ISL6537ACRZA-T [RENESAS]

3.3A DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER, 280kHz SWITCHING FREQ-MAX, PQCC28, 6 X 6 MM, ROHS COMPLIANT, PLASTIC, MO-220VJJC, QFN-28;
ISL6537ACRZA-T
型号: ISL6537ACRZA-T
厂家: RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORP    RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORP
描述:

3.3A DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER, 280kHz SWITCHING FREQ-MAX, PQCC28, 6 X 6 MM, ROHS COMPLIANT, PLASTIC, MO-220VJJC, QFN-28

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ISL6537A  
®
Data Sheet  
July 18, 2007  
FN9143.5  
ACPI Regulator/Controller for  
Features  
Dual Channel DDR Memory Systems  
• Generates 5 Regulated Voltages  
- Synchronous Buck PWM Controller for DDR V  
The ISL6537A provides a complete ACPI compliant power  
solution for up to 4 DIMM dual channel DDR/DDR2 Memory  
systems. Included are both a synchronous buck controller to  
DDQ  
- 3A Integrated Sink/Source Linear Regulator with  
Accurate VDDQ/2 Divider Reference for DDR V  
TT  
supply V  
during S0/S1 and S3 states. During S0/S1 state,  
DDQ  
- PWM Regulator for GMCH Core  
a fully integrated sink-source regulator generates an accurate  
(V /2) high current V voltage without the need for a  
- LDO Regulator for CPU/GMCH V Termination  
TT  
DDQ  
TT  
- LDO Regulator for DAC  
negative supply. A buffered version of the V  
/2 reference is  
DDQ  
provided as V  
. A second PWM controller, which requires  
REF  
• ACPI Compliant Sleep State Control  
• Glitch-Free Transitions During State Changes  
external MOSFET drivers, is available for regulation of the  
GMCH Core voltage. An LDO controller is also integrated for  
the CPU V termination voltage regulation and the DAC.  
TT  
• Integrated V  
Buffer  
REF  
The switching PWM controller drives two N-Channel  
MOSFETs in a synchronous-rectified buck converter  
topology. The synchronous buck converter uses voltage-  
mode control with fast transient response. The switching  
regulator provides a maximum static regulation tolerance of  
±2% over line, load, and temperature ranges. The output is  
user-adjustable by means of external resistors down to 0.8V.  
• V  
DDQ  
MOSFETs  
PWM Controller Drives Low Cost N-Channel  
• 250kHz Constant Frequency Operation  
- Both PWM Controllers are Phase Shifted 180°  
• Tight Output Voltage Regulation  
- All Outputs: ±2% Over Temperature  
An integrated soft-start feature brings all outputs into  
regulation in a controlled manner when returning to S0/S1  
state from any sleep state. During S0 the VIDPGD signal  
• Fully-Adjustable Outputs with Wide Voltage Range: Down  
to 0.8V Supports DDR and DDR2 Specifications  
• Simple Single-Loop Voltage-Mode PWM Control Design  
• Fast PWM Converter Transient Response  
• Under and Overvoltage Monitoring  
indicates that the GMCH and CPU V termination voltage  
TT  
is within spec and operational.  
All outputs, except VDAC, have undervoltage protection.  
The switching regulator also has overvoltage and  
overcurrent protection. Thermal shutdown is integrated.  
• OCP on the V  
DDQ  
Switching Regulator  
• Integrated Thermal Shutdown Protection  
Pinout  
ISL6537A (6X6 QFN)  
• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)  
TOP VIEW  
Applications  
Single and Dual Channel DDR Memory Power Systems in  
ACPI Compliant PCs  
28 27 26 25 24 23 22  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
21  
20  
19  
5VSBY  
S3#  
DRIVE3  
FB3  
Graphics Cards - GPU and Memory Supplies  
• ASIC Power Supplies  
P12V  
PWM4  
• Embedded Processor and I/O Supplies  
• DSP Supplies  
GND  
29  
GND  
18 FB4  
17  
DDR_VTT  
DDR_VTT  
VDDQ  
COMP4  
16 COMP  
15 FB  
8
9
10 11 12 13 14  
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.  
1
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.  
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2004, 2005, 2007. All Rights Reserved  
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.  
ISL6537A  
Ordering Information  
TEMPERATURE  
PKG.  
PART NUMBER  
ISL6537ACR  
PART MARKING  
ISL6537ACR  
RANGE (°C)  
PACKAGE  
28 Ld 6x6 QFN  
DWG. #  
0 to +70  
L28.6x6  
ISL6537ACRZ (Note)  
ISL6537ACRZA (Note)  
ISL6537ACRZ  
ISL6537ACRZ  
0 to +70  
28 Ld 6x6 QFN (Pb-free)  
28 Ld 6x6 QFN (Pb-free)  
L28.6x6  
L28.6x6  
0 to +70  
*Add “-T” suffix to part number for tape and reel packaging.  
NOTE: Intersil Pb-free plus anneal products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate  
termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL  
classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.  
FN9143.5  
2
Block Diagram  
S3# S5#  
FB  
COMP  
5VSBY  
P12V  
BOOT  
180°  
PHASE  
SHIFT  
250kHz  
OSCILLATOR  
PWM4  
EA1  
POR  
UGATE  
PWM  
COMP4  
5VSBY  
EA1 ACTIVE  
IN S3  
EA4  
MONITOR AND CONTROL  
LGATE  
FB4  
SOFTSTART & ENABLE A  
SOFTSTART & ENABLE B  
SOFTSTART & ENABLE C  
ENABLE DDR_VTT  
ENABLE VIDPGD  
FAULT  
PHASE  
OCSET  
OC  
COMP  
VOLTAGE  
REFERENCE  
20µA  
0.800V  
P12V  
0.680V (-15%)  
0.920V (+15%)  
VTTSNS  
VDDQ(2)  
VTT(2)  
EA2  
S3  
DRIVE2  
FB2  
VTT  
REG  
UV  
R
U
UV/OV  
UV  
UV/OV  
VREF_IN  
P12V  
R
L
EA3  
VREF_OUT  
DRIVE3  
FB3  
VIDPGD  
GND PAD  
GND(2)  
ISL6537A  
Simplified Power System Diagram  
12V  
5VSBY  
5VDUAL  
3V3ATX  
SLP_S3  
ISL6537A  
SLEEP  
STATE  
LOGIC  
SLP_S5  
Q1  
Q2  
V
DDQ  
PWM  
CONTROLLER  
+
Q3  
V
GMCH  
PWM  
CONTROLLER  
+
Q4  
V
REF  
VTT  
REGULATOR  
V
TT  
+
3V3ATX  
Q6  
LINEAR  
CONTROLLER  
Q5  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
LINEAR  
CONTROLLER  
V
V
DAC  
+
+
Typical Application  
5VSBY  
12V  
3VDUAL  
5VDUAL  
D
BOOT  
VIDPGD  
BOOT  
ATX3V3  
SLP_S5  
S5#  
S3#  
R
OCSET  
OCSET  
SLP_S3  
C
BOOT  
Q1  
UGATE  
PHASE  
ISL6537A  
Q3  
Q4  
V
+
DDQ_DDR  
V
GMCH  
PWM4  
Q2  
R3  
LGATE  
C5  
C6  
COMP4  
FB4  
DDR_VDDQ(x2)  
COMP  
R6  
C1  
C2  
R5  
R2  
C3  
R8  
FB  
R1  
R7  
C7  
Q5  
R4  
DRIVE2  
FB2  
V
V
TT_GMCH/CPU  
REF  
VREF_OUT  
VREF_IN  
R9  
ATX3V3  
R10  
V
TT_DDR  
DDR_VTT(x2)  
DDR_VTTSNS  
DRIVE3  
FB3  
Q6  
V
DAC  
R11  
R12  
FN9143.5  
4
ISL6537A  
Absolute Maximum Ratings  
Thermal Information  
5VSBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GND - 0.3V to +7V  
P12V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GND - 0.3V to +14V  
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Notes 1, 2) θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W)  
QFN Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
32  
5
Absolute Boot Voltage, V  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V  
BOOT  
Upper Driver Supply Voltage, V  
Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . +150°C  
Maximum Storage Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . -65°C to +150°C  
Pb-free reflow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below  
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp  
- V  
. . . . . . . . 7.0V (DC)  
BOOT  
8.0V (<10ns Pulse Width, 10μJ)  
PHASE  
All other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 5VCC + 0.3V  
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2  
Recommended Operating Conditions  
Supply Voltage on 5VSBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5V ±10%  
Supply Voltage on P12V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +12V ±10%  
Ambient Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +70°C  
Junction Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +125°C  
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and  
result in failures not covered by warranty.  
NOTES:  
1. θ is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See  
JA  
Tech Brief TB379.  
2. For θ , the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.  
JC  
Electrical Specifications Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Block and Simplified Power System  
Diagrams and Typical Application Schematics  
PARAMETER  
5VSBY SUPPLY CURRENT  
Nominal Supply Current  
SYMBOL  
TEST CONDITIONS  
MIN  
TYP MAX  
UNITS  
I
I
S3# and S5# HIGH, UGATE/LGATE Open  
5.5  
-
7.0  
8.0  
mA  
CC_S0  
CC_S5  
S5# LOW, S3# Don’t Care, UGATE/LGATE Open  
700  
850  
μA  
POWER-ON RESET  
Rising 5VSBY POR Threshold  
Falling 5VSBY POR Threshold  
Rising P12V POR Threshold  
Falling P12V POR Threshold  
OSCILLATOR AND SOFT-START  
PWM Frequency  
4.10  
3.60  
10.0  
8.80  
-
-
-
-
4.45  
3.95  
10.5  
9.75  
V
V
V
V
f
220  
-
250  
1.5  
8.2  
280  
-
kHz  
V
OSC  
Ramp Amplitude  
ΔV  
OSC  
SS  
Soft-Start Interval  
t
6.5  
9.5  
ms  
REFERENCE VOLTAGE  
Reference Voltage  
V
-
0.800  
-
-
V
REF  
System Accuracy  
-2.0  
+2.0  
%
V
AND V  
PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIERS  
GMCH  
DDQ  
DC Gain  
(Note 3)  
-
15  
-
80  
-
-
-
-
dB  
Gain-Bandwidth Product  
Slew Rate  
GBWP  
SR  
(Note 3)  
(Note 3)  
MHz  
V/μs  
6
CONTROL I/O (S3#, S5#)  
LOW Level Input Threshold  
HIGH Level Input Threshold  
0.75  
-
-
-
-
V
V
2.2  
FN9143.5  
5
ISL6537A  
Electrical Specifications Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted. Refer to Block and Simplified Power System  
Diagrams and Typical Application Schematics (Continued)  
PARAMETER  
PWM CONTROLLER GATE DRIVERS  
UGATE and LGATE Source  
UGATE and LGATE Sink  
SYMBOL  
TEST CONDITIONS  
MIN  
TYP MAX  
UNITS  
I
I
-
-
-0.8  
0.8  
-
-
A
A
GATE  
GATE  
VTT REGULATOR  
Upper Divider Impedance  
R
-
-
2.5  
2.5  
-
-
-
kΩ  
kΩ  
mA  
A
U
Lower Divider Impedance  
R
L
VREF_OUT Buffer Source Current  
I
-
2
3
VREF_OUT  
Maximum V Load Current  
TT  
I
Periodic load applied with 30% duty cycle and  
10ms period using ISL6537A_6506EVAL1  
evaluation board (see Application Note AN1124)  
-3  
-
VTT_MAX  
LINEAR REGULATORS  
DC Gain  
(Note 3)  
-
80  
-
-
dB  
MHz  
V/μs  
V
Gain Bandwidth Product  
Slew Rate  
GBWP  
SR  
(Note 3)  
15  
-
(Note 3)  
-
6
-
DRIVEn High Output Voltage  
DRIVEn Low Output Voltage  
DRIVEn High Output Source Current  
DRIVEn Low Output Sink Current  
VIDPGD  
DRIVEn Unloaded  
9.75  
10.0  
0.16  
1.7  
1.20  
-
-
-
-
0.50  
V
V
V
= 770mV, V  
= 830mV, V  
= 0V  
-
-
mA  
mA  
FB  
FB  
DRIVEn  
DRIVEn  
= 10V  
V
V
Rising Threshold  
Falling Threshold  
S0  
S0  
.725  
-
.740  
-
V
V
TT_GMCH/CPU  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
0.700 0.715  
PROTECTION  
OCSET Current Source  
I
18  
20  
-
22  
μA  
A
OCSET  
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Current Limit  
(Note 3)  
S0/S3  
S0/S3  
S0  
-3.3  
3.3  
TT_DDR  
OV Level  
V
V
/V  
FB REF  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
115  
75  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
%
%
%
%
%
%
°C  
DDQ  
UV Level  
/V  
FB REF  
DDQ  
OV Level  
UV Level  
V
V
/V  
TT VREF_IN  
115  
85  
TT_DDR  
TT_DDR  
/V  
TT VREF_IN  
S0  
UV Level  
V
V
/V  
FB4 REF  
S0  
75  
GMCH  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
UV Level  
/V  
FB2 REF  
S0  
75  
Thermal Shutdown Limit  
NOTE:  
T
(Note 3)  
140  
SD  
3. Limits should be considered typical and are not production tested  
P12V (Pin 3)  
The V regulation circuit and the Linear Drivers are  
powered by P12V. P12V is not required during S3/S4/S5  
operation. P12V is typically connected to the +12V rail of an  
ATX power supply.  
Functional Pin Description  
TT  
5VSBY (Pin 1)  
5VSBY is the bias supply of the ISL6537A. It is typically  
connected to the 5V standby rail of an ATX power supply.  
During S4/S5 sleep states the ISL6537A enters a reduced  
GND (Pins 4, 27, 29)  
power mode and draws less than 1mA (I  
) from the  
CC_S5  
5VSBY supply. The supply to 5VSBY should be locally  
The GND terminals of the ISL6537A provide the return path  
bypassed using a 0.1μF capacitor.  
for the V LDO, and switching MOSFET gate drivers. High  
TT  
FN9143.5  
6
 
ISL6537A  
ground currents are conducted directly through the exposed  
paddle of the QFN package which must be electrically  
connected to the ground plane through a path as low in  
inductance as possible.  
pins serve as inputs to the V regulator and to the V  
TT  
Reference precision divider.  
TT  
DDR_VTT (Pins 5, 6)  
The DDR_VTT pins should be connected externally  
together. During S0/S1 states, the DDR_VTT pins serve as  
the outputs of the V linear regulator. During S3 state, the  
UGATE (Pin 26)  
Connect this pin to the upper MOSFET’s gate. This pin  
provides the PWM-controlled gate drive for the upper  
MOSFET. This pin is also monitored by the adaptive shoot-  
through protection circuitry to determine when the upper  
MOSFET has turned off. Do not insert any circuitry between  
this pin and the gate of the upper MOSFET, as it may  
interfere with the internal adaptive shoot-through protection  
circuitry and render it ineffective.  
TT  
regulator is disabled.  
V
TT  
DDR_VTTSNS (Pin 9)  
VTTSNS is used as the feedback for control of the V linear  
TT  
regulator. Connect this pin to the V output at the physical  
TT  
point of desired regulation.  
VREF_OUT (Pin 13)  
VREF_OUT is a buffered version of V and also acts as the  
TT  
LGATE (Pin 28)  
reference voltage for the V linear regulator. It is  
recommended that a minimum capacitance of 0.1μF is  
TT  
Connect this pin to the lower MOSFET’s gate. This pin  
provides the PWM-controlled gate drive for the lower  
MOSFET. This pin is also monitored by the adaptive shoot-  
through protection circuitry to determine when the lower  
MOSFET has turned off. Do not insert any circuitry between  
this pin and the gate of the lower MOSFET, as it may  
interfere with the internal adaptive shoot-through protection  
circuitry and render it ineffective.  
connected between V  
and VREF_OUT and also  
DDQ  
between VREF_OUT and ground for proper operation.  
VREF_IN (Pin 14)  
A capacitor, C , connected between VREF_IN and ground  
SS  
is required. This capacitor and the parallel combination of  
the Upper and Lower Divider Impedance (R ||R ), sets the  
U
L
time constant for the start up ramp when transitioning from  
S3/S4/S5 to S0/S1/S2.  
FB (Pin 15) and COMP (Pin 16)  
The V  
DDQ  
switching regulator employs a single voltage  
control loop. FB is the negative input to the voltage loop error  
amplifier. The V output voltage is set by an external  
The minimum value for C can be found through the  
SS  
following equation:  
DDQ  
resistor divider connected to FB. With a properly selected  
divider, V can be set to any voltage between the power  
C
V  
DDQ  
VTTOUT  
(EQ. 2)  
------------------------------------------------  
>
SS  
DDQ  
C
||  
10 2A R  
R
L
U
rail (reduced by converter losses) and the 0.8V reference.  
Loop compensation is achieved by connecting an AC  
network across COMP and FB.  
The calculated capacitance, C , will charge the output  
SS  
capacitor bank on the V rail in a controlled manner without  
TT  
The FB pin is also monitored for under and overvoltage  
events.  
reaching the current limit of the V LDO.  
TT  
BOOT (Pin 25)  
PHASE (Pin 24)  
This pin provides ground referenced bias voltage to the  
upper MOSFET driver. A bootstrap circuit is used to create a  
voltage suitable to drive a logic-level N-channel MOSFET.  
Connect this pin to the upper MOSFET’s source. This pin is  
used to monitor the voltage drop across the upper MOSFET  
for overcurrent protection.  
PWM4 (Pin 19)  
OCSET (Pin 22)  
Connect a resistor (R  
This pin provides the PWM output for the GMCH core  
switching regulator. Connect this pin to the PWM input of an  
Intersil MOSFET driver.  
) from this pin to the drain of the  
, an internal 20μA current source  
OCSET  
upper MOSFET. R  
(I  
OCSET  
), and the upper MOSFET on-resistance (r  
DS(ON)  
)
OCSET  
FB4 (Pin 19) and COMP4 (Pin 17)  
set the converter overcurrent (OC) trip point according to the  
following equation:  
The GMCH core switching regulator employs a single  
voltage control loop. FB4 is the negative input to the voltage  
loop error amplifier. The GMCH core output voltage is set by  
an external resistor divider connected to FB4. With a  
I
xR  
OCSET  
OCSET  
(EQ. 1)  
I
= -------------------------------------------------  
PEAK  
r
DS(ON)  
properly selected divider, V  
can be set to any voltage  
GMCH  
An overcurrent trip cycles the soft-start function.  
between the power rail (reduced by converter losses) and  
the 0.8V reference. Loop compensation is achieved by  
connecting an AC network across COMP4 and FB4.  
VDDQ (Pins 7, 8)  
The VDDQ pins should be connected externally together to  
the regulated V  
output. During S0/S1 states, the VDDQ  
DDQ  
The FB4 pin is also monitored for undervoltage events.  
FN9143.5  
7
ISL6537A  
FB2 (Pin 18)  
Initialization  
Connect the output of the V  
linear regulator to  
The ISL6537A automatically initializes upon receipt of input  
power. Special sequencing of the input supplies is not  
necessary. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually  
monitors the input bias supply voltages. The POR monitors  
the bias voltage at the 5VSBY and P12V pins. The POR  
function initiates soft-start operation after the bias supply  
voltages exceed their POR thresholds.  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
this pin through a properly sized resistor divider. The voltage  
at this pin is regulated to 0.8V. This pin is monitored for  
undervoltage events.  
DRIVE2 (Pin 10)  
This pin provides the gate voltage for the V  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
linear regulator pass transistor. Connect this pin to the gate  
terminal of an external N-Channel MOSFET transistor.  
ACPI State Transitions  
Figure 1 shows how the individual regulators are controlled  
during all state transitions. All references to timing in this  
section are in reference to Figure 1.  
FB3 (Pin 18)  
Connect the output of the DAC linear regulator to this pin  
through a properly sized resistor divider. The voltage at this  
pin is regulated to 0.8V.  
Cold Start (S4/S5 to S0 Transition)  
At the onset of a mechanical start, time t in Figure 1, the  
0
DRIVE3 (Pin 10)  
ISL6537A receives its bias voltage from the 5V Standby bus  
(5VSBY). Once the 5VSBY rail has exceeded the POR  
threshold, the ISL6537A will remain in an internal S5 state  
until both the SLP_S3 and SLP_S5 signal have transitioned  
high and the 12V POR threshold has been exceeded by the  
This pin provides the gate voltage for the DAC linear  
regulator pass transistor. Connect this pin to the gate  
terminal of an external N-Channel MOSFET transistor.  
VIDPGD (Pin 12)  
+12V rail from the ATX, which occurs at time t .  
1
The VIDPGD pin is an open-drain logic output that changes  
to a logic low if the V  
regulation in S0/S1/S2 state. VIDPGD will always be low in  
any state other than S0/S1/S2.  
linear regulator is out of  
Once all of these conditions are met, the PWM error  
amplifiers will first be reset by internally shorting the COMP  
pins to the respective FB pins. This reset lasts for three soft-  
start cycles, which is typically 24ms (one soft-start cycle is  
typically 8.2ms). The digital soft-start sequence will then  
begin. Each regulator is enabled and soft-started according  
to a preset sequence.  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
SLP_S5# (Pin 23)  
This pin accepts the SLP_S5# sleep state signal.  
SLP_S3# (Pin 2)  
This pin accepts the SLP_S3# sleep state signal.  
At time t , the 3 soft-start cycle reset has ended and the  
2
V
rail is digitally soft-started.  
DDQ_DDR  
Functional Description  
The digital soft-start for both PWM regulators is accomplished  
by clamping the error amplifier reference input to a level  
proportional to the internal digital soft-start voltage. As the soft-  
start voltage slews up, the PWM comparator generates PHASE  
pulses of increasing width that charge the output capacitor(s).  
This method provides a rapid and controlled output voltage rise.  
Overview  
The ISL6537A provides complete control, drive, protection  
and ACPI compliance for regulator powering DDR memory  
systems and the GMCH core and GMCH/CPU termination  
rails. It is primarily designed for computer applications  
powered from an ATX power supply.  
The linear regulators, with the exception of the internal  
V
LDO, are soft-started in a similar manner. The  
A 250kHz Synchronous Buck Regulator with a precision  
0.8V reference provides the proper Core voltage to the  
system memory of the computer. An internal LDO regulator  
with the ability to both sink and source current and an  
TT_DDR  
error amplifier reference is clamped to the internal digital  
soft-start voltage. As the soft-start voltage ramps up, the  
respective DRIVE pin voltages increase, thus enhancing the  
N-MOSFETs and charging the output capacitors in a  
controlled manner.  
externally available buffered reference that tracks the V  
DDQ  
output by 50% provides the V termination voltage.  
TT  
At time t , the V  
DDQ_DDR  
rail is in regulation and the  
rail is in  
and the DAC linear  
A second 250kHz PWM Buck regulator, which requires an  
external MOSFET driver, provides the GMCH core voltage.  
This PWM regulator is +180° out of phase with the PWM  
regulator used for the Memory core. Two additional LDO  
controllers are included, one for the regulation of the  
GMCH/CPU termination rail and the second for the DAC.  
3
V
rail is soft-started. At time t , the V  
GMCH  
regulation and the V  
4
GMCH  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
regulators are soft-started. At time t , the V  
5
TT_GMCH/CPU  
internal  
rail and DAC rails are in regulation and the V  
regulator is soft-started.  
TT_DDR  
The V  
LDO soft-starts in a manner unlike the other  
regulators. When the V regulator is disabled, the  
ACPI compliance is realized through the SLP_S3 and  
SLP_S5 sleep signals and through monitoring of the 12V  
ATX bus.  
TT_DDR  
TT_DDR  
reference is internally shorted to the V  
output. This  
TT_DDR  
FN9143.5  
8
SLP_S3#  
SLP_S5#  
12V  
POR  
12V  
0V  
V
DDQ_DDR  
0V  
V
GMCH  
0V  
V
TT_GMCH/CPU  
0V  
V
DAC  
0V  
DDQ_DDR  
V
TT_DDR Soft-Start Rise Time Dependent Upon Capacitor On V  
Pin  
REF_IN  
V
V
TT_DDR  
0V  
V
FLOATING  
TT_DDR  
VIDPGD  
(3 SOFTSTART CYCLES)  
(3 SOFTSTART CYCLES)  
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
15  
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
FIGURE 1. ISL6537A TIMING DIAGRAM  
ISL6537A  
allows the termination voltage to float during the S3 sleep  
state. When the ISL6537A enables the V regulator  
or enters S0 state from a sleep state, this short is released  
and the internal divide down resistors which set the  
Fault Protection  
The ISL6537A monitors the V  
TT_DDR  
regulator for under and  
regulator also has overcurrent  
DDQ  
overvoltage events. The V  
DDQ  
protection. The internal V  
LDO regulator is monitored  
TT_DDR  
V
voltage to 50% of V will provide a  
TT_DDR  
DDQ_DDR  
for under and overvoltage events. All other regulators, with the  
exception of the DAC LDO, are monitored for undervoltage  
events.  
controlled voltage rise on the capacitor that is tied to the  
VREF_IN pin. The voltage on this capacitor is the reference  
for the V  
regulator and the output will track it as it  
TT_DDR  
settles to 50% of the V  
An overvoltage event on either the V  
or V  
TT_DDR  
DDQ  
voltage. The combination of the  
capacitor will determine  
DDQ  
internal resistors and the V  
the rise time of the V  
regulator will cause an immediate shutdown of all regulators.  
This can only be cleared by toggling the SLP_S5 signal such  
that the system enters the S5 sleep state and then  
transitions back to the active, S0, state.  
REF_IN  
regulator (see the Functional  
TT_DDR  
Pin Description section for proper sizing of the VREF_IN  
capacitor).  
If a regulator experiences any other fault condition (an  
At time t , a full soft-start cycle has passed from the time that  
6
undervoltage or an overcurrent on V  
), then that  
DDQ  
the V  
regulator was enabled. At this time the  
TT_DDR  
VIDPGD comparator is enabled. Once enabled if the  
output is within regulation, the VIDPGD pin  
regulator, and only that regulator, will be disabled and an  
internal fault counter will be incremented by 1. If the disabled  
regulator is used as the input for another regulator, then that  
cascoded regulator will also experience a fault condition due  
to a loss of input. The cascoded regulator will be disabled  
and the fault counter incremented by 1.  
V
TT_GMCH/CPU  
will be forced to a high impedance state.  
Active to Sleep (S0 to S3 Transition)  
When SLP_S3 goes LOW with SLP_S5 still HIGH, the  
ISL6537A will disable all the regulators except for the V  
DDQ  
At every fault occurrence, the internal fault counter is  
incremented by 1 and an internal Fault Reset Counter is  
cleared to zero. The Fault Reset Counter will increment once  
for every clock cycle (1 clock cycle is typically 1/250kHz, or  
4μs). If the Fault Reset Counter reaches a count of 16384  
before another fault occurs, then the Fault Counter is  
cleared to 0. If a fault occurs prior to the Fault Reset Counter  
reaching a count of 16384, then the Fault Reset Counter is  
set back to zero.  
regulator, which is continually supplied by the 5VDUAL rail.  
VIDPGD will also transition LOW. When V is disabled, the  
TT  
internal reference for the V regulator is internally shorted  
TT  
to the V rail. This allows the V rail to float. When  
TT TT  
floating, the voltage on the V rail will depend on the  
TT  
leakage characteristics of the memory and MCH I/O pins. It  
is important to note that the V rail may not bleed down to  
TT  
0V. Figure 1 shows how the individual regulators are  
affected by the S3 state at time t .  
7
The ISL6537A will immediately shut down when the Fault  
Counter reaches a count of 4 when the system is restarting  
from an S5 state into the active, or S0, state. The ISL6537A  
will immediately shut down when the Fault Counter reaches  
a count of 5 at any other time.  
Sleep to Active (S3 to S0 Transition)  
When SLP_S3 transitions from LOW to HIGH with SLP_S5  
held HIGH and after the 12V rail exceeds POR, the  
ISL6537A will initiate the soft-start sequence. This sequence  
is very similar to the mechanical start soft-start sequencing.  
The transition from S3 to S0 is represented in Figure 1  
The 16384 counts that are required to reset the Fault Reset  
Counter represent 8 soft-start cycles, as one soft-start cycle is  
2048 clock cycles. This allows the ISL6537A to attempt at least  
one full soft-start sequence to restart the faulted regulators.  
between times t and t  
.
8
14  
At time t , the SLP_S3 signal transitions HIGH. This enables  
8
the ATX, which brings up the 12V rail. At time t , the 12V rail  
has exceeded the POR threshold and the ISL6537A enters a  
reset mode that lasts for 3 soft-start cycles. At time t , the 3  
soft-start cycle reset is ended and the individual regulators  
are enabled and soft-started in the same sequence as the  
mechanical cold start sequence, with the exception that the  
9
When attempting to restart a faulted regulator, the ISL6537A  
will follow the preset start up sequencing. If a regulator is  
already in regulation, then it will not be affected by the start  
up sequencing.  
10  
V
Overcurrent Protection  
DDQ  
V
regulator is already enabled and in regulation.  
DDQ  
The overcurrent function protects the switching converter from  
a shorted output by using the upper MOSFET on-resistance,  
Active to Shutdown (S0 to S5 Transition)  
r
, to monitor the current. This method enhances the  
DS(ON)  
When the system transitions from active, S0, state to  
shutdown, S4/S5, state, the ISL6537A IC disables all  
regulators and forces the VIDPGD pin LOW. This transition  
converter’s efficiency and reduces cost by eliminating a  
current sensing resistor.  
is represented on Figure 1 at time t  
.
15  
The overcurrent function cycles the soft-start function in a  
hiccup mode to provide fault protection. A resistor (R  
)
OCSET  
programs the overcurrent trip level (see Typical Application  
FN9143.5  
10  
ISL6537A  
diagrams on page 4). An internal 20μA (typical) current sink  
develops a voltage across R that is referenced to the  
converter input voltage. When the voltage across the upper  
MOSFET (also referenced to the converter input voltage)  
Since the voltage of the MOSFET gates are being measured  
to determine the state of the MOSFET, the designer is  
encouraged to consider the repercussions of introducing  
external components between the gate drivers and their  
respective MOSFET gates before actually implementing  
such measures. Doing so may interfere with the shoot-  
through protection.  
OCSET  
exceeds the voltage across R  
, the overcurrent function  
OCSET  
initiates a soft-start sequence. The initiation of soft-start may  
affect other regulators. The V regulator is directly  
TT_DDR  
affected as it receives its reference and input from V  
.
DDQ  
Application Guidelines  
The overcurrent function will trip at a peak inductor current  
Layout Considerations  
(I  
I
determined by:  
PEAK)  
Layout is very important in high frequency switching  
converter design. With power devices switching efficiently at  
250kHz, the resulting current transitions from one device to  
another cause voltage spikes across the interconnecting  
impedances and parasitic circuit elements. These voltage  
spikes can degrade efficiency, radiate noise into the circuit,  
and lead to device overvoltage stress. Careful component  
layout and printed circuit board design minimizes these  
voltage spikes.  
I
x R  
OCSET  
OCSET  
(EQ. 3)  
= ----------------------------------------------------  
PEAK  
r
DS(ON)  
where I  
is the internal OCSET current source (20μA  
OCSET  
typical). The OC trip point varies mainly due to the MOSFET  
variations. To avoid overcurrent tripping in the  
r
DS(ON)  
normal operating load range, find the R  
the equation above with:  
resistor from  
OCSET  
1. The maximum r  
temperature.  
at the highest junction  
DS(ON)  
As an example, consider the turn-off transition of the control  
MOSFET. Prior to turn-off, the MOSFET is carrying the full  
load current. During turn-off, current stops flowing in the  
MOSFET and is picked up by the lower MOSFET. Any  
parasitic inductance in the switched current path generates a  
large voltage spike during the switching interval. Careful  
component selection, tight layout of the critical components,  
and short, wide traces minimizes the magnitude of voltage  
spikes.  
2. The minimum I  
from the specification table.  
OCSET  
I)  
2
----------  
,
3. Determine I  
for I  
> I  
+
OUT(MAX)  
PEAK  
PEAK  
where ΔI is the output inductor ripple current.  
For an equation for the ripple current see the section under  
component guidelines titled ‘Output Inductor Selection’.  
A small ceramic capacitor should be placed in parallel with  
R
to smooth the voltage across  
R
in the  
There are two sets of critical components in the ISL6537A  
switching converter. The switching components are the most  
critical because they switch large amounts of energy, and  
therefore tend to generate large amounts of noise. Next are  
the small signal components which connect to sensitive  
nodes or supply critical bypass current and signal coupling.  
OCSET  
OCSET  
presence of switching noise on the input voltage.  
Thermal Protection (S0/S3 State)  
If the ISL6537A IC junction temperature reaches a nominal  
temperature of +140°C, all regulators will be disabled. The  
ISL6537A will not re-enable the outputs until the junction  
temperature drops below +110°C and either the bias voltage  
is toggled in order to initiate a POR or the SLP_S5 signal is  
forced LOW and then back to HIGH.  
A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 2  
shows the connections of the critical components in the  
converter. Note that capacitors C and C  
could each  
IN OUT  
represent numerous physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid  
layer, usually a middle layer of the PC board, for a ground  
plane and make all critical component ground connections  
with vias to this layer. Dedicate another solid layer as a  
power plane and break this plane into smaller islands of  
common voltage levels. Keep the metal runs from the  
PHASE terminals to the output inductor short. The power  
plane should support the input power and output power  
nodes. Use copper filled polygons on the top and bottom  
circuit layers for the phase nodes. Use the remaining printed  
circuit layers for small signal wiring. The wiring traces from  
the GATE pins to the MOSFET gates should be kept short  
and wide enough to easily handle the 1A of drive current.  
Shoot-Through Protection  
A shoot-through condition occurs when both the upper and  
lower MOSFETs are turned on simultaneously, effectively  
shorting the input voltage to ground. To protect from a shoot-  
through condition, the ISL6537A incorporates specialized  
circuitry on the V  
regulator which insures that  
DDQ  
complementary MOSFETs are not ON simultaneously.  
The adaptive shoot-through protection utilized by the V  
DDQ  
regulator looks at the lower gate drive pin, LGATE, and the  
upper gate drive pin, UGATE, to determine whether a  
MOSFET is ON or OFF. If the voltage from UGATE or from  
LGATE to GND is less than 0.8V, then the respective  
MOSFET is defined as being OFF and the other MOSFET is  
In order to dissipate heat generated by the internal V  
TT  
allowed to turned ON. This method allows the V  
regulator to both source and sink current.  
LDO, the ground pad, pin 29, should be connected to the  
internal ground plane through at least four vias. This allows  
DDQ  
FN9143.5  
11  
ISL6537A  
the heat to move away from the IC and also ties the pad to  
12V  
ATX  
the ground plane through a low impedance path.  
P12V  
GNDP  
C
BP  
The switching components should be placed close to the  
ISL6537A first. Minimize the length of the connections  
5VDUAL  
5VSBY  
5VSBY  
between the input capacitors, C , and the power switches  
IN  
C
IN  
C
BP  
by placing them nearby. Position both the ceramic and bulk  
input capacitors as close to the upper MOSFET drain as  
possible. Position the output inductor and output capacitors  
between the upper and lower MOSFETs and the load.  
ISL6537A  
L
UGATE  
PHASE  
1
Q
1
V
DDQ  
The critical small signal components include any bypass  
capacitors, feedback components, and compensation  
components. Place the PWM converter compensation  
components close to the FB and COMP pins. The feedback  
resistors should be located as close as possible to the FB  
pin with vias tied straight to the ground plane as required.  
C
OUT1  
LGATE  
COMP  
Q
2
C
2
C
1
R
2
R
1
FB  
C
R
3
3
R
4
Feedback Compensation - PWM Buck Converters  
V
DDQ  
Figure 3 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a  
synchronous-rectified buck converter. The output voltage  
VDDQ(2)  
VTT(2)  
V
TT  
(V  
) is regulated to the Reference voltage level. The error  
OUT  
amplifier output (V ) is compared with the oscillator (OSC)  
triangular wave to provide a pulse-width modulated (PWM)  
E/A  
C
3.3VATX  
OUT2  
wave with an amplitude of V at the PHASE node. The  
C
IN  
IN  
PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter (L and C ).  
O
O
Q
1
V
IN  
DRIVER  
PWM4  
OSC  
PWM  
COMPARATOR  
L
O
V
DDQ  
Q
L
2
2
-
DRIVER  
PHASE  
V
GMCH  
+
ΔV  
C
O
OSC  
ESR  
(PARASITIC)  
COMP4  
FB4  
C
OUT3  
C
6
Z
FB  
C
5
V
R
E/A  
6
R
5
Z
-
IN  
+
C
R
7
7
R
REFERENCE  
8
ERROR  
AMP  
DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS  
Q
3
DRIVE2  
FB2  
V
R
TT_GMCH/CPU  
9
Z
FB  
V
DDQ  
C
1
Z
IN  
R
10  
C
C
R
C
R
2
3
2
3
OUT4  
3.3VATX  
R
1
COMP  
Q
3
DRIVE3  
FB3  
FB  
V
R
DAC  
-
+
11  
R
4
GND PAD  
R
12  
ISL6537A  
C
OUT5  
REFERENCE  
KEY  
R
1
V
= 0.8 × 1 + ------  
ISLAND ON POWER PLANE LAYER  
DDQ  
R
4
ISLAND ON CIRCUIT AND/OR POWER PLANE LAYER  
VIA CONNECTION TO GROUND PLANE  
FIGURE 3. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER  
COMPENSATION DESIGN AND OUTPUT  
VOLTAGE SELECTION  
FIGURE 2. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER PLANES  
AND ISLANDS  
FN9143.5  
12  
ISL6537A  
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer  
function of V /V . This function is dominated by a DC  
100  
F
F
P1  
F
F
OUT E/A  
Gain and the output filter (L and C ), with a double pole  
Z2  
Z1  
P2  
O
O
80  
60  
40  
20  
0
break frequency at F and a zero at F  
. The DC Gain of  
LC ESR  
OPEN LOOP  
ERROR AMP GAIN  
the modulator is simply the input voltage (V ) divided by the  
IN  
peak-to-peak oscillator voltage ΔV  
OSC  
.
20LOG  
(R /R )  
2
1
Modulator Break Frequency Equations  
20LOG  
(V /ΔV  
)
1
1
IN OSC  
F
= ------------------------------------------  
F
= -------------------------------------------  
(EQ. 4)  
LC  
ESR  
2π x ESR x C  
2π x  
L
x C  
O
COMPENSATION  
GAIN  
O
O
MODULATOR  
GAIN  
-20  
-40  
-60  
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier  
(internal to the ISL6537A) and the impedance networks Z  
CLOSED LOOP  
GAIN  
IN  
F
LC  
F
ESR  
100K  
FREQUENCY (Hz)  
and Z . The goal of the compensation network is to provide  
FB  
10  
100  
1K  
10K  
1M  
10M  
a closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing  
frequency (f  
) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin  
is the difference between the closed loop phase at f and  
0dB  
0dB  
180 degrees. The equations below relate the compensation  
FIGURE 4. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN  
network’s poles, zeros and gain to the components (R , R ,  
1
2
R , C , C , and C ) in Figure 3. Use these guidelines for  
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:  
Output Voltage Selection  
3
1
2
3
The output voltage of all the external voltage regulators can  
be programmed to any level between their individual input  
voltage and the internal reference, 0.8V. An external resistor  
divider is used to scale the output voltage relative to the  
reference voltage and feed it back to the inverting input of the  
error amplifier, refer to the Typical Application on page 4.  
1. Pick Gain (R /R ) for desired converter bandwidth.  
2
1
ST  
2. Place 1 Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole (~75% F ).  
LC  
ND  
3. Place 2  
Zero at Filter’s Double Pole.  
ST  
4. Place 1 Pole at the ESR Zero.  
ND  
5. Place 2  
Pole at Half the Switching Frequency.  
6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop Gain.  
7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary.  
The output voltage programming resistor will depend on the  
value chosen for the feedback resistor and the desired  
output voltage of the particular regulator.  
Compensation Break Frequency Equations  
1
1
R1 × 0.8V  
F
F
= -----------------------------------  
F
F
= --------------------------------------------------------  
R4 = ----------------------------------  
Z1  
P1  
2π x R x C  
C
x C  
V
0.8V  
2
1
1
2
DDQ  
---------------------  
2π x R  
x
2
C
+ C  
2
1
1
1
(EQ. 5)  
R5 × 0.8V  
R8 = ---------------------------------------  
= ------------------------------------------------------  
2π x (R + R ) x C  
= -----------------------------------  
2π x R x C  
3
Z2  
P2  
V
0.8V  
1
3
3
3
GMCH  
(EQ. 6)  
Figure 4 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s  
gain vs. frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high gain  
peak due to the high Q factor of the output filter and is not  
shown in Figure 4. Using the above guidelines should give a  
Compensation Gain similar to the curve plotted. The open  
loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain.  
R9 × 0.8V  
R10 = ----------------------------------------------------------  
V
0.8V  
TT_GMCH/CPU  
R11 × 0.8V  
R12 = ----------------------------------  
V
0.8V  
DAC  
Check the compensation gain at F with the capabilities of  
P2  
the error amplifier. The Closed Loop Gain is constructed on  
the graph of Figure 4 by adding the Modulator Gain (in dB) to  
the Compensation Gain (in dB). This is equivalent to  
multiplying the modulator transfer function to the  
If the output voltage desired is 0.8V, simply route the output  
voltage back to the respective FB pin through the feedback  
resistor and do not populate the output voltage programming  
resistor.  
compensation transfer function and plotting the gain.  
The output voltage for the internal V  
linear regulator  
TT_DDR  
The compensation gain uses external impedance networks  
is set internal to the ISL6537A to track the V  
voltage by  
DDQ  
50%. There is no need for external programming resistors.  
Z
and Z to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall  
FB  
IN  
loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with  
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45  
degrees. Include worst case component variations when  
determining phase margin.  
FN9143.5  
13  
ISL6537A  
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current  
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce  
the converter’s response time to a load transient.  
Component Selection Guidelines  
Output Capacitor Selection - PWM Buck Converter  
An output capacitor is required to filter the inductor current  
and supply the load transient current. The filtering  
requirements are a function of the switching frequency and  
the ripple current. The load transient requirements are a  
function of the slew rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the  
transient load current. These requirements are generally met  
with a mix of capacitors and careful layout.  
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to  
a load transient is the time required to change the inductor  
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the  
ISL6537A will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in  
response to a load transient. The response time is the time  
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current  
value to the transient current level. During this interval the  
difference between the inductor current and the transient  
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.  
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output  
capacitance required.  
DDR memory systems are capable of producing transient  
load rates above 1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially  
supply the transient and slow the current load rate seen by the  
bulk capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally  
determined by the ESR (Effective Series Resistance) and  
voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance  
requirements.  
The response time to a transient is different for the  
application of load and the removal of load. The following  
equations give the approximate response time interval for  
application and removal of a transient load:  
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as  
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be  
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that  
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance  
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on  
specific decoupling requirements.  
L x I  
L x I  
TRAN  
OUT  
TRAN  
V
OUT  
(EQ. 8)  
t
=
t
=
FALL  
RISE  
V
- V  
IN  
where: I  
is the transient load current step, t  
RISE  
is the  
TRAN  
response time to the application of load, and t  
is the  
FALL  
response time to the removal of load. The worst case  
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for  
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The  
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage  
and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient. An  
aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s ESR value is related to the  
case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.  
However, the Equivalent Series Inductance (ESL) of these  
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the  
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient loading.  
Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter. Work with  
your capacitor supplier and measure the capacitor’s  
response time can be either at the application or removal of  
load. Be sure to check both of these equations at the  
minimum and maximum output levels for the worst case  
response time.  
Input Capacitor Selection - PWM Buck Converter  
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage  
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic  
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors  
to supply the current needed each time the upper MOSFET  
turns on. Place the small ceramic capacitors physically close  
to the MOSFETs and between the drain of upper MOSFET  
and the source of lower MOSFET.  
impedance with frequency to select a suitable component. In  
most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size  
perform better than a single large case capacitor.  
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitance are  
the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable  
operation, select bulk capacitors with voltage and current  
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS  
current required by the circuit. Their voltage rating should be  
at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum input voltage,  
while a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a conservative  
guideline. For most cases, the RMS current rating  
Output Capacitor Selection - LDO Regulators  
The output capacitors used in LDO regulators are used to  
provide dynamic load current. The amount of capacitance  
and type of capacitor should be chosen with this criteria in  
mind.  
Output Inductor Selection  
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage  
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response  
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the  
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function  
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are  
approximated by the following equations:  
requirement for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is  
approximately 1/2 the DC load current.  
The maximum RMS current required by the regulator may be  
closely approximated through the following equation:  
2
VOUT  
-------------  
VIN  
VIN VOUT VOUT  
2
1
12  
V
- V  
V
OUT  
⎞ ⎞  
⎠ ⎠  
IN  
OUT  
(EQ. 7)  
------  
---------------------------- -------------  
×
IRMS  
=
× IOUT  
+
×
ΔV  
= ΔI x ESR  
ΔI =  
x
OUT  
L × fs  
VIN  
MAX  
MAX  
Fs x L  
V
IN  
(EQ. 9)  
FN9143.5  
14  
ISL6537A  
For a through hole design, several electrolytic capacitors  
may be needed. For surface mount designs, solid tantalum  
capacitors can be used, but caution must be exercised with  
regard to the capacitor surge current rating. These  
capacitors must be capable of handling the surge-current at  
power-up. Some capacitor series available from reputable  
manufacturers are surge current tested.  
increases the MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both  
MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature at  
high ambient temperature by calculating the temperature  
rise according to package thermal-resistance specifications.  
A separate heatsink may be necessary depending upon  
MOSFET power, package type, ambient temperature and air  
flow.  
MOSFET Selection - PWM Buck Converter  
Approximate Losses while Sourcing current  
2
1
2
The ISL6537A requires 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs for  
switching power and a third MOSFET to block backfeed from  
--  
× D + Io × V × t  
P
= Io × r  
× f  
SW s  
UPPER  
LOWER  
DS(ON)  
IN  
2
P
= Io x r  
x (1 - D)  
DS(ON)  
V
to the Input in S3 Mode. These should be selected  
DDQ  
based upon r  
, gate supply requirements, and thermal  
DS(ON)  
Approximate Losses while Sinking current  
(EQ. 10)  
management requirements.  
2
P
= Io x r  
x D  
DS(ON)  
UPPER  
2
1
2
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,  
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design  
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss  
--  
× (1 D) + Io × V × t  
P
= Io × r  
× f  
LOWER  
DS(ON)  
IN  
SW  
s
Where: D is the duty cycle = V ,  
/V  
is the combined switch ON and OFF time, and  
OUT IN  
t
SW  
f is the switching frequency.  
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The  
conduction losses are the largest component of power  
dissipation for both the upper and the lower MOSFETs.  
These losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs  
according to duty factor. The switching losses seen when  
sourcing current will be different from the switching losses  
seen when sinking current. When sourcing current, the  
upper MOSFET realizes most of the switching losses. The  
lower switch realizes most of the switching losses when the  
converter is sinking current (see the equations below).  
These equations assume linear voltage-current transitions  
and do not adequately model power loss due the reverse-  
recovery of the upper and lower MOSFET’s body diode. The  
gate-charge losses are dissipated in part by the ISL6537A  
and do not significantly heat the MOSFETs. However, large  
s
MOSFET Selection - LDO  
The main criteria for selection of the linear regulator pass  
transistor is package selection for efficient removal of heat.  
Select a package and heatsink that maintains the junction  
temperature below the rating with a maximum expected  
ambient temperature.  
The power dissipated in the linear regulator is:  
(EQ. 11)  
is the  
P
I × (V V  
)
OUT  
LINEAR  
O
IN  
where I is the maximum output current and V  
O
nominal output voltage of the linear regulator.  
OUT  
gate-charge increases the switching interval, t  
which  
SW  
FN9143.5  
15  
ISL6537A  
Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (QFN)  
Micro Lead Frame Plastic Package (MLFP)  
L28.6x6  
28 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE  
(COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-220VJJC ISSUE C)  
MILLIMETERS  
SYMBOL  
MIN  
NOMINAL  
MAX  
1.00  
0.05  
1.00  
NOTES  
A
A1  
A2  
A3  
b
0.80  
0.90  
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
0.20 REF  
9
0.23  
3.95  
3.95  
0.28  
0.35  
4.25  
4.25  
5, 8  
D
6.00 BSC  
-
D1  
D2  
E
5.75 BSC  
9
4.10  
7, 8  
6.00 BSC  
-
E1  
E2  
e
5.75 BSC  
9
4.10  
7, 8  
0.65 BSC  
-
k
0.25  
0.35  
-
-
-
-
L
0.60  
0.75  
0.15  
8
L1  
N
-
28  
7
7
-
10  
2
Nd  
Ne  
P
3
3
-
-
0.60  
12  
9
θ
-
9
Rev. 1 10/02  
NOTES:  
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.  
2. N is the number of terminals.  
3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on each D and E.  
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.  
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured  
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.  
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be  
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be  
either a mold or mark feature.  
7. Dimensions D2 and E2 are for the exposed pads which provide  
improved electrical and thermal performance.  
8. Nominal dimensionsare provided toassistwith PCBLandPattern  
Design efforts, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.  
9. Features and dimensions A2, A3, D1, E1, P & θ are present when  
Anvil singulation method is used and not present for saw  
singulation.  
10. Depending on the method of lead termination at the edge of the  
package, a maximum 0.15mm pull back (L1) maybe present. L  
minus L1 to be equal to or greater than 0.3mm.  
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.  
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality  
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without  
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and  
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result  
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.  
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com  
FN9143.5  
16  

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