BC54PA [EPCOS]

45 V, 1 A NPN medium power transistors; 45 V ，1 A NPN型中功率晶体管


型号：	BC54PA
厂家：	EPCOS
描述：	45 V, 1 A NPN medium power transistors 45 V ，1 A NPN型中功率晶体管晶体晶体管开关光电二极管
文件：	总22页 (文件大小：299K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

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General Technical Information

Inductive components for electronic equipment

Especially in this age of fully-electronic and highly-integrated equipment, inductive components are

indispensable. They are used to store energy intermittently in switch-mode power supplies and

DC/DC converters, as parts of high-frequency circuits, as filter elements and last but not least as

interference suppression components to ensure EMC.

Of course, the demands placed on inductors depend on how and where they are to be used. In HF

circuits, coils with high quality factors and resonance frequencies are needed. In EMC applications,

high inductances are required in order to achieve good interference suppression characteristics, low

Q factors being more desirable here due to the need to avoid resonances.

EPCOS provides suitable inductive components for all applications. This data book contains a wide

selection of standard components, from SMT types (starting with SIMID 0402) right up to the 4-line

high-current inductors for power electronics applications.

Attention is drawn to the excellent HF characteristics and the extremely high reliability of the com-

ponents, achieved thanks to large-scale production automation and many years of experience in

the manufacture of this kind of components.

An overview of typical applications for inductors and chokes

Application

Inductance

low

Current rating Resonance

frequency

Q factor

DC resistance

low

HF circuits,

low

very high

resonant circuits

EMC

high

low

high

very low

low

Filter circuits

high

Switch-mode

medium

power supplies,

DC/DC converters

depends on the specific application

1.1 HF circuits

SMT styles (SIMID product range) and leaded RF chokes are especially suitable for RF and other

high-frequency circuits. Typical applications are resonant circuits and frequency-selective filters of

the type being increasingly used in telecommunications engineering and automotive electronics. In

some cases, special demands on the inductive components arise, for example, when used in trans-

mitter output circuits of mobile telephones (high Q factors and resonance frequencies) and in air-

bag control circuits (high pulse currents).

1.2

Filter circuits

When inductive components are used for filters in power supplies for electronics, high inductances, the

lowest possible DC resistance and a low Q factor are required. The impedance should have a wide-

band frequency characteristic. In addition to the current rating, the maximum permissible pulse current

(switching transient currents) and adequately high core material saturation are of importance.

Chokes belonging to all type series presented here can be used for this range of applications, from

the SIMID types right up to chokes with powder cores and one or two lines.

04/00

General Technical Information

1.3

Switch-mode power supplies, DC/DC converters

Inductive components are used for magnetic energy storage in all kinds of switch-mode power sup-

plies and DC/DC converters. For example, the SIMID 1812 product range is used in low-power step-

up converters in automobile electronics and in battery-powered equipment. They can be subjected

for short periods to currents which are the quadruple of their current rating without any saturation

effects occurring.

1.4

EMC applications

For broadband interference suppression, current-compensated chokes with ring cores or D cores

and powder core chokes are especially suitable.

Apart from use as filters in mains and other power supply lines, such chokes are important for data

lines as used in telecommunications engineering, e. g. in NTBAs (Network Termination Basic Ac-

cess Units, ISDN), in line cards in telephone exchanges (ISDN and analog) and in the fast-expand-

ing CAN bus application field (CAN = Controller Area Network) in automotive electronics.

Almost all the component families are approved in accordance with the main international stan-

dards. All chokes for low-frequency mains networks are dimensioned and tested in compliance with

the applicable EN and IEC standards.

Inductive components with particularly good RF characteristics are achieved by the use of ungapped

cores. The manufacturing methods developed by EPCOS lead to good reproducibility of the attenua-

tion characteristics and enable the production of high-quality components at a favorable price.

The company’s many years of experience guarantee that customers quickly and economically ob-

tain just the right solutions to their EMC problems. Our own EMC laboratory in Regensburg or one

of our European EMC partner laboratories is at your disposal at all times to help with professional

advice and in carrying out measurements (also refer to the chapter on “Services”).

1.4.1

Propagation of interference

Interference voltages and currents can be grouped into common-mode interference, differential-

mode interference and unsymmetrical interference:

U_s

U_as

U_us1

U_us2

U = V = voltage

SSB1465-P

Fig. 1

Propagation modes

asymmetrical

Ausbreitung

symmetrical

Ausbreitung

unsymmetrical

unsymmetrische

propagation

Ausbreitung

asymmetrische

symmetrische

propagation

SSB1465-P

■ Common-mode interference (asymmetrical interference):

– occurs between all lines in a cable and reference potential (fig. 1a),

– occurs mainly at high frequencies (from approximately 1 MHz upwards).

■ Differential-mode interference (symmetrical interference):

– occurs between two lines (L-L, L-N) (fig. 1b),

– occurs mainly at low frequencies (up to several hundred kHz).

10 04/00

General Technical Information

■ Unsymmetrical interference:

– This term is used to describe interference on a single line, relative to the reference potential

(fig. 1c)

1.4.2

Characteristics of interferences

In order to be able to choose the correct EMC measures, we need to know the characteristics of the

interferences, how they are propagated and the mechanisms by which they are coupled into the cir-

cuit. In principle, the interferences can also be classified according to their range (fig. 2). At low fre-

quencies, it can be assumed that the interference only spreads along conductive structures, at high

frequencies only by means of electromagnetic radiation. In the MHz frequency range, the term cou-

pling is generally used to describe the mechanism.

Analogously, conducted interference on lines at frequencies of up to several hundred kHz are main-

ly symmetrical (differential mode), at higher frequencies, they are asymmetrical (common mode).

This is because the coupling factor and the effects of parasitic capacitance and inductance between

the conductors increase with frequency.

X capacitors and single chokes are suitable as suppression measures for the differential mode com-

ponents. Where asymmetrical, i.e. common-mode interference has to be eliminated, current-com-

pensated chokes and Y capacitors are mainly used, the prerequisite for this being, however, a well-

designed, EMC-compliant grounding and wiring system.

The categorization of types of interference and suppression measures and their relation to the fre-

quency ranges is reflected in the frequency limits for interference voltage and interference field

strength measurements.

SSB1558-D

Interference

Differential mode

Common mode

Coupling

Field

characteristic

Interference

propagation

Line

X cap

Pc ch.

Y cap

Cc ch.

Ground

Shielding

Remedies

Interference voltage

10 ⁰

Field strength

Max. ratings

^_2

^_1

10 ¹

10 ²

MHz 10 ³

Fig. 2

Frequency range overview

Pc ch. = Iron powder core chokes, but also all single chokes/ X cap = X capacitors

Cc ch. = Current-compensated chokes / Y cap = Y capacitors

11 04/00

General Technical Information

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

2.1

Introduction

For as long as electronic transmission equipment such as radio, television, and telephone has been

in existence, it has had a history of susceptibility to interference from other electronic devices. Legal

regulations on interference suppression (electromagnetic and radio frequency interference, EMI

and RFI) have been in existence since 1928. These regulations protect transmission paths and re-

ception equipment by limiting the emitted interference.

In view of the increasing number of electrical and electronic appliances in use, not only the princi-

ples of interference suppression must be observed, but also, in the sense of electromagnetic com-

patibility (EMC), it must be ensured that all equipment is able to operate simultaneously without

problems. EMC is defined as the ability of electrical equipment to function satisfactorily in its elec-

tromagnetic environment without affecting other equipment in this environment to an impermissible

extent.

The European Communities’ EMC Directive (89/336/EEC) came into force on the 1. 1. 1996. It has

been transformed into corresponding legislation in the individual EU (European Union) member

states. With this, it has become mandatory to design electronic equipment to comply with the pro-

tection objectives of this Directive; i.e. to meet the requirements for electromagnetic emission and

electromagnetic immunity as laid down in the corresponding EN standards (European Standards).

The concept of EMC includes both electromagnetic emission (EME) and electromagnetic immunity/

susceptibility (EMS), see fig. 3.

EMC = Electromagnetic

EMC

compatibility

Emission

Susceptibility

EME = Electromagnetic

emission

EME

EMS

EMS = Electromagnetic

immunity/susceptibility

Conducted

CE = Conducted emission

CS = Susceptibility to

conducted emission

Radiated

RE = Radiated emission

RS = Susceptibility to

radiated emission

Interference

source

Propagation

Disturbed

equipment

Fig. 3

EMC terms

An interference source may generate conducted or radiated electromagnetic energy, i.e. conducted

emission (CE) or radiated emission (RE). This also applies to the propagation paths and to the elec-

tromagnetic susceptibility of disturbed equipment.

In order to work out economical solutions, it is necessary consider both phenomena, i.e. propaga-

tion and susceptibility, to an equal extent, and not just one aspect, e.g. conducted emission.

12 04/00

General Technical Information

EMC components are used to reduce conducted electromagnetic interference to the limits in an

EMC plan or to reduce this interference below the limit values specified in the EMC regulations.

These components may be installed either in the source of potential interference or in the disturbed

equipment (fig. 4).

Power supply

Disturbed

equip-

ment

Source

Signal line

Control line

Electric field

Magnetic field

Electromagnetic field

Interference currents

Interference voltages

Filter

Fig. 4

Susceptibility model and filtering

EPCOS offers EMI suppression components with a well-balanced range of rated voltages and cur-

rents for power supply lines as well as for signal and control lines.

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General Technical Information

2.2

Interference sources and disturbed equipment

Interference source

An interference source is an electrical device or electrical equipment which emits electromagnetic

interference. We can differentiate between two main groups of interference sources corresponding

to the type of frequency spectrum emitted (fig. 5).

Interference source (emission)

Discrete frequency spectrum

(Sine-wave, low energy)

Continuous frequency spectrum

(Impulses, high energy)

µP systems

RF generators

Medical equipment

Switchgear (contactors, relays)

Household appliances

Gas discharge lamps

Power supplies and battery chargers

Ignition systems

Welding apparatus

Motors with brushes

Oscillating drives

Atmospheric discharges

Data processing systems

Microwave equipment

Ultrasonic equipment

RF welding apparatus

Radio and TV receivers

Switch-mode power supplies

Frequency converters

UPS systems

Electronic ballast circuits

Fig. 5

Sources of interference

Interference sources with discrete frequency spectra (e.g. high frequency generators and micro-

processor systems) emit interference energy which is concentrated on narrow frequency bands.

Switchgear and electric motors in household appliances, however, distribute their interference en-

ergy over broad frequency bands and are considered to belong to the group of interference sources

having a continuous frequency spectrum.

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General Technical Information

Disturbed equipment

Electrical devices, equipment and/or systems subject to interference and which can be adversely

affected by it are termed disturbed equipment.

In the same way as interference sources, disturbed equipment can also be categorized correspond-

ing to frequency characteristics. A distinction can be made between narrowband and broadband

susceptibility (fig. 6).

Narrowband systems include radio and TV sets, for example, whereas data processing systems are

generally specified as broadband systems.

Disturbed equipment (affected by EMI)

Narrowband susceptibility

Radio and TV receivers

Broadband susceptibility

Digital and analog systems

Radio reception equipment

Modems

Data transmission systems

Telemetric radio transmission devices

Frequency-coded signalling equipment

Data processing systems

Process control computers

Control systems

Video transmission systems

Interface lines

Fig. 6

Disturbed equipment

2.3

Propagation of electromagnetic interference and EMC measurement techniques

As previously mentioned, an interference source causes both conducted and radiated electro-

magnetic interference.

Propagation along lines can be detected by measuring the interference current and the interference

voltage (fig. 7).

The effect of magnetic and electric interference fields on their immediate vicinity is assessed by

measuring the radiated magnetic and electric field components. This method of propagation is also

frequently termed electric or magnetic coupling (near field).

In higher frequency ranges, characterized by the fact that device dimensions are in the order of

magnitude of the wavelength under consideration, the interference energy is mainly radiated direct-

ly (far field).

Conducted and radiated propagation must also be taken into consideration when measuring the

susceptibility of disturbed equipment.

Interference sources e.g. sine-wave generators as well as pulse generators with a wide variety of

pulse shapes are used for such tests.

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General Technical Information

Netzzuführung

Stromwandler

Power supply

Broadband dipole antenna

Breitbandantenne

Current

I_int

Ι _S

Voltage

probe

Tastkopf

probe

Line i

dance

Selective vo meter

Messempfältnger

int

stabilization

Nachbildung

network

PP_S_int

H_int= Magnetic

interference fields

E_int= Electrical

interference fields

Messempfänger

Selective voltmeter

Source

Quelle

Spektrumanalysator

Spectrum analyzer

P_int= Electromagnetic

interference fields

Speicheroszillograph

Storage oscilloscope

Transientenrekorder

Transient recorder

(radiated emission)

I_int= Interference current

V_int= Interference voltage

E _S

H_S

int

E_int

Loop antenna

Rahmenantenne

Stabantenne

Rod antenna

Near field coupling

Nahfeldkopplung

Messempfänger

SSB0016-2

Selective voltmeter

SSB0016-2

Fig. 7

Propagation of electromagnetic interference and EMC measurement techniques

2.4

EMC regulations und legislation

A wide range of legislation and of harmonized standards have come into force and been published

in the field of EMC in the past few years. In the European Union, the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC of

the Council of the European Communites has come into effect on the 1st of January 1996. As of

this date, all electronic equipment must comply with the protection objectives of the EMC Directive.

The conformity with the respective standards must be guaranteed by the manufacturer or importer

in the form of a declaration of conformity. A CE mark of conformity must be applied to all equipment.

As a matter of principle, all electrical or electronic equipment, installations and systems must meet

the protection requirements of the EMC Directive and/or national EMC legislation. A declaration of

conformity by the manufacturer or importer and a CE mark are required for most equipment. Excep-

tions to this rule and special rulings are described in detail in the EMC laws.

New, harmonized European standards have been drawn up in relation to the EEC’s EMC Directive

and the national EMC laws. These specify measurement procedures and limit values or test sever-

ities, both for interference emission and for the interference susceptibility (or rather, immunity to in-

terference) of electronic devices, equipment and systems.

The subdivision of the European standards into various categories (cf. following table) makes it

easier to find the rules that apply to the respective equipment.

The generic standards always apply to all equipment for which there is no specific product family

standard or dedicated product standard.

The basic standards contain information on interference phenomena and general measuring

methods.

16 04/00

General Technical Information

The following standards and regulations form the framework of the conformity tests:

EMC standards

Germany

Europe

International

Generic standards

define the EMC environment in which a device is to operate according to its intended use

Emission

residential

industrial

DIN EN 50081-1

DIN EN 50081-2

EN 50081-1

EN 50081-2

—

Susceptibility

residential

industrial

DIN EN 50082-1

DIN EN 50082-2

EN 50082-1

EN 50082-2

—

Basic standards

describe physical phenomena and measurement procedures

Basics

DIN VDE 0843

DIN VDE 0876

DIN VDE 0877

EN 61000

IEC 61000

Measuring equipment

CISPR 16-1

Measuring

methods

emission

susceptibility

CISPR 16-2

IEC 61000-4-1

EN 61000-4-1

EN 60555-2

Harmonics

DIN VDE 0838

IEC 61000-3-2

Interference factors

e.g. ESD

DIN VDE 0843-2

DIN VDE 0843-3

DIN VDE 0843-4

DIN VDE 0843-5

DIN VDE 0843-6

EN 61000-4-2

EN 61000-4-3

EN 61000-4-4

EN 61000-4-5

EN 61000-4-6

IEC 61000-4-2

IEC 61000-4-3

IEC 61000-4-4

IEC 61000-4-5

IEC 61000-4-6

EM fields

Burst

Surge

Injection

Product standards

define limit values for emission and susceptibility

ISM equipment emission

susceptibility

emission

DIN VDE 0875 T11 EN 55011

CISPR 11

)

Household

appliances

DIN VDE 0875 T14-1 EN 55014-1

DIN VDE 0875 T14-2 EN 55014-2

CISPR 14-1

CISPR 14-2

susceptibility

Lighting

emission

susceptibility

DIN VDE 0875 T15-1 EN 55015-1

DIN VDE 0875 T15-2 EN 55015-2

CISPR 15

IEC 3439

Radio and

TV equipment susceptibility

emission

DIN VDE 0872 T13 EN 55013

DIN VDE 0872 T20 EN 55020

CISPR 13

CISPR 20

High-voltage

systems

ITE equipment emission

susceptibility

emission

susceptibility

emission

DIN VDE 0873

EN 55018

CISPR 18

DIN VDE 0878

EN 55022

CISPR 22

Vehicles

DIN VDE 0879

DIN VDE 0839

EN 72245

CISPR 25

ISO 11451/S2

1) Is governed by the safety and quality standards of the product families.

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General Technical Information

The following table shows the most important standards in the field of immunity to interference.

Standard

Test characteristics

Phenomena

Conducted interference

EN 61000-4-4

IEC 61000-4-4

5/50 ns (single impulse)

15 kHz burst

Burst

Cause: switching processes

EN 61000-4-5

IEC 61000-4-5

1,2 / 50 ms (open-circuit voltage) Surge (high-energy transients)

8 / 20 ms (short-circuit current)

Cause: lightning strikes mains

lines, switching processes

EN 61000-4-6 (ENV 50141) 1 V, 3 V, 10 V

High-frequency coupling

Narrow-band interference

IEC 801-6

150 kHz … 80 MHz

Radiated interference

EN 61000-4-3 (ENV 50140) 3 V/m, 10 V/m

High-frequency

IEC 801-3

80 … 1000 MHz

interference fields

Electrostatic discharge (ESD)

EN 61000-4-2

IEC 61000-4-2

Up to 8 kV

5 / 50 ns

Electrostatic discharge

Voltage dips, short interruptions and variations

EN 61000-4-11

IEC 61000-4-11

0,4 V_R

0,7 V_R

V_R= 0

1 … 50 ms optional 10 ms

The IEC 1000 or EN 61000 series of standards are planned as central EMC standards into which

all EMC regulations (e.g. IEC 801, IEC 555) are to be integrated in the next few years.

2.5

Propagation of conducted interference

In order to be able to choose suitable interference suppression components, the way in which con-

ducted interference is propagated needs to be known (fig. 8).

Interference

source

Disturbed

equipment

Common-mode

interference current

Differential-mode

interference current

C_p: Parasitic capacitance

R: Resistance

Fig. 8

Common-mode and differential-mode interference

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General Technical Information

An interference source which is at a floating potential primarily emits differential-mode, i.e. symmet-

rical interference which is propagated along the connected lines. On power lines, the interference

current will flow towards the disturbed equipment on one wire and away from it on the other wire,

just as the mains current does.

Symmetrical or differential-mode interference occurs mainly at low frequencies (up to several

hundred kHz).

However, parasitic capacitances in interference sources and disturbed equipment or intended

ground connections, also lead to an interference current in the ground circuit. This interference cur-

rent flows towards the disturbed equipment through both the connecting lines and returns to the in-

terference source through the ground lines.The currents on the connecting lines are in common

mode and the interference is thus designated as common-mode or asymmetrical interference.

Since the parasitic capacitances will tend towards representing a short-circuit with increasing fre-

quencies and the coupling to the connecting cables and the equipment itself will increase corre-

spondingly, common-mode interference becomes dominant at multiple-MHz frequencies.

In European usage, the concept of an “unsymmetrical interference” is used, in addition to the two

components described above, to describe interference. This term is used to describe the interfer-

ence voltage between a line and reference ground potential.

2.6

Filter circuits and line impedance

Interference suppression filters are virtually always designed as reflecting lowpass filters, i.e. they

reach their highest insertion loss when they are - on the one hand - mismatched to the impedance

of the interference source or disturbed equipment and - on the other hand - mismatched to the im-

pedance of the line. Possible filter circuits for various line, interference source and disturbed equip-

ment impedance conditions are shown in fig. 9.

Line

Impedance of

impedance

source of interference / disturbed equipment

low

high

unknown

low

unknown

Fig. 9

Filter circuits and impedance relationships

19 04/00

General Technical Information

It is, therefore, necessary to find out the internal impedances so that optimum filter circuit designs

as well as economical solutions can be implemented.

The internal impedances of the power networks under consideration are usually known from calcu-

lations and extensive measurements, whereas the impedances of interference sources or disturbed

equipment are, in most cases, not or only inadequately known.

For this reason, it is impossible to design the most suitable filter solution without measuring the

equipment characteristics. In this context, we offer all our customers the competent assistance of

our skilled staff, both on-site and in our EMC laboratory in Regensburg (also see chapter on “Ser-

vices offered”, page 32).

Selection criteria for EMC components

To comply with currently valid regulations, a frequency range of 150 kHz to 1000 MHz has to be

taken into consideration, in most cases, in order to ensure electromagnetic compatibility; in addition,

however, factors such as low-frequency line interference should be considered.

EMC components must thus have favorable RF characteristics and are ususally required to be ef-

fective over a broad frequency range.

For individual components (inductors) the RF characteristics are specified by stating the impedance

as a function of frequency.

Arrangement of EMC components

When designing filter circuits using individual components, observe the following basic rules:

■ The components should be arranged along the lines (see example in fig. 10) to avoid capacitive

and inductive coupling between components and between filter inputs and outputs.

■ As insertion loss of a filter circuit in the MHz range is mainly determined by the capacitors con-

nected to ground, the connecting leads of these capacitors should be as inductance-free as pos-

sible, i.e. short.

■ Filter circuits which are to be installed in devices with limited space must be shielded.

Choke_int

Fig. 10 Correct arrangement of filter components, e.g. on a PC board

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General Technical Information

When using off-the-shelf filters, observe the following rules:

■ Ensure a proper electrically conductive connection between the filter case and/or filter ground

and the metallic case of the interference source or disturbed equipment, and

■ provide sufficient RF decoupling between the lines at the filter input (line causing the interfer-

ence) and the filter output (filtered line), if necessary by using shielding partitions.

Approvals

All products by EPCOS AG are basically designed to conform to the German VDE regulations

and/or EN standards. The respective regulations or standards are given for each component type.

Many of our components have also been approval-tested in accordance with national and interna-

tional regulations. The approval marks and quality assurance marks are listed in the data sheets.

Examples of approval marks:

VDE

USA

Germany

Example of a quality assurance mark:

CECC quality assurance mark

In future, chokes will be tested in accordance with the new European standard EN 138 100. A uni-

form European mark of conformity has not yet been defined. For the time being the national marks

of conformity are used (e.g. VDE) and the corresponding European standards is stated beside the

mark.

Safety regulations

When selecting EMC components – in particular in case of power line applications – the safety reg-

ulations applicable to the relevant equipment must be observed.

21 04/00

General Technical Information

Electrical characteristics

7.1

Rated voltage V_R

The rated voltage V_Ris the maximum ac or dc voltage which can be continuously applied to the

component at temperatures between the lower category temperature T_minand the upper category

temperature T_max

7.2 Test voltage V_T

The test voltage V_Tis the ac or dc voltage which may be applied to the component for the specified

test duration in the course of final inspection (100% end of line testing). This test may be repeated

once as an incoming goods inspection test.

7.3

Rated current I_R

The rated current l_Ris ac or dc current at which the component may be continuously operated under

the nominal operating conditions.

For components with 1, 2 or 3 lines, the rated current is specified for simultaneous flow of a current

of this value through all lines.

During ac operation, higher thermal loads may be caused due to waveforms which deviate from a

pure sine wave. Where necessary, such cases must be taken into consideration.

7.4

Overcurrent

The rated current may be exceeded briefly. Details on permissible currents and load duration can

be obtained upon request.

7.5

Pulse handling capability

Saturation effects (e.g in the ferrite cores used) may occur when high-energy pulses are applied to

the components and these may lead to impaired interference suppression. The maximum permis-

sible voltage-time integral area is used to characterize the pulse handling capability of chokes. For

standard components a range from 1 to 10 mVs can be assumed. More specific data can be ob-

tained upon request.

7.6

Current derating I_op/I_R

At ambient temperatures above the operating temperature stated in the data sheet, the operating

current must be reduced according to the derating curve.

7.7

Rated inductance L_R

The rated inductance L_Ris the inductance which has been used to designate the choke, as

measured at the frequency f_L.

22 04/00

General Technical Information

7.8

Stray inductance L_S

The stray inductance L_S(also termed leakage inductance) is the inductance measured through

both coils when a current-compensated choke is short-circuited at one end. This affects symmetri-

cal interference.

Fig. 11 Stray inductance

7.9

Inductance decrease ∆L/L₀

The inductance decrease ∆L/L₀is the drop in inductance at a given current relative to the initial

inductance L₀measured at zero current. The data sheets specify this as a percentage. This de-

crease is caused by the magnetization of the core material, which is a function of the field strength,

as induced by the operating current. Generally the decrease is less than 10 % .

7.10

DC resistance R_typ, R_min, R_max

The dc resistance is the resistance of a line as measured using direct current at a temperature of

20 °C, whereby the measuring current must be kept well below the rated current.

R_typ

typical value

R_min

R_max

minimum value

maximum value

7.11

Winding capacitance, parasitic capacitance C_P

Parasitic capacitances (C_P), which impair the RF characteristics of the components, are related to

the component geometry. These capacitances may affect the two lines mutually (symmetrically) as

well as the line-to-ground circuit (asymmetrically). The design of all EMC components supplied by

EPCOS minimizes the parasitic effects. Due to this, these components have excellent interference

suppression characteristics right up to high frequencies.

7.12

Quality factor Q

The quality factor Q is the quotient of the imaginary component of the impedance divided by the real

component.

7.13

Measuring frequencies f_Q, f_L

f_Qis the frequency for which the quality factor Q of a choke is specified.

f_Lis the frequency at which the inductance of a choke is determined.

23 04/00

General Technical Information

7.14

Insertion loss

The insertion loss is a criterium for the effectivity of interference suppression components, as

measured by using a standardized measurement circuit (fig. 12).

Reference measurement

U = V = Voltage

Insertion loss measurement

Fig. 12 Definition of insertion loss

The input terminals of the equipment under test are connected to an RF generator with impedance

Z (usually 50 Ω) . At the output end of the component, the voltage is measured using a selective

voltmeter having the same impedance Z. The insertion loss is then calculated from the quotient of

the no-load generator voltage V₀and half the output voltage V₂.

24 04/00

General Technical Information

Mechanical properties

8.1

Potting (economy potting, complete potting)

We distinguish between economy potting and complete potting.

Economy potting is used to fix the the core and windings in the case and the windings on the core.

This is an economical technique which enables a single resin casting procedure to be used. Be-

cause of this, most chokes supplied by EPCOS are produced using this method.

Complete potting is only required when the thermal conductitvity of economy potting is not adequate

or if the customer has special demands. Complete potting requires several process steps to ensure

complete embedding of the core and the windings.

Economy potting

Complete potting

8.2

Types of winding

EPCOS uses different types of winding to suit the respective technical requirements:

– single-layer winding

– multilayer winding

– random winding

The different types of winding lead to different inductance characteristics, especially at high fre-

quencies.

Single-layer winding:

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The winding pitch is equal to or greater than the wire diameter. The coil is wound in one direction

only. The only capacitances (parasitic capacitances) are those between one turn to the next. In

comparison to all other types of winding, this type of winding leads to the lowest possible capaci-

tances and thus the highest resonance frequencies.

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General Technical Information

Multilayer winding:

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

9 10

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

The winding pitch is equal to the wire diameter. The coil is wound with several layers. This leads to

parasitic capacitances between the layers in addition to the turn-to-turn capacitances. In compari-

son to all other types of winding, this type leads to the highest capacitances and thus the lowest

resonance frequencies.

Random winding:

16 18

8 10 11 13 14 15 17 19

12 16 148

The winding pitch is smaller than the wire diameter. The coil is wound in one direction only. This

method of winding a coil does not permit the final position of a turn to be predetermined exactly. The

cross section of this type of winding clearly shows a disorderly, “random” arrangement of the turns.

This leads to the parasitic capacitances being only minimally greater than those achieved by single-

layer winding, and the resonance frequencies are equal to those achieved by single-layer winding.

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General Technical Information

8.3

RF characteristics of various types of winding

Figure 13 shows the relation between the impedance and the frequency for two chokes of equal in-

ductance. One of the chokes has a two-layer winding and the other is randomly wound. The choke

with random windings has a considerably higher first resonance frequency. The spurious resonanc-

es are very much higher than 10 MHz. The impedance at frequencies above the first resonance fre-

quency is approximately five times higher. This leads to better interference suppression at high

frequencies.

2-layer wdg.

Random wdg.

Fig. 13 Impedance |Z| versus frequency f

comparison between two-layer winding and random winding

The RF characteristics of all chokes supplied by EPCOS are within the specifications and reproduc-

ible, as the winding processes which we have developed for single-layer, multilayer and random

winding ensure that the characteristics of the inductors produced display very little variation.

The reproducibility of electrical characteristics of chokes is mainly determined by the production

technique used. At EPCOS, coils are wound mainly by automatic machines (either fully or semi-au-

tomated). This permits even complicated winding patterns to be produced in large production runs

with very little variation in product characteristics. In fig. 14, the impedance curves of several

chokes, some wound manually and some by machine, are shown for comparison. With the random

winding used in this comparison, the advantages of machine winding are clearly noticeable.

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General Technical Information

Manually wound

Machine wound

Fig. 14 Impedance |Z| versus frequency f

Reproducibility and scatter achieved by manual and by machine winding techniques.

Climatic characteristics

9.1

Upper and lower category temperature T_maxand T_min

The upper category temperature T_maxund the lower category temperature T_minare defined as the

highest and the lowest permissible ambient temperatures, respectively, at which the component

can be operated continuously.

9.2

Rated temperature T_R

The rated temperature T_Ris defined as the highest ambient temperature at which the component

may be operated under nominal conditions.

9.3

Reference temperature for measurements

Unless otherwise specified in the data sheets, the reference temperature for all electrical measure-

ments is 20 °C in accordance with IEC 60068-1.

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General Technical Information

9.4

IEC climatic category

lEC 60068 -1, Appendix A, defines a method of specifying the climatic category by three groups of

numbers delimited by slash characters.

Example:

55/085/56

– 55 °C

+ 85 °C

56 days

1st group of numbers:

Absolute value of the lower category temperature T_minas test temperature for

test Aa (cold) in accordance with IEC 60068-2-1

2nd group of numbers:

Upper category temperature T_maxas test temperature for

test Ba (dry heat) in accordance with IEC 60068 -2-2

test duration: 16 h

3rd group of numbers:

Number of days denoting the test duration for

test Ca (damp heat, steady-state) in accordance with IEC 60068-2-3

at (93 + 2/– 3) % rel. humidity and an ambient temperature of 40 °C

Sizes

The sizes of surface-mount components

are encoded using a four-digit coding system.

The code differs depending on the standard which it is based on.

The American EIA standards require the length and width to be stated in hundredths of an inch, in

European standards and in the IEC draft standards, these dimensions are encoded in tenths of a

millimeter. The following table sumarizes the sizes:

Length × width

EIA

IEC/EN

(mm)

1,0 × 0,5

1,6 × 0,8

2,0 × 1,2

2,5 × 2,0

3,2 × 2,5

4,5 × 3,2

5,6 × 5,0

0402

0603

0805

1008

1210

1812

2220

1005

1608

2012

2520

3225

4532

5650

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Jump to succeding page

General Technical Information

Dangerous substances in components

Dangerous substances (as defined by the German regulation “Gefahrstoffverordnung”) are only

used in our production and to an extent where the state of the art leaves us no alternative. Wherever

possible, we replace them by materials with safe characteristics. Where this is not possible, special

staff entrusted with environmental protection and supervision of noxious materials monitor strict ad-

herence to relevant laws and regulations in each of our factories.

As part of these efforts to manufacture our products without using dangerous substances as far as

possible, we can guarantee for all components presented in this data book that they do not contain

the following materials and compounds:

– acryl nitrile

– aliphatic chlorinated organic componds

– arsenic compounds

– asbestos

– lead carbonate and lead sulphide

– halogenated dioxines and furanes

– cadmium

– chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFC),

nor are they used in component manufacture.

Others,

– formaldehyde

– pentachlorophenol (PCB)

– polychlorinated biphenyles (PCB)

– polychlorinated terphenyles (PCT)

– mercury compounds

– creosote

– ugilec and DBBT (PCB substitutes)

– organic tin compounds

– vinyl chloride

may be used in manufacture but the components do not contain these.

The packaging of our components is generally suitable for ESD areas and free of pollutants. Full

details are available from our sales offices.

Disposal

In the light of the facts stated above on the topic of dangerous substances, all components present-

ed in this book can be disposed of without problems. Most of our components will be accepted by

the respective electronic scrap recycling companies for material recycling and/or thermal decom-

positon. Of course the corresponding local regulations must be observed.

30 04/00

BC54PA [EPCOS]

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