HY-5 [PERKINELMER]

Thyratrons; 闸流管


型号：	HY-5
厂家：	PERKINELMER OPTOELECTRONICS
描述：	Thyratrons 闸流管
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Lighting

Imaging

Telecom

High Energy Switches

Thyratrons

Features

Description

Wide operating voltage range

High pulse rate capability

Ceramic-metal construction

High current capability

Long life

Thyratrons are fast acting high

voltage switches suitable for a

variety of applications including

radar, laser and scientific use.

•

PerkinElmer’s thyratrons are

constructed of ceramic and

metal for strength and long life.

Over 300 thyratron types are

available from PerkinElmer. The

types listed in this guide are a

cross section of the broad line

available. We encourage

inquiries for thyratrons to suit

your particular application.

www.perkinelmer.com/opto

How a Thyratron works

The commutation process is sim-

100 nS, it can damage the grid

ply modeled as shown in Figure 2. driver circuit unless measures

The operation of the device can

be divided into three phases: trig-

gering and commutation (closure),

steady-state conduction, and

recovery (opening), each of which

is discussed below.

are taken to suppress the spike

The time interval between trigger

before it enters the grid driver cir-

breakdown of the grid-cathode

cuit. The location of the grid spike

region and complete closure of

suppression circuit is shown in

Figure 3, Grid Circuit.

the thyratron is called the anode

delay time. It is typically 100-200

nanoseconds for most tube types.

Figure 4, Typical Grid Spike

Suppression Circuits, shows the

more common methods used to

protect the grid driver circuit. In

using any of these types of cir-

cuits, care must be exercised to

assure that the Grid Driver Circuit

pulse is not attenuated in an unac-

ceptable manner. The values for

the circuit components are

During commutation, a high volt-

age spike appears at the grid of

the thyratron. This spike happens

in the time it takes for the plasma

in the grid-anode space to "con-

nect" to the plasma in the grid-

cathode space. During this time,

the anode is momentarily "con-

nected" to the grid thereby caus-

ing the grid to assume a voltage

nearly that of the anode’s.

ANODE

CONTROL GRID (G2)

AUXILIARY GRID (G1)

CATHODE

Figure 1. Thyratron with auxiliary grid

(heater detail not shown)

dependent on the characteristics

of the thyratron being driven, the

Although the grid spike voltage is

brief in duration, usually less than

Triggering and Commutation

When a suitable positive trigger-

ing pulse of energy is applied to

the grid, a plasma forms in the

grid-cathode region from elec-

trons. This plasma passes through

the apertures of the grid structure

and causes electrical breakdown

in the high-voltage region

1. Trigger pulse applied

to control grid.

2. Grid-cathode breakdown.

between the grid and the anode.

This begins the process of thyra-

tron switching (also called com-

mutation). The plasma that is

formed between the grid and the

anode diffuses back through the

grid into the grid-cathode space.

"Connection" of the plasma in the

anode-grid space with the plasma

in the cathode-grid space com-

pletes the commutation process.

Propagating

Plasma Front

4. Closure

3. Electrons from grid-cathode

region create a dense plasma

in the grid-anode region. The

plasma front propagates to-

ward the cathode via break-

down of gas.

Figure 2. Thyratron commutation

grid driver circuit design, and the Recovery can also be improved

involving gently rising voltages

performance required from the by arranging to have small nega- (i.e., resonant charging and ramp

thyratron itself. Contact the appli- tive voltage on the anode after

cations engineering department at forward conduction has ceased.

charging) favor thyratron recov-

ery, and therefore allow higher

PerkinElmer to discuss the spe-

In many radar circuits, a few-per- pulse repetition rates. Fast ramp-

cific details of your requirement. cent negative mismatch between

a pulse-forming network and the

ing and resistive charging put

large voltages on the anode

load ensures a residual negative

anode voltage. In laser circuits,

quickly, thus making recovery

more difficult. The ideal charging

Conduction

Once the commutation interval

has ended, a typical hydrogen

thyratron will conduct with near-

ly constant voltage drop on the

order of 100 volts regardless of

the current through the tube.

classical pulse-forming networks scheme from the viewpoint of

are seldom used, so inverse

anode voltage may not be easily

thyratron recovery is command

charging, wherein voltage is

generated. Recovery then strong- applied to the thyratron only an

ly depends on the characteristics

of the anode charging circuit. In

general, charging schemes

instant before firing.

Recovery

Thyratrons open (recover) via

diffusion of ions to the tube inner

walls and electrode surfaces,

where the ions can recombine

with electrons. This process takes

from 30 to 150 microseconds,

depending on the tube type, fill

pressure, and gas (hydrogen or

deuterium). The theoretical maxi-

mum pulse repetition rate is the

inverse of the recovery time.

CURRENT LIMITING AND/OR

MATCHING RESISTOR

GRID SPIKE

SUPPRESSION CIRCUIT

GRID DRIVER

CIRCUIT

Figure 3. Grid Circuit

Recovery can be promoted by

arranging to have a small nega-

tive DC bias voltage on the con-

trol grid when forward conduc-

tion has ceased. A bias voltage of

50 to 100 volts is usually suffi-

cient.

(d)

Spark Gap

(a)

Filter

(b)

Zener

(c)

MOV

Figure 4. Typical Grid Spike Suppression Circuits

Thyratrons

Plate

Dissipa-

tion

Factor

Peak

Forward

Grid

Voltage

egy

Impe-

dence

of Grid

Circuits

g (Max)

Peak

Anode

Voltage

epy (kV)

Peak

Anode

Current

ib (a)

Average

Anode

Current

lb (Adc)

RMS

Reser-

voir

Heater

V/A

Seated

Height x

Tube Width

(Inches)

Anode

Current

lp (Aac)

Cathode

Heater

V/A

Type

(Min)

EIA Type & Comments

JAN 7621

Notes

(x 10 )

HY-2

100

350

0.1

0.5

2.2

6.3/3.5

6.3/7

Note 1

6.3/2.5

6.3/7

175

150

200

175

1200

1500

500

250

400

250

100

250

400

250

2.35 x 1.0

2 x 1.4

2.7

HY-6

6.5

JAN 7782

HY-60

350

6.3/7

JAN 7665A

2.4 x 1.4

3.6 x 1.4

3.4 x 2

HY-61

350

6.3/8.5

6.3/7.5

6.3/11

Note 1

6.3/4

HY-10

500

JAN 7620

JAN8613

160

100

200

HY-11

1600

500

6.3/4

2.2 x 2.25

5 x 2

HY-1A

Note 1

6.3/8

HY-1102

HY-3192

HY-32

1000

1500

5000

12000

15000

20000

6.3/7.5

6.3/12.5

6.3/18

6.3/12.5

6.3/30

6.3/18

6.3/28

6.3/16

6.3/18

6.3/29

6.3/35

6.3/29

2 x 2

47.5

6.3/5.5

6.3/6

1500

450

500

1300

500

450

500

2500

3.75 x 3.25

4 x 3.25

3 x 6

HY-3204

1802

ib to 10kA @ <1usec

JAN 7322

2.2

47.5

125

6.3/5.5

4.5/11

6.3/6

4 x 3.25

4.75 x 3.25

4.25 x 3.25

3.75 x 3

5 x 4.5

HY-3002

HY-3003

HY-3004

HY-3005

HY-3025

HY-3189

HY-5

8614

HY-53

5 x 4.5

LS-3101S

LS-4101

LS-4111

HY-3246

LS-3229

HY-3202

LS-5001

LS-5002

LS-5101

LS-5111

5.25 x 3

8 x 3.5

6.3/6

3,6

3.5,6

6.3/6

8.25 x 3.5

5.75 x 3

6.4 x 3

6.3/6

Two gap tetrode

6.3/6

3,6

2,6

0.5

47.5

6.3/13

4.5/10

4.5/15

4.5/10

6.4 x 3

6.75 x 4.5

9.5 x 4.5

6.75 x 4.5

7.2 x 4.5

100

3,6

3,5,6

Notes

1. Cathode and reservoir heater internally connected

2. Grounded grid design

3. Auxiliary grid design

4. MT-4 mount required

5. Liquid cooling design

6. Hollow anode design for reverse current

PerkinElmer thyratron control grid driver TM-27 recommended for use with all thyratrons up to 3 inch diameter. TM-29 recommended for thyratrons greater than 3 inch diameter.

The selections above are a representative sample of hundreds of design variations available. Contact PerkinElmer for support for any specific application.

Definition of Terms

TERMS USED TO CHARACTERIZE INDIVIDUAL PULSES

Peak Anode Voltage (epy): maximum positive anode voltage, with respect to the cathode.

Peak Inverse Anode Voltage (epx): maximum negative anode voltage, with respect to the cathode.

Peak Forward Anode Current (ib): maximum instantaneous positive anode current.

Peak Inverse Current (Ibx): maximum instantaneous negative anode current.

Pulse Width (tp): current pulse full-width at half-maximum.

Pulse Repetition Rate (prr): average number of pulses/second.

Current Rise Time (tr): time for the forward current to rise from 10% to 90% of its peak value.

Anode Fall Time: time for the forward anode voltage to collapse from 90% to 10% of its maximum value.

Anode Delay Time (tad): time interval between triggering and commutation (commutation is defined below). The precise

reference points for this interval vary with the application.

Anode Delay Time Drift (∆tad): gradual decrease in anode delay time that occurs as the thyratron warms up.

Jitter (tj): pulse-to-pulse variation in anode delay time.

TIME AVERAGED QUANTITIES

DC Average Current (Ib): forward current averaged over one second.

RMS Average Current (Ip): root-mean-square current averaged over one second.

Plate Breakdown Factor (Pb): numerical factor proportional to the power dissipated at the anode, averaged over one

second. Pb = epy x ib x prr.

STRUCTURAL PARTS OF THE THYRATRON

Auxiliary Grid: grid placed between the control grid and cathode in some thyratrons. A small DC current (or a larger pulsed

current) applied between Auxiliary Grid and cathode can be used to control the anode delay time. (Anode delay time is

defined above). Thyratrons with auxiliary girds are called Tetrode Thyratrons.

Reservoir: maintains the gas pressure in the tube at a level which depends on the reservoir heater voltage.

GENERAL TERMINOLOGY

Static (Self) Breakdown Voltage (SBV): applied voltage at which a thyratron will break down spontaneously, without

being triggered.

Commutation: transition from trigger breakdown to full closure of the thyratron.

Recovery Time: time which must elapse after decay of the circuit current before anode voltage can be reapplied to the

thyratron without causing self-breakdown. The maximum possible pulse repetition rate is the inverse of the recovery time.

Grid Bias: negative DC voltage which may be applied to the control grid to speed up recovery.

Marking

PerkinElmer’s trademark, part designation, and date code.

PerkinElmer welcomes inquiries about special types. We would be pleased to discuss the requirements

of your application and the feasibility of designing a type specifically suited to your needs.

For more information email us at opto@perkinelmer.com or visit our web site at www.perkinelmer.com/opto

Note: All specifications subject to change without notice.

USA:

PerkinElmer Optoelectronics

35 Congress Street

Salem, MA 01970

Toll Free: (800) 950-3441 (USA)

Phone: (978) 745-3200

Fax: (978) 745-0894

DS-247 Rev A 0901

www.perkinelmer.com/opto

HY-5 [PERKINELMER]

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