SPD12D28-6 [SENSITRON]
Solid State Relay;
SENSITRON 
SENSITRON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
DC Solid State Power Controller Module
Description:
These Solid State Power Controller (SSPC) Modules are microcontroller-based Solid State Relays rated
up to 25A designed to be used in Army, Air force and Navy in 28V DC applications. These modules have
integrated current sensing with no derating over the full operating temperature range. These modules are
the electronic equivalent to electromechanical circuit breakers with isolated control and status.
This series is supplied in 3 SSPCs covering 6 current ranges; each SSPC is programmable over a 2:1
current range:
SPD5D28:
-
Programmable from 2.5A to 5A
SPD12D28:
-
Programmable from 6A to 12A
SPD25D28:
-
Programmable from 12.5A to 25A
Compliant Documents & Standards:
MIL-STD-1275B, Notice1 Characteristics of 28 Volt DC Electrical Systems in Military Vehicles-4/20/04
MIL-STD-704F
MIL-STD-217F, Notice 2
Aircraft Electrical Power Characteristics 12 March 2004
Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment 28 Feb 1995
Module Features:
•
•
•
•
Epoxy Shell Construction
Solid State Reliability; Low Weight (20 gms) - High Power Density
Same Pin Out as Industry Standard SSPCs in a Smaller Outline
Extremely Low Power, No Derating Over the Full Temperature Range
Electrical Features (SPDXXD28 Series):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
28VDC Input with Very Low Voltage Drop; 60mV, typ. @15A
True I2t Protection up to 10X rating with Nuisance Trip Suppression
Instant Trip Protection (50 µsec typ) for Loads Above 10X rating
Unlimited Interrupt Capability; Repetitive Fault Handling Capability
Thermal Memory
Internally Generated Isolated Supply to Drive the Switch
Low Bias Supply Current: 20 mA typ @ 5V DC
High Control Circuit Isolation: 750V DC Control to Power Circuit
Soft Turn-On to Reduce EMC Issues
EMI Tolerant
Module Reset with a Low Level Signal; Reset Circuit is Trip-Free
TTL/CMOS Compatible, Optically Isolated, Input and Outputs
Schmitt-Trigger Control Input for Noise Immunity
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SENSITRON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Table 1 - Electrical Characteristics (at 25 oC and Vbias = 5.0V DC unless otherwise specified)
Control & Status (TTL/CMOS Compatible)
5.0V DC Nominal, 6.5V DC Absolute Maximum
4.5V to 5.5 VDC
BIAS (Vcc)
20 mA typ
25 mA, max
BIAS (Vcc) Current
Voh=3.7V, min, at Ioh=-20mA
Vol=0.4V, max, at Iol=20mA
GATE Status, Load Status Signals
CONTROL Signal
VT+ (Positive-going input threshold voltage)
2.0V, min, 3.5V, max
1.2V, min, 2.3V, max
0.6V, min, 1.4V, max
Cycle CONTROL Signal
V
T− (Negative-going input threshold voltage)
∆VT Hysteresis (VT+ VT−)
Reset
Power
Input Voltage – Continuous
0 to 40V DC, 50V DC Absolute Maximum
+600V or –600V Spike (< 10 uS)
See Table 4
– Transient
Power Dissipation
See Table 4
See Trip Curve
Current
Max Voltage Drop
See Table 4
Max current without tripping
110% min
Trip time
See Trip Curve
110 µsec typ
110 usec typ
50 usec typ
Nil
Output Rise Time (turn ON)
Output Fall Time under normal turn-off
Output Fall Time under Fault
Min Load Requirement
Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Unlimited
Instant Trip
800%, min; 1200%, max
Physical Characteristics
Temperature
Operating Temperature
Storage Temperature
TA = -55 °C to +100 °C
TA = -55 °C to +125 °C
Environmental
Up to 30,000 ft
Altitude
Can be installed in an unpressurized area
1.825”L x 1.25”W x 0.38”H
Any
Case Dimensions
Operating Orientation
Weight
20 grams typ
MTBF (Estimate: MIL STD 217F)
1.1 Mhrs at 25°C Full load
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SENSITRON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Figure 1 - Trip Curve
Figure 2 - Timing Diagram
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SENSITRON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Table 2 - Signal Timing – (-55 oC to 100 oC @ LINE = 28V DC)
Parameter
Symbol Min
Max
1
200
200
1
Units
ms
µs
CONTROL to GATE Status Delay for Turn On
Turn ON Delay
Load Current Rise Time
Turn ON to LOAD Status Delay
CONTROL to GATE Status Delay for Turn Off
Turn OFF Delay
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
50
50
µs
ms
ms
µs
µs
ms
1
200
200
1
Load Current Fall Time
Turn OFF to LOAD Delay
Note: Current Fall Time from trip dependent on magnitude of overload
Figure 3 - Mechanical Dimensions
Table 3 - Pin Definitions
Pin Number Pin Name
Function
1
2
BIAS
GND
+5V DC Supply
5V Return
3
4
5
6
GATE Status
LOAD Status
CONTROL Input
LINE
Switch Status
Load Current Detection
On/Off Control
+28V DC Supply
No Pin
7
---
8
9
PWRGND
---
28V Return
No Pin
10
LOAD
Load Connection
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SENSITRON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Table 4 – Individual Model Ratings
SPD5D28
SPD5D28Set for 2.5 Amp SPD5D28Set for 5 Amp
Rating
Rating
2.5A
5A
Current Rating @ 100OC
0.13W typ @ 1.5A 25OC
0.19W max @ 2.5A 25OC
0.22W max @ 2.5A 100OC
0.18W typ @ 3A 25OC
0.38W max @ 5A 25OC
0.45W max @ 5A 100OC
Power Dissipation
Max Voltage Drop
SPD12D28
15mV typ @ 1.5A 25OC
25mV max @ 2.5A 25OC
35mV max @ 2.5A 100OC
25mV typ @ 3A 25OC
50mV max @ 5A 25OC
65mV max @ 5A 100OC
SPD12D28 Set for 6 Amp SPD12D28 Set for 12
Rating
Amp Rating
6A
12A
Current Rating @ 100OC
Power Dissipation
0.19W typ @ 3.6A 25OC
0.43W max @ 6A 25OC
0.52W max @ 6A 100OC
0.46W typ @ 7.2A 25OC
1.33W max @ 12A 25OC
1.69W max @ 12A 100OC
25mV typ @ 3.6A 25OC
50mV max @6A 25OC
65mV max @ 6A 100OC
50mV typ @ 7.2A 25OC
100mV max @ 12A 25OC
130mV max @ 12A 100OC
Max Voltage Drop
SPD25D28
SPD25D28Set for 12.5
Amp Rating
SPD25D28Set for 25
Amp Rating
12.5A
25A
Current Rating @ 100OC
Power Dissipation
0.0.325W typ @ 7.5A 25OC
0.88W max @ 12.5A 25OC
1.19W max @ 12.5A
100OC
1.00W typ @ 15A 25OC
3.25W max @ 25A 25OC
4.50W max @ 25A 100OC
30mV typ @ 7.5A 25OC
60mV typ @ 15A 25OC
60mV max @ 12.5A 25OC
125mV max @ 25A 25OC
Max Voltage Drop
85mV max @ 12.5A 100OC 175mV max @ 25A 100OC
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SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Figure 4 - Electrical Block Diagram
Description
Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the SPDXXD28 SSPC Series. It uses a SN74LVC3G14 device for digital
I/O. This TTL compatible device has a Schmitt-Trigger input to minimize the effects of noise on the input. Its
outputs can each drive more than 10 standard TTL loads. It’s also compatible with CMOS inputs and outputs.
The SN74LVC3G14 is isolated from the remainder of the module circuitry by three optocouplers.
The block labeled “Control & Protection Circuitry” gets power from the DC-DC converter and is referenced to the
output of the SSPC. This block contains an amplifier to gain up the voltage developed across the sense
resistor. It also contains a microcontroller with on-board timers, A/D converter, clock generator and independent
watchdog timer. The microcontroller implements a precision I2t protection curve as well as an Instant Trip
function to protect the wiring and to protect itself. It performs all of the functions of multiple analog comparators
and discrete logic in one high-reliability component.
The “Control & Protection Circuitry” block also has the ability to adjust the current rating of each model of the
SSPXXD28 Series over a 2:1 range. If the “Gain” terminal is left open, the SSPC will be set for maximum rating
which is 25 Amps for the SSP25D28, 12 Amps for the SSP12D28 and 5 Amps for the SSP5D28. If the “Gain”
terminal is connected directly to the “Gain Return” terminal, the SSPC will be set for ½ of the maximum rating.
Furthermore, a resistor connected between the “Gain” terminal and the “Gain Return” terminal will set a rating
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SEMICONDUCTOR
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
between maximum and ½ of maximum. See Figures 9 – 11 for the relationship between rating and resistor
value for each model.
The code programmed in the microcontroller acquires the output of the internal A/D converter, squares the
result and applies it to a simulated RC circuit. It checks the output of the simulated circuit to determine whether
or not to trip (turn off the power Mosfets). Because the microcontroller simulates an analog RC circuit, the
SSPC has ‘thermal memory’. That is, it trips faster if there had been current flowing prior to the overload than if
there hadn’t been current flowing. This behavior imitates thermal circuit breakers and better protects the
application’s wiring since the wiring cannot take as much an overload if current had been flowing prior to the
overload.
The watchdog timer operates from its own internal clock so a failure of the main clock will not stop the watchdog
timer. The code programmed in the microcontroller will periodically reset the watchdog timer preventing it from
timing out. If the code malfunctions for any reason, the watchdog timer is not reset and it times out. When the
watchdog timer times out, it resets the microcontroller. Since the code is designed to detect levels and not
edges, the output of the module, and therefore the output of the SPDXXD28, immediately reflects the command
on its input.
The Power Mosfets used in the SPDXXD28 Series have been selected for very low Rds(on) and results in low
voltage drop and low power dissipation. In most applications, the SPDXXD28 will be operated at 50 – 60% of
rated current to provide a safety margin. As can be seen in Table 1, when the SPD25D28 is operated at 15
Amps, 60% of rated current, it only dissipates 1.0 Watt at room temperature. No heatsinking is required for this
condition. However, if the SPD25D28 is to be operated at maximum rating and/or at elevated temperatures, the
dissipation can exceed 4 Watts and heatsinking is required. Some heatsinking can be accomplished by adding
copper area to the LINE and LOAD pins, a heatsink can be epoxied to the surface of the module or a flat copper
or aluminum heatsink can be sandwiched between the SPD25D28 and the printed circuit board using a thermal
pad to maximize heat transfer. Each application should be evaluated at maximum expected constant current.
The lower current models in the SPDXXD28 Series do not require heat sinking under all conditions.
For overloads, no heatsinking is required provided the SPDXXD28 Series is allowed some time to cool down.
The SPDXXD28 has sufficient thermal mass that the temperature will rise only a few degrees under the worst-
case overload. Repetitive overloads should be avoided. When the SPDXXD28 reports a trip condition, the
controller driving the SPDXXD28 should allow no more than four repetitions and then allow thirty seconds to
cool down before trying to turn on again.
The SPDXXD28 will trip on overloads in the ALWAYS TRIP region shown in Figure 1 and will never trip when in
the NEVER TRIP region. The SPDXXD28 can be reset by bringing the CONTROL pin to a logic low. When the
CONTROL pin is brought back to logic high, the SPDXXD28 will turn back on. If the overload is still present, the
SPDXXD28 will trip again. Cycling the 5 Volt BIAS power will also reset the SPDXXD28. If the CONTROL pin
is at logic high when the BIAS power is cycled, the SPDXXD28 will turn back on when the BIAS power is re-
applied.
Status Outputs
The LOAD and GATE status outputs of the SPDXXD28 show whether or not the load is drawing current and
whether or not the SPDXXD28 Power Mosfet switch is on. A logic high on the LOAD status output shows that
the load draws < 5% of rated load and a logic low shows that the load draws > 15% of rated current. A load that
draws between 5% and 15% of rated current could result in either a high or low logic level on the LOAD status
output. A logic high on the GATE output indicates that the Power Mosfet switch is on while a logic low indicates
that the switch is off.
As can be seen in Table 4, of the 8 possible states for the combination of CONTROL, LOAD and GATE, only 3
states represent valid SSPC operation. The other 5 states indicate either a failed SSPC or, more likely, a short
to ground or a short to the BIAS supply of one of the logic outputs. By comparing the CONTROL input with the
LOAD and GATE outputs, the user can determine whether or not the load is supposed to be ON (GATE),
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SEMICONDUCTOR
SPDXXD28 SERIES
TECHNICAL DATA
DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
whether or not it’s drawing current (GATE) and whether or not the LOAD and GATE outputs are valid responses
to the CONTROL input.
Table 4 – CONTROL, LOAD & GATE Truth Table
State CONTROL LOAD
GATE
Comments
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
H
L
L
H
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
SSPC failure or shorted LOAD output to ground
SSPC failure
Normal OFF condition
SSPC failure or shorted GATE output to BIAS supply
SSPC failure or shorted GATE output to ground
Normal ON condition with load current > 15% rated current
Tripped
H
Normal ON condition with load current < 5% rated current
Wire Size
MIL-W-5088L has a chart the shows wire size as a function of wire temperature and current. This chart is for a
single copper wire in free air. For an ambient temperature of 70 oC, the chart allows an 18-gauge wire to handle
o
o
25 Amps continuously at a wire temperature of 200 C – a wire temperature rise of 130 C. For a wire
temperature limited to 150 oC, the chart requires a 16-gauge wire and for a wire temperature of 105 oC, the chart
requires a 14-gauge wire.
Amendment 1 of MIL-W-5088L has a table for copper wire in a bundle, group or harness with conditions on the
number of wires, percent of total harness capacity, etc. This table shows that a 12 gauge wire is necessary for
200 oC operation, 10 gauge for 150 oC and 8 gauge for 105 oC.
MIL-W-5088L has various figures showing derating for harnesses as a function of the number of current carrying
conductors and for altitude. MIL-W-5088L only specifies wire for DC or RMS AC conditions, not for transient or
overload conditions. MIL-W-5088L and its amendment should be consulted to determine minimum wire sizes
for other currents and conditions.
For transient or overload conditions, the transient or overload happens so quickly that heat is not transferred
from the wire to the surroundings. The heat caused by the I2R heating of the wire causes the temperature to
rise at a linear rate controlled by the heat capacity of the wire. The equation for this linear rise in temperature,
with respect to time, can be solved as: I2t = constant. Every wire has an I2t rating that’s dependent on the
temperature rise allowed and the diameter of the wire. If the I2t rating of the SSPC or circuit breaker is less than
the I2t rating of the wire, then the SSPC or circuit breaker can protect the wire. The maximum I2t rating for the
SPD25D28 is 7.45 x 103 Amp2-Seconds. Every wire size in the paragraphs above has an I2t rating that exceeds
the SPD25D28 I2t rating for the temperature rises stated. Therefore, to select a wire size, it’s simply a matter of
determining the maximum temperature rise of the application and deciding whether or not the wire will be in a
bundle and use the information above. Similarly, the I2t ratings for the SPD12D28 and SPD5D28 are 1.72 x 103
Amp2-Seconds and 300 Amp2-Seconds, respectively.
Application Connections
The SPDXXD28 Series may be configured as a high-side or low-side switch and may be used in positive or
negative supply applications. Figure 5 shows the connections as a high-side switch with a positive power
supply.
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SEMICONDUCTOR
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Figure 5 – High-Side Switch, Positive Supply
Figure 6 shows a low-side switch with a negative power supply. Note that the PWRGND pin is now connected
to the LINE pin (see Rise/Fall Time paragraph below for more information on the PWRGND pin).
Figure 6 – Low-Side Switch, Positive Supply
Figures 7 and Figure 8 show negative supply high-side switch and low-side switch implementations. Again,
note the connection of the PWRGND pin.
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Figure 7 – High Side Switch, Negative Supply
Figure 8 – Low Side Switch, Negative Supply
Rise Time & Fall Time
The rise and fall times of the SPDXXD28 is pre-set at the factory for a nominal 100uS with a LINE supply of
28VDC (see Table 2 for min/max limits). The rise and fall times will vary linearly with supply voltage. The
PWRGND pin is used to control the rise and fall times. If the PWRGND pin is left open, the rise and fall times
will be about 50uS. Leaving the PWRGND pin open can be useful when a faster rise or fall time is desirable.
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
With the PWRGND pin connected as in Figures 5 through 8, the SPDXXD28, when set for a 25 Amp rating, can
turn on into a capacitive load of 440uF, min, 880uF, typ, without tripping for any power supply voltage within the
ratings. The capacitive load capability is proportional to current rating and can be therefore can be easily
calculated for each model and setting in the SPDXX28 Series.
Wiring and Load Inductance
Wiring inductance can cause voltage transients when the SPDXXD28 is switched off due to an overload.
Generally, these transients are small but must be considered when long wires are used on either the LINE or
LOAD pins or both. A 10 foot length of wire in free air will cause a transient voltage of about 10 Volts when the
SPD25D28 trips at an Instant Trip level of 250 Amps. At the rated load current of 25 Amps, the voltage transient
will be about 1 Volt. If longer wire lengths are used, a transient suppressor may be used at the LINE pin and a
power diode may be used at the LOAD pin so that the total voltage between the LINE and LOAD pins is less
than 50 Volts.
When powering inductive loads, the negative voltage transient at the LOAD pin can cause the voltage between
LINE and LOAD to exceed the SPDXXD28 rating of 50 Volts and a power diode from the LOAD pin to ground
must be used. The cathode of the power diode is connected to the LOAD pin with the anode connected to
ground. The power diode must be able to carry the load current when the SPDXXD28 switches off. Voltage
transients due to wiring or load inductance are proportional to the operating current. Therefore, transients are
less of a problem for the SSP12D28 and SSP5D28 Models and even the SSP25D28 Model when set to a 12.5
Amp rating.
Paralleling
For example, putting two SPD25D28s in parallel will not double the rating to 50 Amps. Due to differences in the
Rds(on) of the Power Mosfets in the SSPCs, the current will not share equally. In addition, there are unit-to-unit
differences in the trip curves so that two SPD25D28s in parallel may possibly trip at 35 Amps. Also, both
SPD25D28s will not trip together; the SPD25D28 carrying the higher current will trip first followed by the other
SPD25D28. Multiple SPD25D28s may be used in parallel as long as these complexities are appreciated. Due
not parallel different models of this series as the current sharing will not be predictable.
Board Layout
The current-carrying power circuit should be kept well away from the control circuit and other low-level circuits in
the system. It’s unlikely, but possible, that magnetic coupling could affect the control circuit when turning normal
loads on and off. However, in the case of an overload, the magnetic coupling could be 10 times greater than
with normal loads. Effects of such coupling could cause ‘chattering’ when turning on and off, oscillation, and the
possibility of turning the SPDXXD28 back on after an overload. The SPDXXD28 Series is a Trip-Free device.
Once tripped it will not turn back on until reset and commanded on again. Reset is accomplished by bringing
the CONTROL pin low and turning the SSPC back on is accomplished by bringing the CONTROL pin high.
Sufficient magnetic coupling between the current-carrying power circuit and the control circuit can negate the
Trip-Free characteristic.
MIL-STD-704F and MIL-STD-1275B
These standards cover the characteristics of the electrical systems in Military Aircraft and Vehicles. The
SPDXXD28 Series meets all of the requirements of MIL-STD-704F including Normal, Emergency, Abnormal and
Electric Starting conditions with the Ripple, Distortion Factor and Distortion Spectrum defined in the standard.
The SPDXXD28 Series also meets all of the requirements of MIL-STD-1275B including operation with Battery
and Generator, Generator Only and Battery Only for all of the conditions described in the standard including
Cranking, Surges, Spikes and Ripple.
In addition, the SPDXXD28 Series can withstand + 600 V spikes for 10uS. This capability is beyond that
required by the standards cited above.
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Rating vs. Resistance Between "Gain" and "Gain Return" Terminals
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Rating
Resistance Between Terminals (Ohms)
Figure 9 – SPD25D28
Rating vs. Resistance Between "Gain" and "Gain Return" Terminals
12
11
10
9
Rating
8
7
6
5
Resistance Between Terminals (Ohms)
Figure 10 – SPD12D28
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DATASHEET 4310, Rev C
Rating vs. Resistance Between "Gain" and "Gain Return" Terminals
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Rating
2.5
2
Resistance Between Terminals (Ohms)
Figure 11 – SPD5D28
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equipment , and safety equipment) , safety should be ensured by using semiconductor devices that feature assured safety or by means of users’
fail-safe precautions or other arrangement .
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the user’s units according to the datasheet(s). Sensitron Semiconductor assumes no responsibility for any intellectual property claims or any
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