EM4223V8SP3B_技术文档

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EM MICROELECTRONIC - MARIN SA

EM4223

Read-only UHF Radio Frequency Identification Device

according to ISO IEC 18000-6

Description

Features

The EM4223 chip is used in UHF passive read-only

transponder applications. The chip derives its operating

power from an RF beam transmitted by the reader, which

is received and rectified by the chip. It transmits its

factory-programmed code back to the reader by varying

the amount of energy that is reflected from the chip

antenna circuit (passive backscatter modulation).

The air interface communication protocol is implemented

according to ISO18000-6 type A.

Air interface is ISO18000-6 type A compliant

Supports EAN•UCC and EPC™ data structures as

defined by the Auto-ID center

Supports Fast Counting Supertag™ mode

128 bit user memory license plate Group select by

means of ‘Application Family Identifier’ (AFI)

according to ISO

Fast reading of user data during arbitration (no need

to first take an inventory)

Specific command set for supply chain logistics

support.

Frequency independent: Typically used at 862 - 870

MHz, 902 - 950 MHz and 2.45 GHz

Low voltage operation - down to 1.0 V

Low power consumption

The code structure supports the effort of EPCglobal, Inc.

as an industry accepted standard.

It additionally incorporates the Fast Counting

Supertag™ protocol for applications where the fast

counting of large tag populations is required.

The chip is frequency agile, and can be used in the

range of 800 MHz to 2.5GHz for RF propagating field

applications.

Cost effective

-40 to +85°C operating temperature range

Benefits

Typical Applications

Numbering scheme according to international

Supply chain management (SCM)

Tracking and tracing

Asset control

Licensing

Auto-tolling

standards

Operates worldwide according to the local radio

regulation

Ideal for applications where long range and high-

speed item identification is required

Key words

Typical Operating Configuration

ISO 18000-6A

UHF

EPC™ data structure

Fast Supertag™

A+

Connect pad A+

And V_SSto a

dipole antenna

EM4223

V_SS

V_DD

Fig. 1

Chip design is a joint development with RFIP Solutions Ltd

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EM4223

Table of contents

READ-ONLY UHF RADIO FREQUENCY

9. COMMANDS AND STATES............................ 23

Commands............................................................... 23

Tag States................................................................ 23

Tag state storage ..................................................... 24

IDENTIFICATION DEVICE ACCORDING TO

ISO IEC 18000-6.................................................1

Description..................................................................1

Typical Applications ....................................................1

Key words ...................................................................1

Benefits.......................................................................1

10. COLLISION ARBITRATION............................ 25

General explanation of the collision arbitration

mechanism............................................................... 25

FST SYSTEMS ........................................................ 25

FST MODE OPTIONS.............................................. 26

Use of the round_size function (ISO & FST modes). 27

Ordering Information ................................................ 29

Versions ................................................................... 29

TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................2

Absolute Maximum Ratings ........................................3

Handling Procedures ..................................................3

Operating Conditions ..................................................3

Block Diagram.............................................................3

Electrical Characteristics.............................................4

Timing Characteristics ................................................4

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION.................................5

2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION...........................5

General Command Format .........................................6

Supported Command set ............................................6

3. BASIC COMMAND FORMATS..........................6

Short commands.........................................................6

Extended commands ..................................................6

Implied MUTE command (Fast Supertag Mode only) .7

Command state transitions .......................................11

4. GENERAL REPLY FORMAT...........................14

5. FORWARD LINK ENCODING - READER TO

TRANSPONDER ..............................................15

Carrier modulation pulses .........................................15

Basic time interval – definition of “Tari”.....................15

Data coding...............................................................16

Data Frame format....................................................16

Data decoding...........................................................17

Bits and byte ordering...............................................17

Reader to Transponder 5 bit CRC (CRC-5) ..............17

Command Decoder...................................................17

6. RETURN LINK DATA ENCODING -

TRANSPORTER TO READER ........................18

Return link data encoding .........................................18

Return link preamble.................................................19

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).............................19

7. MEMORY ORGANISATION AND

CONFIGURATION INFORMATION .................19

Memory Map.............................................................19

Unambiguous User Data (UUD) & SUID...................19

AFI ............................................................................20

Personality Block ......................................................20

8. TRANSPONDER SELECTION OPERATION –

INIT_ROUND AND BEGIN_ROUND

COMMANDS.....................................................21

INIT_ROUND COMMAND SELECTION OPERATION

..................................................................................21

BEGIN_ROUND COMMAND SELECTION

OPERATION .............................................................22

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EM4223

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Handling Procedures

This device has built-in protection against high static

voltages or electric fields; however, anti-static precautions

must be taken as for any other CMOS component. Unless

otherwise specified, proper operation can only occur when

all terminal voltages are kept within the voltage range.

Unused inputs must always be tied to a defined logic

voltage level.

Parameter

Supply Voltage

V_DD– V_SS(V)

Storage temperature (°C)

RMS supply current pad A (mA)

Symbol Min Max

V_DD

-0.3 +3.6

T_store

-50

+150

10

Table 1

Stresses above these listed maximum ratings may cause

permanent damages to the device. Exposure beyond

specified operating conditions may affect device reliability or

cause malfunction.

Operating Conditions

Parameter

Supply voltage

Operating Temperature

Symbol Min

Max

3.5

+85

Unit

V

°C

V_DD

T_A

1.0

-40

Table 2

Block Diagram

V_DD

Data

ROM 128b

AFI

ROM 8b

LOGIC

Ant

V_SS

CS

PON

Limit

OSC

V_SS

Data

extractor

Fig. 2

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EM4223

Electrical Characteristics

V_DD= 2.0V, T_A=+25°C, unless otherwise specified

Parameter

Operating voltage

Current consumption

Power On Reset Rising

Power On Reset Fall

Electrostatic discharge

Symbol

V_DD– V_SS

I_S

V_ponr

V_ponf

HBM to MIL-STD-

883 method 3015

Fo_sc

Conditions

V_DD-V_SS= 1.5 V

Min.

V_ponf

Typ.

Max.

3.5

3.9

Unit

V

uA

V

2.0

1.2

1.0

V

V_DDand V_SSpad

A+ pad

Over full temperature range

1.5

0.5

192

KV

KHz

Internal oscillator

frequency

320

448

Input series Impedance

@900MHz

Modulation depth

decoding

R_in

C_in

V_DD– V_SS< 1V

19

0.620

Ω

pF

%

At typical pulse width

27 %

100 %

Table 3

Timing Characteristics

Over full voltage and temperature range, unless otherwise specified

Parameter

Forward Link

Symbol

Conditions

Min.

Typ.

33

Max.

Unit

kbps

average

(Reader to Transponder)

Pulse width

Pulse interval Data 0

Pulse interval Data 1

T_pw

T_pi0

T_pi1

100% modulation depth

6

12

24

10

20

40

14

28

56

uS

Return Link

(Transponder to Reader)

(note 1)

nominal at 25°C as selected by

factory programmed Personality Bit

40

or

160

kbps

Bit rate accuracy

short term (note 2)

Bit rate accuracy

long term @1.5V

During a message transmission

of nominal 40kb/s

+/- 1

%

+/- 15

Reply to Receive

turn-around time

Receive to Reply

turn-around time

2

Bit

times

uS

Depends on Transponders chosen

reply slot

150

Tag Command window

T_cw

Opens at the start of the 3^rdbit

clock period after the end of the

last bit transmitted by the

Transponder to the reader. Closes

in the middle of the 5^thbit clock

period.

Note 1: V_DD= 2.0V, T_A=+25°C

Note 2: V_DD= 2.0V

Table 4

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EM4223

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The EM4223 is a monolithic integrated circuit transponder

for use in UHF passive backscatter RFID applications.

Operating power for the transponder circuit is derived

from the illuminating RF field of an RFID Reader by

means of an on-chip virtual battery rectifier circuit.

A user specified license plate or tag identifier is factory

programmed into the transponder by means of laser

trimming. This data is communicated to the reader by

means of backscatter modulation of the illuminating RF

carrier wave.

All commands received from the Reader will have an

immediate effect on the Transponder. In addition, certain

commands will have a persistent effect. The possible

immediate effects are one or both of the following:

A change of State (see Fig. 19)

A Data Message sent to the Reader.

The possible persistent effects are:

Data Messages to the Reader will contain SUID (as

described later in this section) or Data Messages to

the Reader will contain USER DATA of 128 bits,

The Round Size (Number of Slots) over which all of

the Transponders in the population will spread their

Data Messages to the Reader will be configured.

The Transponder will switch between ISO and FST

modes of operation (as described below).

A sub-population of Transponders will be enabled to

send Data Messages to the Reader dependent on

either the AFI or on all or a portion of the USER

DATA of 128 bits.

The EM4223 supports both the ISO18000-6 type A and

the Fast Supertag™ (FST) Protocols. The EM4223 may

be configured to wake-up in either of these modes

according to user requirements. Once active, the

transponder will automatically respond to either protocol

(and eventually switch modes) on receipt of the

appropriate commands.

2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

When a Transponder is placed in the RF energising field

of a Reader it powers up. When the power supply has

reached the correct operating voltage, the Configuration

Register is loaded with the contents of the three pre-

programmed personality flags. Depending on the state of

these wake-up flags, the Transponder will be placed in

either ISO 18000-6 Type A (ISO) or Fast Supertag (FST)

mode and in one of three states: READY, ACTIVE or

ROUND_STANDBY. After this process is complete the

Transponder is able to receive commands and to transmit

data to the Reader.

The start of a command from the Reader has a special

significance if a Transponder is operating in the FST

mode and is in the ROUND_ACTIVE state. When the

falling edge of the first symbol of a command (SOF) is

received by a Transponder in the ROUND_ACTIVE state

while in FST mode, it will immediately move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state. If a command is successfully

received, the Transponder will move back to the

ROUND_ACTIVE state. If the Transponder does not

receive

a

valid command it will remain in the

ROUND_STANDBY state until a valid command has been

received. This enables the Reader to silence all

Transponders that have not already started sending their

Data Messages to the Reader in compliance with the FST

protocol. It is important to note that the Reader does not

have to send a full command or indeed even a part of a

command, as long as it sends a low going pulse of

approximately ½ Tari (Type A Reference Interval Time)

duration.

The Transponder is half-duplex and is thus in either

receive mode (default) or transmit mode. When not

actively transmitting messages to the Reader on the

Return Link, the Transponder will wait for the start of a

new command, which will be detected as a quiet period of

specific duration, followed by a valid Start Of Frame

(SOF) symbol (see Fig. 11). The Transponder requires

the quiet period in order to ensure that it does not detect

partial transmissions by a reader as a valid command.

This can occur if a transponder enters the field of a reader

and powers up part through a reader transmission. The

received SOF symbol is used to calibrate the command

An important feature of this transponder is its ability to

switch seamlessly between ISO mode and FST mode

whatever its “wake up” personality setting, depending only

on the mode or characteristics of the controlling reader. A

Transponder that “wakes up” in the ISO mode on power-

up will switch to the FST mode if it receives a

Wake_Up_FST command. Similarly, a Transponder that

“wakes up” in the FST mode on power-up will switch to

the ISO mode if it receives an INIT-ROUND, INIT-

ROUND-ALL or BEGIN-ROUND command.

decoder every time

a command is received. This

calibration is used to establish a pivot to distinguish

between subsequent data ‘0’ and data ‘1’ symbols. Each

time that a new command is received by the Transponder,

the SOF re-calibrates the decode counter thereby

compensating for any variation in the Transponder clock

frequency due to changes in RF excitation levels or

temperature variations. The circuit has been designed to

accommodate a Transponder clock frequency variation of

+/-40% from nominal. When the Transponder is

transmitting the receive circuitry is disabled.

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EM4223

Transponders will only transmit Data Messages to the

Reader while they are in the ROUND_ACTIVE state.

When the CURRENT SLOT NUMBER and the

SELECTED SLOT NUMBER values held by the

Transponder match, the Transponder transmits its Data

Message to the Reader. The Reply message will contain

either the SUID (the Integrated Circuit Manufacturer code

of 0x16 for MARIN and the lower 32 bits of the 128 bit

User Data) or the 128 bit User Data .

The BEGIN_ROUND command is included for Supply

Chain Logistics support.

In addition to the above, the Fast Supertag™ commands:

WAKE_UP_FST and MUTE are supported for compliance

with the FST protocol. MUTE is interpreted as any

partially decoded or invalid command as described in

section 0.

3. BASIC COMMAND FORMATS

There are 7 short commands, 2 extended commands and

1 implied command.

In situations where different groups of transponders

present in the reader field contain data having different

owners, a reader may selectively wake up these different

groups of transponders by means of the ISO compliant

AFI parameter in the Init_Round command or by using the

Mask parameter in the Begin_Round command. The

Begin_Round command additionally supports selection of

groups of transponders based on the user data content

according to the EPC™ method.

Short commands

Short commands are a fixed length of 16 bits, which

includes a 5 bit CRC. The commands comprise the

following fields:

Protocol extension – 1 bit.

Command Op-code – 6 bits.

Parameters – 4 bits (parameters could include flags).

CRC – 5 Bits.

General Command Format

All commands are transmitted from the Reader to the

Transponder by means of pulse interval encoding as

defined in chapter 5: forward link encoding, beginning with

an SOF (Start Of Frame) and terminating in an EOF (End

Of Frame). Commands are supported in accordance with

the ISO 18000-6A specification which divides commands

into the categories of MANDATORY, OPTIONAL,

CUSTOM and PROPRIETARY. The EM4223 supports all

of the ISO 18000-6A MANDATORY commands and 4 of

the ISO 18000-6A OPTIONAL commands – Init_Round,

Close_Slot, New_Round and Begin_Round. In addition,

the EM4223 implements 1 PROPRIETARY command in

accordance with the ISO 18000-6A specification – this is

the Wake_Up_FST command which uses Op-Code 0x39.

SOF

RFU

(1 bit)

Command

Code (6 bits)

Parameters &

Flags (4 bits)

CRC-5

(5 bits)

EOF

Fig. 3 General format, Short commands

Short commands are used for collision arbitration and

other immediate functions.

Extended commands

The EM4223 supports

2

Extended commands

(Init_Round and Begin_Round). They comprise a fixed

length part of 16 bits, which is identical with the format of

the 16 bit Short Commands described above, followed by

an 8 bit fixed length parameter in the case of both of the

Extended commands, followed by a 2^ndparameter of

variable length up to 136 bits and terminated with a 16 bit

CRC. The Extended commands comprise the following

fields:

Commands are divided into

2 basic types: Short

Commands of a fixed 16 bit length and Extended

commands which consist of a 16 bit section consistent

with the Short Command format followed by a variable

length extension containing various parameters and a

second CRC of 16 bit length which covers the entire

command, including the 1^st11 bits which will already have

been covered by the 5 bit CRC and the 5 bit CRC itself.

Protocol extension – 1 bit.

Command Op-code – 6 bits.

Parameters – 4 bits (parameters could include flags).

CRC – 5 Bits.

Extension of 8 bits (AFI) in the case of the

Supported Command set

The EM4223 fully supports the four ISO MANDATORY

commands:

NEXT_SLOT,

STANDBY_ROUND,

INIT_ROUND

command,

or

an

8

bit

RESET_TO_READY and INIT_ROUND_ALL.

(MASK_LENGTH) parameter followed by a variable

length (MASK) parameter in the case of the

BEGIN_ROUND command

The ISO OPTIONAL commands: INIT_ROUND,

CLOSE_SLOT, and NEW_ROUND are also supported.

CRC-16 :- 16 Bits (over full message from after the

SOF to the last bit before the CRC16 itself).

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EM4223

Command

Code

(6 bits)

Parameters

& Flags

(4 bits)

1^stOptional

Parameter

(8 bits)

2^ndOptional

Parameter

(0-136 bit)

RFU

(1 bit)

CRC-5

(5 bits)

CRC-16

EOF

SOF

16 bits

Fig. 4 - General format, Extended commands

The 2 Extended commands supported by the EM4223

are used to all selected sub-populations of Tags to be

introduced to the Arbitration process.

During reception of a command, and until the command

has been correctly received, the Transponder will hold-

off any attempt to reply until the command has been

correctly received and executed. At the end of receiving

a command, if it has not been correctly decoded, the

Transponder will remain in the ROUND_STANDBY state

until moved out of this state by the first correctly received

and decoded command.

Implied MUTE command (Fast Supertag Mode only)

When operating in the Fast Supertag Mode and in the

ACTIVE state, the reception of the first low-going pulse

of any command causes the EM4223 to move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state. This could be any single pulse

or the first pulse of the SOF of a valid command. The

Transponder will continue to decode the command. A

known and valid command causes the Transponder to

execute the command and to move to either the

ROUND_ACTIVE or the READY state, depending on the

command and its parameters (if any). An unknown

command or a command having an error will cause the

Transponder to remain in the ROUND_STANDBY state.

If the Tag is in the Fast Supertag Mode and in the TTF

(Tag Talks First) sub-mode (Wake Up Status Flag =

X00), the Tag will automatically leave the

ROUND_STANDBY state after a timeout period of 2.5 X

176 tag bit periods has elapsed since the last MUTE

command (176 bits = maximum Tag Data Message

length).This timeout will be reset each time a new implied

MUTE command is received.

Command

Protocol

Extension

Op-

Code

6

Parameter / flags

4 bits

CRC-5

Extended

parameters

CRC-16

Comments

bits

Init-Round

Always = 0

01

SUID

1 bit

Round

Size

3 bits

5 bits

AFI

8 bits

16 bits

SUID = 0 tag responds with

the 128 bits of user data.

SUID = 1 tag responds with

SUID. If AFI field = 00H, all

tags respond, else if AFI is

other value, only tags with

matching AFI respond. Also

moves tags already active in

FST mode to ISO mode.

The signature must match the

signature value transmitted by

the tag in its last reply to

acknowledge the tag’s reply.

Advances the CURRENT

SLOT COUNTER.

Next-Slot

Always = 0

02 *

Signature 4 bits

5 bits

Close Slot

Always = 0

03

Ignored by

EM4223

Ignored by

EM4223

5 bits

Advances the CURRENT

SLOT COUNTER.

Standby-

Round

04 *

The signature is not used in

this implementation because

the EM4223 has no select

state. The EM4223 will always

move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state.

New-Round

Always = 0

05

SUID

1 bit

Round

size

5 bits

3 bits

Reset-To-

Ready

Init-Round-

All

Always = 0

06 *

0A *

Ignored by

EM4223

SUID

5 bits

Moves Transponder from

current state to READY state.

SUID = 0 tag responds with

the128 bits of user data. SUID

= 1 tag responds with SUID.

Also moves tags already

active in FST mode to ISO

mode.

Round

size

3 bits

1 bit

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EM4223

Tags that match the MASK

value of MASK length will

move to the ROUND_ACTIVE

state from the

Begin-

Round

Always = 0

OB

SUID

1 bit

Round

size

3 bits

5 bits

Mask

length

Mask

value

0-136

bits

16 bits

8 bits

ROUND_STANDBY or

READY states or will remain

in the ROUND_ACTIVE state

if already there. Tags that do

not match the Mask will move

to the READY from either

ROUND_ACTIVE or

ROUND_STANDBY states.

SUID = 0 tag responds with

the 128 bits of user data.

SUID = 1 tag responds with

SUID, where the DSFID field

is replaced by AFI field. Also

moves Transponders already

active in FST mode to ISO

mode.

Wake-Up-

FST

Always = 0

39

SUID

1 Bit

Round

size

5 bits

Wakes tag up in the Fast

Supertag™ mode. Also

3 bits

moves tags already active in

ISO mode to FST mode. SUID

= 0 tag responds with the 128

bits of user data SUID = 1 tag

responds with SUID.

Mute

Low

Pulse

Implied command in FST

mode. When tag receives an

SOF it moves to the

ROUND_STANDBY state.

The tag returns to the active

state on receipt of a next-slot

or init-round or new-round

command, or when a period of

2.5 X 176 tag bit periods has

elapsed since the last Mute

command (176 bits =

maximum message length).

Table 5- Supported Commands

Mandatory ISO commands op-codes are marked with an * and command titles are in bold type face.

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EM4223

Reader Command

Transponder Operation in

ISO Mode

Transponder Operation in

Fast Supertagꢀ Mode

INIT_ROUND

Initialises the start of the arbitration sequence

and tells the Transponder over how many slots

to randomise the transmit slot selection.

Configures the Transponder to transmit the

SUID data or the full 128 bit User Data to the

Reader dependent on the SUID parameter in

the command. Moves the Transponder from the

READY to the ROUND_ACTIVE states if the

Transponders AFI matches the AFI in the

command or if the AFI in the command = 0x00 .

If the AFI in the command is non-zero and does

not match the AFI in the Tag, causes the Tag to

move from the ROUND_ACTIVE to the READY

states.

Not supported in Fast Supertagꢀ Mode –

causes the Transponder to immediately

switch to ISO Mode.

BEGIN_ROUND

Initialises the start of the arbitration sequence

and tells the Transponder over how many slots

to randomise the transmit slot selection.

Configures the transponder to transmit the

SUID data where DSFID field is replaced by

AFI field, or the full 128 bit User Data to the

reader, depending in the SUID parameter in the

command. Moves the Transponder from the

READY to the ROUND_ACTIVE states if the

number of bits of the Transponders User Data

specified in the command is identical to the

matching data in the command Mask

Not supported in Fast Supertagꢀ Mode –

causes the Transponder to immediately

switch to ISO Mode.

parameter .

INIT_ROUND_ALL

Initialises the start of the arbitration sequence

and tells the Transponder over how many slots

to randomise the transmit slot selection.

Not supported in Fast Supertagꢀ Mode –

causes the Transponder to immediately

switch to ISO Mode.

Configures the Transponder to transmit the

SUID data or the full 128 bit User Data to the

Reader dependent on the SUID parameter in

the command. Moves the Transponder from the

READY to the ROUND_ACTIVE states.

NEW_ROUND

Causes the EM4223 to enter a new Round and

to change the number of pseudo-slots over

which it randomises its transmissions. Tags in

the READY state will ignore this command.

Causes the EM4223 to change the number of

pseudo-slots over which it randomises its

transmissions. Tags in the READY state will

ignore this command.

WAKE_UP_FST

Not supported in ISO Mode – causes the

Transponder to immediately switch to Fast

Supertagꢀ Mode.

Initialises the start of the Fast Supertagꢀ

arbitration sequence and tells the

Transponder over how many slots to

randomise the transmit slot selection.

Configures the Transponder to transmit the

full 128 bit User Data to the Reader

irrespective of the SUID parameter in the

command. Moves the Tag from the

ROUND_STANDBY to the ROUND_ACTIVE

states or from the READY to the

ROUND_ACTIVE states if the Mask

parameter matches, else moves Tag to the

READY state.

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EM4223

NEXT_SLOT

Acknowledges the successful reception of a

Transponder transmission by the Reader when

Acknowledges the successful reception of a

Transponder transmission by the Reader

valid ie. when received by a Transponder which when valid ie. when received by a

has just transmitted, and when the command is

received in the timing window and when the

Transponder which has just transmitted, and

when the command is received in the timing

Signature matches, causing the Transponder to window and when the Signature matches,

move from the ROUND_ACTIVE to the QUIET

states.

causing the Transponder to move from the

ROUND_ACTIVE to the QUIET states.

Causes a Transponder in the

ROUND_STANDBY state to move into the

ROUND_ACTIVE state.

Causes a Transponder in the

ROUND_STANDBY state to move into the

ROUND_ACTIVE state.

Causes the Transponder Current Slot Counter

to increment by one.

Causes the Transponder to automatically start

a new Round by resetting its Current Slot

Counter and randomly selecting a new Reply

Slot when the Current Slot Counter has

reached the Round Size Value.

CLOSE_SLOT

Causes a Transponder in the

ROUND_STANDBY state to move into the

ROUND_ACTIVE state.

Causes a Transponder in the

ROUND_STANDBY state to move into the

ROUND_ACTIVE state.

Causes the Transponder slot counter to

increment by one.

Causes the Transponder to automatically start

a new Round by resetting its Current Slot

Counter and randomly selecting a new Reply

Slot when the Current Slot Counter has

reached the Round Size Value.

STANDBY_ROUND

Causes the Transponder to move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state, in which the

Transponder does not transmit its identity or

data.

Causes the Transponder to move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state, in which the

Transponder does not transmit its identity or

data. While in the ROUND_STANDBY state,

the random number generator for slot number

choosing is running so that transponder slots

are not synchronized and thus have maximum

spread and randomisation in the Transmit

times. When the Transponder exits the

ROUND_STANDBY state, it will wait until the

next internally generated slot time before re-

enabling its data transmit circuitry.

RESET_TO_READY

Moves the Transponder from its current state to Moves the Transponder from its current state

READY state.

to READY state.

MUTE – this is not an actual

command but is an implied

command derived from the first

low-going pulse of any command.

Not used.

The Transponder will move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state upon reception of

the first low-going pulse of any command.

This could be any single pulse or the first

pulse of the SOF of a valid command. The

Transponder will continue to decode the

command and if the pulse turns out to be part

of a valid command, the Transponder will

move to either the READY or the

ROUND_ACTIVE state depending on the

actual command and the command

parameters. If the WUS bit = 0 the

Transponder will automatically leave the

ROUND_STANDBY state after a timeout

period of 2.5 X 176 tag bit periods has

elapsed since the last MUTE command (176

bits = maximum Data Message length).This

timeout will be reset each time a new implied

MUTE command is received.

Table 6– Command Operations

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Command state transitions

The following tables show the state transitions for each of the commands supported by the EM4223 and should be read in

conjunction with Fig. 19.

Command : Init_Round (Tag will be in ISO mode after this command)

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

AFI in the command = 0 or tags AFI value

matches the value in the command.

Tag chooses a random slot in which it

will send its response. Tag’s Current Slot

Counter is reset to first slot.

None

Round_Active

AFI in the command <> and Tags AFI value <>

AFI value in the command.

Ready

Quiet

None

Quiet

Round_Active

AFI in the command = 0 or tags AFI value

matches the value in the command.

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

None

Round_Active

AFI in the command <> and Tags AFI value <>

AFI value in the command.

Ready

Round_Standby AFI in the command = 0 or tags AFI value

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

matches the value in the command.

AFI in the command <> and Tags AFI value <>

AFI value in the command.

None

Ready

Table 7 – Tag state transitions for Init_Round

Command : New_Round

Initial State

Criteria

Action

New State

Ready

Quiet

Round_Active

None

Ready

Quiet

Round_Active

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Standby

None

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Table 8 – Tag state transitions for New_Round

Command : Init_Round_All (Tag will be in ISO mode after this command)

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

None

Tag chooses a random slot in which it

will send its response. Tag’s Current Slot

Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Quiet

Round_Active

None

Quiet

Round_Active

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Standby

None

Round_Active

Table 9 – Tag state transitions for Init_Round_All

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Command : Begin_Round (Tag will be in ISO mode after this command)

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command matches the

data in the Tag (AFI followed by USER DATA).

If the 1^st8 bits of the MASK = 0 they are not

compared.

Tag chooses a random slot in which it

will send its response. Tag’s Current Slot

Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command does not

match the data in the Tag.

None

Ready

Quiet

None

Quiet

Round_Active

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command matches the

data in the Tag (AFI followed by USER DATA).

If the 1^st8 bits of the MASK = 0 they are not

compared.

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command does not

match the data in the Tag.

None

Ready

Round_Standby

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command matches the

data in the Tag (AFI followed by USER DATA).

If the 1^st8 bits of the MASK = 0 they are not

compared.

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Number of bits of the MASK specified by

MASK_LENGTH in the command does not

match the data in the Tag.

None

Ready

Table 10 – Tag state transitions for Begin_Round

Command : Wake_Up_FST (Tag will be in FST mode after this command)

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

None

Tag chooses a random slot in which it

will send its response. Tag’s Current Slot

Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Active

Quiet

Round_Active

None

Quiet

Round_Active

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Tag chooses a new random slot in which

it will send its response. Tag’s Current

Slot Counter is reset to first slot.

Round_Standby

None

Round_Active

Table 11 – Tag state transitions for Wake_Up_FST

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Command : Next_Slot

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

Ready

Quiet

None

Quiet

Round_Active

Tag has answered in previous slot, AND

Signature matches AND 1^stlow pulse of

Next_Slot command was received in the

acknowledgement time window.

None

Quiet

Tag is in ISO Mode and has NOT

answered in previous slot, OR Signature

does not match OR 1^stlow pulse of

Next_Slot command was not received in

the acknowledgement time window.

Tag is in FST Mode and has NOT

answered in previous slot, OR Signature

does not match OR 1^stlow pulse of

Next_Slot command was not received in

the acknowledgement time window.

ISO Mode

The tag shall increment its slot counter

and send its response if slot counter

matches the chosen slot.

Round_Active

The tag will automatically increment is

Current Slot Counter at internally

determined times and send its response

if the its Current Slot Counter matches its

Selected Slot Register.

The tag shall increment its slot counter

and send its response if slot counter

matches the chosen slot.

The tag resumes the FST Arbitration

process and will automatically increment

is Current Slot Counter at internally

determined times and send its response

if the its Current Slot Counter matches its

Selected Slot Register.

Round_Active

Round_Standby

Round_active

FST Mode

Table 12 - Tag state transitions for Next_Slot

Command : Close_slot

Initial State

Ready

Criteria

Action

New State

Ready

Quiet

None

Quiet

Round_Active

ISO Mode

FST Mode

The tag shall increment its slot counter

and send its response if slot counter

matches the chosen slot.

The tag will automatically increment is

Current Slot Counter at internally

determined times and send its response

if the its Current Slot Counter matches its

Selected Slot Register.

Round_Active

Round_Standby

ISO Mode

FST Mode

The tag shall increment its slot counter

and send its response if slot counter

matches the chosen slot.

The tag resumes the FST Arbitration

process and will automatically increment

is Current Slot Counter at internally

determined times and send its response

if the its Current Slot Counter matches its

Selected Slot Register.

Round_active

Table 13 - Tag state transitions for Close_Slot

Command : Reset_To_Ready

Initial State

Ready

Quiet

Round_Active

Criteria

Action

New State

Ready

None

Ready

Round_Standby

None

Ready

Table 14 - Tag state transitions for Reset_To_Ready

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Command : Standby_Round

Initial State

Ready

Quiet

Round_Active

Round_Standby

Criteria

Action

New State

Ready

Quiet

None

Round_Standby

Table 15 – Tag state transitions for Standby_Round

4. GENERAL REPLY FORMAT

The Transponder will reply to a successful arbitration sequence by sending a message having the following format:

Preamble – see description of the Return Link.

Flags – 2 bits (Preset)

Parameters as follows:

Transponder type – 1 bit (Always = 0)

Battery status – 1 bit (Always = 0)

Signature – 4 bits (last 4 bits of the clock counter).

Data – 136 bits if the SUID bit = 0 as follows:

AFI of 8 bits.

User Data of 128 bits.

Data – 48 bits if the SUID bit = 1 as follows:

DSFID of 8 bits.

SUID of 40 bits (lower 32 bits of User Data + IC Manufacturer code).

CRC – 16 bits

Preamble

Flags

Parameters

Data

CRC

Fig. 5- Transponder Reply, general format

Preamble

Flags Trans. Type

2 bits Always = 0

Battery

Status

Signature

4 bits

AFI

8 bits

USER DATA

128 bits

CRC16

16 bits

Always = 0

Fig. 6 – Transponder Reply to commands with the SUID flag = 0.

The above reply will be received after a successful arbitration sequence that was initiated by the Init-Round, Init-Round-

All, Begin_Round and Wake-Up_FST commands with the SUID flag = 0.

Preamble

Flags

2 bits

Trans. Type Battery Status

Always = 0 Always = 0

Signature

4 bits

DSFID

SUID

CRC 16

16 bits

Always = 0x00

40 bits

Fig. 7 – Transponder Reply commands with the SUID flag = 1.

The above reply will be received after a successful arbitration sequence that was initiated by the Init_Round,

Init_Round_All and Wake_Up_FST commands with the SUID flag = 1.

Preamble

Flags

2 bits

Trans. Type Battery Status

Always = 0 Always = 0

Signature

4 bits

AFI

SUID

CRC 16

16 bits

8 bits

40 bits

Fig. 8 – Transponder Reply to Begin_Round command with the SUID flag = 1.

The above reply will be received after a successful arbitration sequence that was initiated by the Begin_Round command

with the SUID flag = 1.

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5. FORWARD LINK ENCODING - READER TO

TRANSPONDER

Commands and data are received from the Reader,

encoded by means of Pulse Interval Encoding. The

Reader transmits pulses in the form of dips in its carrier

wave. The intervals between dips convey information in

accordance with the following description.

One Tari, while the 2^ndperiod of the SOF symbol is equal

to 3 Tari. The first part of the SOF symbol is provided to

allow detector circuitry to settle (should this be

necessary). The second part of the SOF symbol is used

as a Calibration period. The received SOF symbol is

used to calibrate the command decoder every time a

command is received. This calibration is used to

establish a pivot to distinguish between subsequent data

‘0’ and data ‘1’ symbols. The pivot point has a value of

1.5Tari and is derived from the 3Tari interval contained in

the 2^ndpart of the SOF symbol. The binary data ‘0’ and

‘1’ are extracted from the incoming data stream by

comparing the inter-pulse interval with a pivot point. If the

interval is less than the pivot, then the binary value is ‘0’

and if it is greater than the pivot then the binary value is

‘1’ (See clause 0). Each time that a new command is

received by the Transponder, the SOF re-calibrates the

decode counter thereby compensating for any variation

in the Transponder clock frequency due to changes in

RF excitation levels or temperature variations. The circuit

has been designed to accommodate a Transponder

clock frequency variation of ±40% from nominal. The

basic Tari period as transmitted by the Reader is

specified in Table 16 and illustrated in Fig. 9.

The Transponder responds to transmissions by the

Reader as described herein.

Carrier modulation pulses

The data transmission from the Reader to the

Transponder is achieved by modulating the carrier

amplitude (ASK). The data coding is performed by

generating pulses at variable time intervals. The duration

of the interval between two successive pulses carries the

data coding information. This is known as Pulse Interval

Encoding, (PIE). The Transponder measures the inter-

pulse time on the high to low transitions (falling) edges of

the pulse as shown in Fig. 9

Basic time interval – definition of “Tari”

The time “Tari” specifies the period in microseconds

between two falling edges representing the symbol “0”.

The word “Tari” is an acronym for “Type A Reference

Interval Time” as defined in the ISO18000-6 Type A

specification. The period between the two falling edges

defining each of the other symbols is based on a multiple

of the basic Tari period. The SOF symbol (Start of

Frame) consists of 2 periods, the 1^stof which is equal to

Tari

Tolerance

20 µs

±100 ppm

Table 16 - Reference interval timing

Tari

100%

M

Fig. 9 - Inter-pulse mechanism

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Data coding

Data transmitted by the Reader to the Tag is encoded in

PIE format as described in 0 and 0 above. Four symbols

are encoded; ‘0’, ‘1’, SOF and EOF. The Transponder is

able to decode symbols having values as shown in Fig.

10 below.

Values

falling

outside

of

the

limits

in

Table 17 will cause the received data to be rejected and

the EM4223 to wait for an unmodulated carrier of EOF

duration or greater before being ready to receive a new

command.

Symbol

Mean

duration

1 Tari

Limits

Time interval in "Tari"

1

2

3

4

Symbol

'0'

0

1

SOF

½ Tari < ‘0’ ≤ 3/2 Tari

3/2 Tari < ’1’ < 3 Tari

Calibration sequence

2 Tari

1 Tari followed

by 3 Tari

'1'

'EOF'

'SOF'

EOF

4 Tari

≥ 4 Tari

Table 17 - PIE symbols

Fig. 10 - PIE symbols

Data Frame format

The bits transmitted by the Reader to the Transponder

are embedded in a frame as specified in Fig. 11. Before

sending the frame, the Reader ensures that it has

established an unmodulated carrier for duration of at

least Taq (Quiet time) of 300µs.

The frame consists of

a

Start-Of-Frame (SOF),

immediately followed by the data bits and terminated by

an End-Of-Frame (EOF). After sending the EOF the

Reader maintains a steady carrier for sufficient time to

allow all Transponders present to be powered so that

they may send their Reply.

Taq

3 Tari

1Tari

B

Quiet

SOF

EOF

Command + Data

Fig. 11 - Forward link frame format

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Data decoding

The binary data ‘0’ and ‘1’ are extracted from the

incoming data stream by comparing the inter-pulse

interval with a pivot point. The pivot point has a value of

1.5Tari and is derived from the 3Tari interval contained in

the 2^ndpart of the SOF symbol. If the interval is less than

the pivot, then the binary value is ‘0’ and if it is greater

than the pivot then the binary value is ‘1’.

If the Transponder detects an invalid code it discards the

frame and waits for an unmodulated carrier of EOF

duration. No Error Messages are sent to the Reader.

Bits and byte ordering

Coding of data into symbols is MSB first. The coding for

the 8 bits of hex byte 'B1' is shown in Fig. 12.

1

0

1

0

1

t

0

Ts

Fig. 12 - Example of PIE byte encoding for 'B1'

Reader to Transponder 5 bit CRC (CRC-5)

The CRC-5 is used only for commands from the Reader

to the Transponder. All commands have a CRC-5 as the

last 5 bits of the first 16 bit part of an Extended command

or as the last 5 bits of a Short Command. The CRC-5 is

calculated on all the command bits after the SOF up to

the end of the Extended Parameters (11 bits in total –

see Fig. 3).

Reply to the Reader and during the 2 Transponder bit

periods following a Reply transmission.

In the case of the Next_Slot command the command is

interpreted by the Transponder in one of two ways.

If a Next_Slot command is received such that the

first pulse of the command is received during the

active command window of the Transponder, which

follows a transmission by the Transponder and this

Next_Slot command contains a signature parameter

that matches that sent by the Transponder in its last

transmission, then the command will be interpreted

as an instruction for that Transponder to move to the

quiet state

The polynomial used to calculate the CRC-5 is x^5 + x^3

+1. The CRC-5 register is pre-loaded with '01001' (MSB

(C4) to LSB (C0)) prior to commencing a CRC-5

calculation in both the case of a Reader to Transponder

command transmission and the case of a Transponder

initializing its CRC-5 register prior to receiving

command from the Reader.

a

Fig. 13 and below show the timing of the

Transponder command window.

The 5 bits of the CRC-5 embedded in the command are

received MSB first by the Transponder. The Transponder

will clock the first 16 bits of an Extended command or a

complete Short Command through its CRC-5 register as

it is receiving the command from the Reader and if these

16 bits were received without error, the Transponder’s

CRC-5 register will contain all zeros after the last bit has

been clocked through.

If a Next_Slot command is received at any time

other than coincident with an active command

window (opened by the Transponder following a

transmission) or if the Transponder had not

transmitted a Reply immediately prior to receiving

the NEXT_SLOT command or if the Next_Slot

command does not contain a signature parameter

that matches that sent by the Transponder in its last

transmission then the command is interpreted as an

instruction to step the current slot counter value in

Command Decoder

The Transponder can receive commands from a Reader

at any time other than the time that it is transmitting a

ISO mode or as

a

command to exit the

ROUND_STANDBY state in either ISO or FST

modes.

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Tag bits after last transmitted bit

End of last

tag bit

1

2

3

4

5

6

the last tag data transition occurs

at either the centre or end of the

last bit period depending on FM0

state.

Tag not

Tag

reflecting

transmission

Tag listens

Tag Command Window

1st high to low transition of the

command shall occur in this time.

Interrogator

RF field

carrier steady

state level

carrier

modulated

state level

Fig. 13 - Command Window Timing

6. RETURN LINK DATA ENCODING - TRANSPORTER TO READER

The return link data is modulated onto the impinging illuminating RF carrier using varying impedance modulation.

Return link data encoding

Data is encoded using Bi-phase space (FM0).

FM0 Data Coding

MSB first encoding of Byte 10110001 = 'B1'

1

0

1

0

1

Alternative

depending on

prior conditions

t

Trlb

Fig. 14 - Return link – data encoding

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Return link preamble

The FM0 return link preamble has the bit pattern described in Error! Reference source not found.

Tag bit periods

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

11 12

14

16

1

9

10

13

15

Preamble waveform

'1' is tag reflecting, '0' is tag not reflecting

Fig. 15 - FM0 Return link preamble

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

The 16 bit CRC is calculated on all data bits up to, but

not including, the first CRC bit.

The 16-bit register is preloaded with 'FFFF’. The resulting

CRC value is inverted, attached to the end of the packet

and transmitted.

The polynomial used to calculate the CRC is x^16 + x^12

+ x^5 + 1.

The most significant byte shall be transmitted first. The

most significant bit of each byte shall be transmitted first.

MSByte

LSByte

LSB

MSB

LSB

MSB

CRC 16 (8 bits)

↑ first transmitted bit of the CRC

CRC 16 (8 bits)

Fig. 16- CRC format

7. MEMORY ORGANISATION AND CONFIGURATION INFORMATION

Memory Map

Unambiguous User Data (UUD) & SUID

The physical memory comprises 128 bits of user

memory, 8 bits AFI and 3 personality bits. In addition, the

IC Manufacturer Code as specified in ISO7816-6/AM1 is

hard-wired into the Transponder.

The user memory on the Transponder comprises 128

bits of user specified data. This data is known as

Unambiguous User Data UUD, because it is expected

that this data be unique and unambiguous. The UUD is a

license plate defined by the user and may be an EPC™,

GTAG™ or other user defined number.

128 bits UUD memory

8 bit AFI

3 bits Personality

The Transponder will return a Sub-UID (SUID) as defined

in ISO 18000-6 when the SUID flag is =1 in the

arbitration initiation commands. The SUID in this

Transponder is derived from the least significant 32 bits

of the UUD as described below. The SUID consists of 40

bits: the 8 bit manufacturer code followed by the least

significant 32 bits of the UUD.

Fig. 17- Memory map

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MSB

LSB

1

128

40

33

32

Serial number (Lower 32

bits of UUD)

Upper bits of UUD

MSB

40

LSB

1

33

32

Serial number

IC Mfg code “0x16”

Hard wired in EM4223.

Fig. 18- UUD/SUID mapping

Transponder Unique Identifier (UID) & SUID

Personality Block

An ISO 18000-6A Transponder does not transmit the UID

The personality block contains 3 control bits. The default

state of these bits is programmed during manufacture.

These bits control the Wake Up Status flag (WUS), the

power up selection of FST or ISO mode of operation and

the Return Link Bit Rate.

except

in

response

to

the

optional

ISO

Get_System_Information command which is not

supported in the EM4223. All other transactions are

conducted using the SUID (which is supported).

Transponders will power up in the default mode set by the

bits programmed during manufacture. Only the FST/ISO

mode flag can be changed by Reader commands.

Transponders will be switched to FST mode by the

The Interrogator derives the Transponder 64 bit UID from

the SUID and it is made up as follows:

Bits 57 Æ 64 are always set to Hex ‘E0’.

Bits 49 Æ 56 carry the Integrated Circuit

Manufacturers Code

WAKE_UP_FST

command.

INIT_ROUND,

INIT_ROUND_ALL and BEGIN_ROUND commands will

switch Transponders to the ISO mode of operation.

Bits 33 Æ 48 are always set to Hex ‘0000’

Bits 1 Æ 32 carry the 32 bit Serial number.

The state of the WUS bit cannot be changed from the

value set during manufacture. Transponders will operate

in ISO or MOD_ISO mode depending on the factory

programmed state of the WUS bit. Similarly,

Transponders will operate as TTF or as RTF in FST

mode depending on the factory programmed state of the

WUS bit. It is important to note that tags can only switch

between MOD_ISO and FST (TTF) or between ISO and

FST (RTF) modes.

AFI

Application Family Identifier - 8 bits per ISO 18000-6

clause 7.2.3. If the AFI byte is set with all 00 the tag will

respond, or if the AFI in the tag matches the AFI byte in

the init-round command the tag will respond, otherwise

the tag will remain quiet.

Wake Up

Status

Flag

Transponder SUID and

Roundsize Initialize

Conditions

FST/ISO Flag

Tag State

Mode

(pbit 1)

(pbit 0)

Power Up Condition

READY – Transponder replies in its selected

slot in each round.

READY - Transponder replies in both the first

slot and its selected slot in every round

ROUND_STANDBY state, Reader Talks First

mode

1

0

1

0

1

0

Don’t care

ISO

MOD_ISO

FST (RTF)

FST (TTF)

SUID flag = 0

Roundsize = 16

SUID flag = 0

ROUND_ACTIVE –Tag Talks First mode

Roundsize = 16

Table18 - Transponder Operational Modes

Personality Block 0- Bit 2 determines the Transponder Reply data rate:

0 = 40 kb/s

1 = 160 kb/s

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Because only transponders of interest to the application

will be selected any other Transponders in the Reader

field will not degrade Reader performance by needing to

be read and acknowledge to send them to the QUIET

state – they virtually do not exist if they have not been

selected.

8. TRANSPONDER SELECTION OPERATION

– INIT_ROUND AND BEGIN_ROUND

COMMANDS

The INIT_ROUND and BEGIN_ROUND commands have

the ability to move only a selected sub-set of the

Transponder population from the READY to the

ROUND_ACTIVE states. Transponders that are already

in the ROUND_ACTIVE or ROUND_STANDBY states

will be removed from the active Transponder population

and moved to the READY state if they do not match the

selection parameters sent with the INIT_ROUND or

BEGIN_ROUND command.

The selection capabilities also allow the Transponder

population to be “Tree-Walked” allowing fully

“Deterministic” arbitration of a Transponder population.

By adding more and more bits to the selection criteria,

the population can be resolved down to a single

Transponder. (See the explanatory note below).

This allows the population to be “thinned”, thus

increasing

the

effective

read

rate

achieved.

EXPLANATION OF “DETERMINISTIC” OPERATION BASED ON “TREE-WALKING”

Transponders that use randomly selected reply slots in order to transmit their data to a Reader have a

very small risk of more than one Transponder selecting the same slot several times, which could mean

that such tags may not be read before they move out of the active population. This is known as

“Probabalistic” operation and must be balanced against the many advantages of this mode of operation.

“Tree Walking” is a method of resolving Transponder populations by effectively issuing a series of “tests”

or “challenges” in which the Reader would request a response from all tags containing say “0” in the 1^stbit

position of the Transponder data (or in an encrypted version of the data). If the Reader received a non-

clashing response (only 1 transponder responding) it could request that Transponder to send its full data.

If the Reader received a clashing response (more than 1 transponder responding) it would know that it

had identified a productive “branch” and would extend its test by requesting a response from all tags

containing say “00” in the 1^sttwo bit positions of the Transponder data. It would continue testing and

requesting responses until it had resolved the entire tag population in this manner. If the Reader received

no response it would know that it had identified an unproductive “branch” and would temporarily abandon

further testing for Transponders with “0” in the 1^stbit position. The Reader would then test for

Transponders with “1” in the first bit position. This would continue until all Transponders had been

identified, or moved out of the Reader’s RF field.

INIT_ROUND COMMAND SELECTION OPERATION

(see Fig. 19)

If the AFI value contained in the INIT_ROUND command

is 0x00, the Transponders will ignore the parameter in

the command and all Transponders will move to the

ROUND_ACTIVE state from the ROUND_ACTIVE or

ROUND_STANDBY or READY states. With an AFI

parameter of 0x00, the command will perform identically

to an INIT_ROUND_ALL command.

The INIT_ROUND command contains a single fixed

length (8 bit) selection parameter. This parameter

represents the AFI (Application Family Identifier

according to ISO18000-6A) value which will be matched

with the AFI value contained in the Transponders

memory. Transponders with a matching AFI value will

move from the ROUND_ACTIVE or ROUND_STANDBY

or READY states to the ROUND_ACTIVE state and

commence participation in the Arbitration process.

Transponders that do not match the AFI value sent in the

command will remain in the READY state or they will

move to the READY state if they are already in the

ROUND_ACTIVE or ROUND_STANDBY states.

Tags in the QUIET state will ignore the INIT_ROUND

command.

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BEGIN_ROUND COMMAND SELECTION OPERATION

(see Fig. 19)

The BEGIN_ROUND command contains 2 selection

parameters. The 1^stparameter, called MASK_LENGTH,

consists of a fixed length (8 bit) value, which specifies

how many bits will be sent in the following parameter,

called the MASK. This MASK_LENGTH will be between

0 and 136 for the EM4223. The MASK value will be

compared to the number of bits of the tags data memory

The MASK value is transmitted MSB 1^st. The 1^stbit of the

MASK is compared to the MSB of the Transponders AFI,

the 2^ndbit of the MASK is compared to the 2^ndmost

significant bit of the Transponders AFI and so on, up to

the 8^thbit of the MASK, which is compared to the AFI. If

the 1^st8 bits of the MASK contain the value B00000000,

the result of the comparison of the 1^st8 bits of the MASK

specified in

the MASK LENGTH parameter.

to the AFI is forced to a Match result. If the

Transponders with data matching the MASK in the

command will move from the ROUND_ACTIVE or

ROUND_STANDBY or READY states to the

ROUND_ACTIVE state and commence participation in

the Arbitration process. Transponders whose data does

not match the MASK value sent in the command will

remain in the READY state or they will move to the

READY state if they are already in the ROUND_ACTIVE

or ROUND_STANDBY states.

MASK_LENGTH is less than 8 bits, then the number of

bits of the Transponder’s AFI compared to the MASK is

determined by the MASK_LENGTH parameter.

The 9^thto the 136^thbits of the MASK is compared to the

128 bit USER DATA in the Transponder – in other words,

bit 9 of the MASK is compared to the MSB of the USER

DATA and so on down to bit 136 of the MASK being

compared to the LSB of the USER DATA. The number of

bits of the USER DATA compared to the MASK is equal

to MASK_LENGTH – 8 if MASK_LENGTH > 8. If

MASK_LENGTH ≤ 8 no USER DATA bits will be

compared to the MASK.

Tags in the QUIET state will ignore the BEGIN_ROUND

command.

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EM4223

9. COMMANDS AND STATES

Commands

The EM4223 supports the commands as specified in Table 5- Supported Commands and as set out in ISO/IEC CD 18000-

6A clause 7.6 and clause 7.7.

Tag States

FST = 0 & WUS = 1 & RF field on

FST = 0 & WUS = 0 & RF field on

RF FIELD OFF

Quiet Flag set ( power off < 2 secs)

READY

Reset_to_ready

Reset_To_Ready

Begin_Round(Match) #

Begin_Round(Unmatch) #

Init_Round(Unmatch) #

Init_Round(Match) #

Init_Round_All #

Wake_Up_FST @

Next_Slot (Not OK)

Close_Slot

New_Round

Next_Slot (OK)

QUIET

ROUND_ACTIVE

End of FST Tag Internal Slot

Begin_Round(Match) #

Init_Round(Match) #

Init_Round_All #

Wake_Up_FST @

Next_Slot (Not OK)

Close_Slot

New_Round

All commands except:

"Reset_To_Ready"

Standby_Round

(Incomplete or Unrecognised Cmnd) & FST=0

Begin_Round(Match) #

Init_Round(Match) #

Init_Round_All #

Wake_Up_FST @

2.5 Message Timeout if FST = 0 & WUS = 0

Standby_Round

Incomplete or Unrecognised Cmnd

ROUND_STANDBY

Reset_To_Ready

Begin_Round(Unmatch) #

Init_Round(Unmatch) #

Fig. 19– State transition diagram showing commands.

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EM4223

NOTES:

SIGNATURE value as sent by the tag to the Reader

as part of its transmission. In all other cases the

"Next_Slot" command will be accepted as

"Next_Slot (Not OK)".

Tags will automatically start a new round without a

"Begin_Round", "New Round", "Init_Round" or

"Init_Round_All" command when they receive a

"Next_Slot" or "Close_Slot" command while their

internal "Current Slot Counter" indicates the last slot

in the current round. This will also apply to tags

being moved from the ROUND_STANDBY state to

the ROUND_ACTIVE state by a "Next_Slot" or

"Close_Slot" command.

Commands marked with the "#" character will place

tags in the "ISO" mode of operation. These are the

"Begin_Round", "Init_Round"

commands.

& "Init_Round_All"

The "Wake_Up_FST" command marked with the

"@" character will place tags in the "FST" mode of

operation.

The last Mask selection made in the "ISO" mode

will be retained when switching from the "ISO" to

the "FST" mode.

"Next_Slot(OK)" will only occur when the tag

receiving the "Next_Slot" command receives the

command in the command window immediately

following its transmission to the Reader and if the

"Next_Slot" command contained the same

Tag state storage

Note: Implementation of the Quiet state storage may

imply that the Transponder will retain this condition

during a time greater than 2s, up to several minutes in

low temperature conditions. The Reset_to_Ready

command overrides the Quiet state under these

circumstances.

In the case where the Transponder loses the energizing

field for short periods of time (eg. when moving), the

Transponder retains its state for at least 300µs. In

addition, if the Transponder is in the Quiet state, it retains

its Quiet state for at least 2s.

State

Description

Commands to which responsive

The Transponder is out of the RF field

or the Reader Tx Carrier is switched

off.

RF field off

None.

The Transponder is in an RF field, its

clock is running and it is waiting for a

command.

Wake-Up_FST, Init-Round-All, Init-

Round, Begin-Round

READY

None required, responsive to all

commands according to the collision

arbitration loop. Standby_Round will

move the Transponder to the

ROUND_STANDBY state.

The Transponder steps through the

hold-off loop and will transmit if it has

reached its turn to transmit

ROUND_ACTIVE

Next-Slot, Close-Slot, New-round, Init-

Round, Init-Round-All, Begin-Round,

Reset-To-Ready, Wake-Up-FST &

Time-Out

ROUND_STANDBY

ROUND_ACTIVE state is suspended

The Transponder is unresponsive to

commands and the hold-off loop has

been suspended. It will only respond

QUIET (Persistent Sleep)

to a Reset-To-Ready command or will Reset-To-Ready

reset when removed from the RF field

for an extended period of time

typically greater than 2 seconds.

Table19 - Transponder States

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EM4223

10. COLLISION ARBITRATION

2. The Reader detects a collision between two or more

Transponder replies. Collisions may be detected

either as contention from the multiple transmissions

or by detecting an invalid CRC. After waiting until the

channel is clear, the Reader sends a Close_Slot

command to increment the Transponder slot

counter.

The EM4223 implements the ISO 18000-6 Type A anti-

collision scheme as described in CD ISO-IEC 18000 part

6 Type A. Additionally, the EM4223 implements the Fast

Supertagꢀ anti-collision protocol.

The basic collision arbitration scheme is based on slots.

The ISO implementation uses regimented slots that are

controlled by the Reader. Fast Supertagꢀ uses pseudo-

slots (non-synchronised slots) by virtue of the fact that

transmissions are initiated in integer multiples of a slot

time. However because Transponder clocks will not be

identical and because the Reader does not synchronize

slots at the start of each slot, there will be a natural drift

and the timing of slots between individual Transponders

will diverge.

3. The Reader receives a Transponder Reply without

error, i.e. with a valid CRC. The Reader sends a

Next_slot

command

synchronized

to

the

Transponder timing window, containing the

signature of the Transponder just received.

When Transponders in the ROUND_ACTIVE state that

have not transmitted in the current slot receive a

Next_slot command or a Close_Slot command, they

increment their slot counters by one. When the slot

counter equals the slot number previously selected by

the Transponder, the Transponder transmits according to

the rules above otherwise the Transponder waits for

another command.

Refer to the state diagram, Fig. 19.

General explanation of the collision arbitration

mechanism

The collision arbitration uses a mechanism, which

allocates Transponder transmissions into rounds and

slots. A round consists of a number of slots. A

Transponder will only transmit once in a round unless the

Transponder is in ISO mode and the WUS bit= 0, in

which case the Transponder will reply in the first slot as

well as in its chosen slot, or only in the first slot if the first

slot was selected as the Reply slot by the Transponder.

The time position where it transmits in a round is

determined randomly.

The Reader keeps track of the slot count each time it

issues a Next_slot command or Close_Slot command.

When the number of slots used equals the round_size

issued in the Init_round command, the round has

completed and the Reader may issue a round initializing

command. (Note: A Reader may issue a round initializing

command at any time).

Transponders that have not been acknowledged (by a

synchronous Next_Slot command with a valid signature)

during the current round, will enter a new round on

determining the end of the current round or at any time

ISO COMPLIANT SYSTEMS

on receiving

a

round initializing command. The

Each slot has a duration at least as long as a

Transponder transmission or as long as the Reader

requires to identify an unproductive (empty) slot and

send the CLOSE_SLOT command to the Transponder

population. The Reader determines the duration of the

slot by closing slots with CLOSE_SLOT or NEXT_SLOT

commands in response to successful data replies from

Transponders or clashing replies from Transponders or

in response to identifying an empty slot.

Transponders will select a slot at random and transmit in

the new round when the slot counter value and the slot

selected are equal.

If at any time the Transponder receives a wake_up (FST)

command whether in the READY state or in the ISO

ROUND_ACTIVE or ROUND_STANDBY states, it will

immediately switch to the FST mode of operation.

On receiving an Init_round command, Transponders

randomly select a slot in which to respond. If a

Transponder has selected the first slot it will transmit its

Reply. The Transponder includes its four-bit

Transponder signature in its Reply. If the Transponder

has selected a slot number greater than one, it will retain

its slot number and wait for a further command.

FST SYSTEMS

In the absence of an RF field, the Transponders are in

the RF_field_off state. When the Transponders enter the

energizing field of a Reader, they go through a power on

reset sequence. If the FST bit = 0 and the WUS bit = 0,

then the Transponder moves to the ROUND_ACTIVE

State it is therefore in a Tag Talks First mode and

commences

a Fast Supertagꢀ collision arbitration

After the Reader has sent the Init_round command there

are three possible outcomes:

sequence. If the FST bit = 0 and the WUS bit = 1, then

the Transponder moves to the ROUND_STANDBY state

until it receives a Next_Slot, Close_Slot, New_Round or

Wake_up_FST command, at which time it commences a

Fast Supertagꢀ collision arbitration sequence.

1. The Reader does not receive a Reply because

either no Transponder has selected slot one or the

Reader has not detected a Transponder Reply. The

Reader then issues a Close_Slot command because

it has not received a Reply.

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EM4223

Transponders in the ROUND_STANDBY state will go

through an internal time-out sequence and will return to

the ROUND_ACTIVE state after a period equal to 2.5 X

176 tag bit periods has elapsed since the last MUTE

command if the WUS bit = 0 (this time-out may be over-

Each slot has a duration at least as long as the duration

of a Transponder preamble. The actual duration of the

slot is determined by the Transponder and is equal to 16

Transponder bit times. If a Transponder has selected the

current slot in which to transmit its reply, the Slot length

is increased for that Transponder to the duration of a

message length so that the Transponder can send its

complete message. In order to prevent other tags (those

that have not yet started their replies) from transmitting

during the first tag’s reply slot the Reader issues a MUTE

command to place the tags into the ROUND_STANDBY

state. After the active Transponder has finished

transmitting its message, and if the Reader has

successfully read the Transponder it issues a Next_Slot

command synchronously with the tag’s signature. If the

Transponder message was not successfully read then

the Reader issues a Close_Slot command, which will

cause all the tags currently in the ROUND_STANDBY

state to re-enter the ROUND_ACTIVE state.

ridden

by

the

Transponder

receiving

further

Standby_Round or MUTE commands from the Reader

which keep the Transponder in the ROUND_STANDBY

state).

The

Transponder

will

move

to

the

ROUND_ACTIVE state before the end of time-out period

if it receives a Next_Slot, Close_Slot, New_Round or

Wake_Up_FST command.

When the Transponder has reached the end of a round,

it will self-trigger a new round, randomly select a new slot

in which to transmit and it will transmit its identity or data

when it reaches the selected slot. The process continues

until the Transponder has been successfully read and

acknowledged by

a valid Next_Slot command or

removed from the RF energizing field.

The number of slots in a round, referred to as round size,

is determined by the Reader and is signaled to the

Transponder in the Wake_Up_FST or New_Round

command. In the FST mode the tag elects a default

roundsize of 16, which may be overridden by a Reader

command, however the FST mode is able to operate

without any round initializing command. During the

subsequent collision arbitration process the Reader

dynamically chooses an optimum round size for the

following rounds based on the number of collisions

and/or unproductive time in a round. The number of

collisions is a function of the number of Transponders in

the ROUND_ACTIVE state present in the Reader field

and the current round size. The Reader signals a change

in round size to Transponders by sending a New_Round

command containing the required round size.

If at any time the Transponder receives an Init_Round,

Init_Round_All or Begin_Round command whether in the

READY, ROUND_ACTIVE or ROUND_STANDBY

states, it will immediately switch to the ISO mode of

operation.

BOTH TYPES – READ ACKNOWLEDGE

When a Transponder which has transmitted its data in

the current slot, receives a Next_slot command, it:

Verifies that the signature in the command matches

the signature it sent in its last Reply

Verifies that the Next_Slot command has been

received within the timing window.

If the Transponder has met these acknowledge

conditions it enters the Quiet state. Otherwise, it remains

in the ROUND_ACTIVE state.

The Transponder on entering the ROUND_ACTIVE State

or on re-entering the ROUND_ACTIVE state having

completed a round, selects a pseudo slot at random in

which to reply. Pseudo slots are equal to Transponder

preamble in duration. If the Transponder has selected

the first pseudo slot, it will transmit immediately, if not it

will hold off until it has reached the selected pseudo-slot

and then transmit.

A Transponder in the Quiet state can only be returned to

the active population by means of a Reset_To_Ready

command followed by the appropriate round initializing

command or by removing it from the RF energizing field

for longer than the persistent sleep time.

On receiving and recognizing a valid Transponder

transmission preamble, the Reader sends a MUTE

command (SOF), which tells all Transponders that have

not yet started transmitting, to move to the

ROUND_STANDBY state. When the Reader receives

FST MODE OPTIONS

If the FST = 0 set and the WUS = 1, the Transponder will

wake up in Tag Talks First mode but muted. The first

Next_Slot command will move the Transponder to the

ROUND_ACTIVE state and it will enter a round as if it

had received a Wake_Up command.

the Transponder Reply without error, it sends

a

Next_Slot command containing the signature of the

Transponder that it has just received.

If both the WUS = 0 and FST = 0 the Transponder will

move directly to the ROUND_ACTIVE state as if it had

received a Wake_Up command.

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EM4223

number of successful reads, the round size should be

increased. As the proportion of white space increases in

proportion to the number of successful reads the round

size should be decreased.

Use of the round_size function (ISO & FST modes)

To optimized the system for the Transponder population

size, the Reader is able to send round size commands to

the

Transponder

by

way

of

INIT_ROUND,

INIT_ROUND_ALL, BEGIN_ROUND, NEW_ROUND and

WAKE_UP_FST commands. The Reader needs to

determine the proportion of collisions occurring and the

amount of white space occurring and accordingly adjust

the round size. As collisions increase proportional to the

The round size is coded in the INIT_ROUND,

INIT_ROUND_ALL, BEGIN_ROUND, NEW_ROUND and

WAKE_UP_FST commands using 3 bits according to

Table20.

Value

Bit coding

Round Size

MSB

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

LSB

'0'

1

'1'

'2'

'3'

'4'

'5'

'6'

'7'

8

16

32

64

128

256

RFU

Table20 - Round size coding

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EM4223

Pad Location Diagram

all dimensions in Microns

EM4223

A

V SS

X= 0, Y= 0

X=735, Y= 0

X = - 142

Y = - 159

Fig. 20

Chip size is X= 1012 by Y= 830 microns

Note: The origin (0,0) is the lower felt coordinate of center pads

The lower left corner of the chip shows distances of origin

Pin #

Name

A+

Position x

200

Position y

120

1

2

3

V_SS

V_DD

700

450

120

550

Table 21 - Connection Pad Positioning

Position is given in μm from the Seal Ring.

SOT 23 package outline

Dim

A

Min [mm]

Max [mm]

1.194

0.127

0.559

0.152

3.048

1.398

2.032

2.489

0.305

0.559

8°

B

0.787

0.025

0.356

0.086

2.667

1.194

1.778

2.083

0.102

0.432

0°

A1

B

NOTES:

y

D&E do not include mold flash

Mold flash or protrusions not to

exceed .15mm (.006")

E H

C

y

Controlling dimension: millimeter

D

E

S

e

H

L

D

S

α

A

A1

C

e

L

Fig. 21

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EM4223

SOT 23 pinout

Pad A

V_DD

EM4223

Pad V_SS

Fig. 22

Ordering Information

Packaged Device:

Device in DIE Form:

V% WS 11

V% SP3B

EM4223

Version

"Personality word"

Check table below

"Personality word"

Check table below

Package

Die form

SP3B = 3-pin SOT23,

WW = Wafer

in Tape&Reel of 3000 pieces

WS = Sawn Wafer/Frame

Thickness

7 = 7 mils (158um)

11 = 11 mils (280um)

Bumping

" " (blank) = no bump

E = with gold bumps

Versions (Personality word)

Personality

Return link

data rate

160 Kbps

40 Kbps

FST / ISO Flag

Wake Up Status Flag

word

V8

V7

V6

V5

V4

V3

V2

ISO

FST

ISO

FST

ISO_MOD

RTF

TTF

ISO_MOD

RTF

TTF

V1

Table 22

Standard Versions:

The versions below are considered standards and should be readily available. For the other delivery form, please contact

EM Microelectronic-Marin S.A. Please make sure to give the complete part number when ordering.

Part Number

Package/Die Form

SOT 23

Die 11 mils

Delivery form/Bumping

Tape & reel

Sawn on frame / Bump

EM4223V2SP3B

EM4223V3SP3B

EM4223V2WS11E

EM4223V3WS11E

Table 23

EM Microelectronic-Marin SA (EM) makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Company's

standard warranty which is detailed in EM's General Terms of Sale located on the Company's web site. EM assumes no responsibility for

any errors which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without

notice, and does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. No licenses to patents or other intellectual

property of EM are granted in connection with the sale of EM products, expressly or by implications. EM's products are not authorized for

use as components in life support devices or systems.

29

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型号：	EM4223V8SP3B
厂家：	EM MICROELECTRONIC - MARIN SA
描述：	Read-only UHF Radio Frequency Identification Device 只读超高频射频识别设备射频
文件：	总29页 (文件大小：426K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

EM4223V8SP3B [EMMICRO]

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