ꢀ Problem • The transfer path of the detector is  
not fixed, and it keeps bumping the  
actuator.  
• The operating position is unstable.  
• The actuator is damaged.  
ꢀ Solution • Stabilize the operating position by  
fitting an additional actuator.  
Rotation axle  
@
@
@
r
r
r
Conveyer  
Conveyer  
•
Make limit switch adjustment possible.  
Detector  
Detector  
ꢀ Problem • Stroke adjustment ineffective.  
• Release the limit switch position,  
and ensure that the dog does not  
bump the lever.  
ꢀ Solution • Make dog adjustment possible.  
Dog  
• Change the limit switch position,  
and sure that the dog does not  
bump the lever.  
ꢀ Problem • The cam shape is unsuitable  
(especially during release and  
strike release.)  
• Direction of limit switch attachment  
is unsuitable.  
ꢀ Solution • Render the cam shape smooth.  
• Change the limit switch position.  
12  
Table of Recommended Substitute Products for Discontinued Products  
Products to be discontinued  
AZ1 series Limit switches  
Recommended substitute products  
ML (AZ7) Limit switches  
Page  
P.33  
AZ2 series Limit switches  
ML (AZ7) Limit switches  
ML (AZ7) Limit switches  
ML (AZ7) Limit switches  
P.33  
P.33  
P.33  
Slitted type Limit switches (AZ6)  
New slitted type Limit switches (AZ66)  
Products to be discontinued  
Recommended substitute products  
Installation  
You cannot use this nut  
AZ1∗∗∗  
AZ7∗∗∗  
for panel installation.  
Please note that installation method and  
operation characteristics are different.  
AZ2∗∗∗  
AZ7∗∗∗  
Please note that installation method and  
operation characteristics are different.  
AZ6∗∗∗  
AZ7∗∗∗  
Please note that installation method and  
operation characteristics are different.  
AZ66∗∗∗  
AZ7∗∗∗  
Please note that installation method and  
operation characteristics are different.  
77  
FOREIGN STANDARDS OVERVIEW  
1. International Standards  
IEC standard  
3. Europe  
EN standard  
International Electrotechnical Commission  
By promoting international cooperation toward all  
problems and related issues regarding  
standardization in the electrical and electronic  
technology fields, the IEC, a non-governmental  
organization, was started in October, 1908, for the  
purpose of realizing mutual understanding on an  
international level. To this end, the IEC standard  
was enacted for the purpose of promoting  
international standardization.  
European Standards/Norme Europeennee  
(France)/Europaishe Norm (Germany)  
Abbreviation for European Standards. A unified  
standard enacted by CEN/CENELEC (European  
Standards Committee/European Electrical  
Standards Committee). EU and EFTA member  
nations employ the content of the EN standards into  
their own national standards and are obligated to  
abolish those national standards that do not agree  
with the EN standards.  
2. North America  
(1) Germany  
UL (Underwiters Laboratories Inc.)  
VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker)  
The VDE laboratory was established mainly by the  
German Electric Technology Alliance, which was  
formed in 1893. It carries out safety experiments  
and passes approval for electrical devices and  
parts. Although VDE certification is not enforced  
under German law, punishment is severe should  
electrical shock or fire occur; therefore, it is, in fact,  
like an enforcement.  
This is a non-profit testing organization formed in  
1894 by a coalition of U.S. fire insurance firms,  
which tests and approves industrial products  
(finished products). When electrical products are  
marketed in the U.S., UL approval is mandated in  
many states, by state law and city ordinances. In  
order to obtain UL approval, the principal parts  
contained in industrial products must also be UL-  
approved parts.  
LISTING MARK  
VDE  
Fig. 1  
RECOGNITION MARK  
UL approval is divided into two general types. One  
is called “listing” (Fig. 1), and applies to industrial  
products (finished products). Under this type of  
approval, products must be approved  
unconditionally. The other type is called  
“recognition” (Fig. 2), and is a conditional approval  
which applies to parts and materials.  
TÜV (Technischer Überwachungs-Verein)  
TÜV is a civilian, non-profit, independent  
organization that has its roots in the German Boiler  
Surveillance Association, which was started in 1875  
for the purpose of preventing boiler accidents. A  
major characteristic of TÜV is that it exists as a  
combination of 14 independent organizations (TÜV  
Rheinland, TÜV Bayern, etc.) throughout Germany.  
TÜV carries out inspection on a wide variety of  
industrial devices and equipment, and has been  
entrusted to handle electrical products, as well, by  
the government.TÜV inspection and certification is  
based mainly on the VDE standard.  
Fig. 2  
CSA (Canadian Standards Association)  
Certification  
This was established in 1919 as a non-profit, non-  
governmental organization aimed at promoting  
standards. It sets standards for industrial products,  
parts, and materials, and has the authority to judge  
electrical products to determine whether they  
conform to those standards.The CSA is the ultimate  
authority in the eyes of both the government and the  
people in terms of credibility and respect. Almost all  
states and provinces in Canada require CSA  
approval by law, in order to sell electrical products.  
As a result, electrical products exported from Japan  
to Canada are not approved under Canadian laws  
unless they have received CSA approval and  
display the CSA mark. Approval is called  
TÜV certification can be obtained from any of the 14  
TÜVs throughout Germany and has the same  
effectiveness as obtaining VDE certification.  
Fig. 3  
TÜV Rheinland  
Component Acceptance  
Fig. 4  
“certification”, and products and parts which have  
been approved are called “certified equipment”, and  
display the mark shown in Fig. 3. The mark shown  
in Fig. 4 is called the “Component Acceptance”  
mark, and indicates conditional approval which is  
applicable to parts. The C-UL mark shown in Fig. 5  
(finished products) and Fig. 6 (parts) indicates that  
the product has been tested and approved in UL  
laboratories, based on UL and CSA standards,  
through mutual approval activities.  
Fig. 5  
Fig. 6  
78  
SAFETY STANDARDS RECOGNITION  
Limit switches  
UL recognized  
Approved ratings  
CSA certified  
Approved ratings  
TÜV approval  
Approved ratings  
Product name  
File No.  
File No.  
File No.  
–
SL limit switches  
E122222  
4A 250V AC  
LR55880  
4A 250V AC  
–
5A 250V AC  
5A 250V AC  
Dies-cast case standard load type  
DC-12 1A 30V-  
Pilot duty B300  
Pilot duty B300  
J9650514  
Die-cast case low level load type  
(includes connector type)  
0.1A 30V DC  
0.1A 30V DC  
DC-12 0.1A 30V-  
HL limit  
switches  
E122222  
LR55880  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
AC-15 2A 250V~  
DC-12 1A 30V-  
Plastic case standard load type  
Plastic case low level load type  
Standard type  
J9650515  
J9551204  
0.1A 30V DC  
10A 250V AC  
0.1A 30V DC  
10A 250V AC  
DC-12 0.1A 30V-  
AC-15 2A 250V~  
E122222  
(C-UL)  
E122222  
ML limit  
switches  
Epoxy-sealed terminal type  
With lamp  
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
QL limit switches  
E122222  
5A 250V AC  
LR55880  
5A 250V AC  
–
J9551203  
–
–
Standard type  
With neon lamp  
AC-15 2A 250V~  
–
VL limit  
switches  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
E122222  
(C-UL)  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
E122222  
6A 380V AC  
Pilot duty A300  
10A 1/2HP 125V AC  
6A 1/2HP 250V AC  
E122222  
(C-UL)  
6A 380V AC  
DL limit switches  
E122222  
E99838  
J9551205  
AC-15 2A 250V~  
Pilot duty A300  
Vertical limit switches  
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
E43149  
(C-UL)  
E43149  
(C-UL)  
E122222  
(C-UL)  
Standard type  
Water-resistant type  
5A 250V AC  
2A 250V AC  
5A 250V AC  
2A 250V AC  
Compact  
Magnelimit  
E43149  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
5A 250V AC  
Pilot duty B300  
Magnelimit  
E122222  
CE MARKINGS OVERVIEW  
The EN standards were established as  
universal EU standards in order to facili-  
tate EU directives. These standards  
were merged with the international IEC  
standards and henceforth reflect the  
standards in all countries. Also, the CE  
markings show that products conform to  
EC directives, and guarantee the free  
flow of products within the EC.  
Limit switches conforming to EN/IEC standards  
The limit switches shown below conform to both EN and IEC standards, and may dis-  
play the CE markings.  
Product classification  
Product name  
Suitable standard  
EN60947-5-1  
EN60947-5-1  
EN60947-5-1  
EN60947-5-1  
EN60947-5-1  
Approving body  
File No.  
J9650514/J9650515  
J9551204  
HL  
ML  
TÜV  
TÜV  
TÜV  
TÜV  
–
Limit switches  
VL  
J9551203  
DL  
J9551205  
Magnelimit  
–
Note: Refer to the page for each individual product for detailed approval conditions and approved types. Moreover, the HL limit  
switch alone does not display the CE mark as standard. If the CE mark is necessary, add (CE) to the end of the part No.  
when ordering.  
Appropriate EC directives  
for control equipment  
products  
What are EN standards? CE markings and EC  
An abbreviation of Norme Europeenne  
(in French), and called European  
directives  
The main EC directives that are to do  
with machinery and electrical equipment  
are the machinery directive, the EMC  
directive, the low voltage directive, and  
the telecom directive. Although these  
directives have already been issued, the  
date of their enactment is different for  
each one. The machinery directive was 1  
January 1995. The EMC directive was 1  
January 1996, and the low voltage direc-  
tive was enacted from 1 January 1997.  
The telecom directive was established by  
the separate CTR (Common Technology  
references.)  
The world’s largest single market, the  
Standards in English. Approval is by vote  
European Community (EC) was born on  
among the CEN/CENELEC member  
1 January 1993 (changing its name to  
countries, and is a unified standards lim-  
EU in November 1993. It is now always  
ited to EU member countries, but the  
expressed as EU, apart from EC direc-  
contents conform to the international  
tives.) EU member country products  
ISO/IEC standards.  
have always had their quality and safety  
If the relevant EN standard does not  
guaranteed according to the individual  
exist, it is necessary to obtain approval  
standards of each member country.  
based on the relevant IEC standard or, if  
However, the standards of each country  
the relevant IEC standard does not exist,  
being different prevented the free flow of  
the relevant standard from each country,  
goods within the EU. For this reason, in  
such as VDE, BS, SEMKO, and so forth.  
order to eliminate non-tariff barriers due  
to these standards, and to maximize the  
merits of EU unification, the EC direc-  
tives were issued concomitant to the  
birth of the EU.  
79  

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