HCS410T-ISN [MICROCHIP]
KEELOQ㈢ Code Hopping Encoder and Transponder; KEELOQ㈢跳码编码器和转发器型号: | HCS410T-ISN |
厂家: | MICROCHIP |
描述: | KEELOQ㈢ Code Hopping Encoder and Transponder |
文件: | 总36页 (文件大小:483K) |
中文: | 中文翻译 | 下载: | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
HCS410
®
KEELOQ Code Hopping Encoder and Transponder
FEATURES
PACKAGE TYPES
Security
PDIP, SOIC
S0
S1
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
VDD
• Two programmable 64-bit encoder keys
• 16/32-bit bi-directional challenge and response
using one of two keys
LC0
S2/LED
LC1
PWM
GND
• 69-bit transmission length
• 32-bit unidirectional code hopping, 37-bit non-
encrypted portion
• Encoder keys are read protected
1
8
7
6
5
S2/LED
LC1
GND
PWM
S1
S0
VDD
LC0
TSSOP
• Programmable 28/32-bit serial number
• 60/64-bit, read-protected seed for secure learning
• Three IFF encryption algorithms
2
3
4
• Delayed increment mechanism
BLOCK DIAGRAM
• Asynchronous transponder communication
• Queuing information transmitted
Oscillator
Power
VDD
Control
Operating
Configuration Register
Address
• 2.0V - 6.6V operation, 13V encoder only
operation
EEPROM
Debounce
Decoding
S0
S1
Wake-up
Logic
• Three switch inputs [S2, S1, S0]—seven functions
• Batteryless bi-directional transponder
• Selectable baud rate and code word blanking
• Automatic code word completion
Control
and
Queuer
LED
Control
S2
• Battery low signal transmitted
• Non-volatile synchronization
PPM
• PWM or Manchester RF encoding
• Combined transmitter, transponder operation
• Anti-collision of multiple transponders
• Passive proximity activation
Detector
LCI0
LCI1
PWM
PPM
Manch.
Encoder
PWM
Driver
PWM
• Device protected against reverse battery
• Intelligent damping for high Q LC-circuits
Typical Applications
Other
• Automotive remote entry systems
• Automotive alarm systems
• Automotive immobilizers
• 37-bit nonencrypted part contains 28/32-bit serial
number, 4/0-bit function code, 1-bit battery low,
2-bit CRC, 2-bit queue
• Simple programming interface
• On-chip tunable RC oscillator (±10%)
• On-chip EEPROM
• Gate and garage openers
• Electronic door locks (Home/Office/Hotel)
• Burglar alarm systems
• 64-bit user EEPROM in transponder mode
• Battery-low LED indication
• Proximity access control
• SQTP serialization quick-time programming
• 8-pin PDIP/SOIC/TSSOP and die
*Secure Learn patent pending.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 1
HCS410
DESCRIPTION
1.0
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The HCS410 is a code hopping transponder device
designed for secure entry systems. The HCS410 uti-
lizes the patented KEELOQ code hopping system and
bi-directional challenge-and-response for logical and
physical access control. High security learning mecha-
nisms make this a turnkey solution when used with the
KEELOQ decoders. The encoder keys and synchroniza-
tion information are stored in protected on-chip
EEPROM.
1.1
Key Terms
• Anti-Collision – Allows two transponders to be in
the files simultaneously and be verified individu-
ally.
• CH Mode – Code Hopping Mode. The HCS410
transmits a 69-bit transmission each time it is acti-
vated, with at least 32-bits changing each time the
encoder is activated.
• Encoder Key – A unique 64-bit key generated and
programmed into the encoder during the manu-
facturing process. The encoder key controls the
encryption algorithm and is stored in EEPROM on
the encoder device.
A low cost batteryless transponder can be imple-
mented with the addition of an inductor and two capac-
itors. A packaged module including the inductor and
capacitor will also be offered.
A single HCS410 can be used as an encoder for
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) and a transponder for
immobilization in the same circuit and thereby dramat-
ically reducing the cost of hybrid transmitter/transpon-
der circuits.
• IFF – Identify friend or foe is a means of validating
a token. A decoder sends a random challenge to
the token and checks that the response of the
token is a valid response.
• KEELOQ Encryption Algorithm – The high security
level of the HCS410 is based on the patented
KEELOQ technology. A block cipher encryption
algorithm based on a block length of 32 bits and a
key length of 64 bits is used. The algorithm
obscures the information in such a way that even
if the unencrypted/challenge information differs by
only one bit from the information in the previous
transmission/challenge, the next coded transmis-
sion/response will be totally different. Statistically,
if only one bit in the 32-bit string of information
changes, approximately 50 percent of the coded
transmission will change.
• Learn – The HCS product family facilitates sev-
eral learning strategies to be implemented on the
decoder. The following are examples of what can
be done.
Normal Learn –The receiver uses the same infor-
mation that is transmitted during normal operation to
derive the transmitter’s encoder key, decrypt the dis-
crimination value and the synchronization counter.
Secure Learn* – The transmitter is activated through
a special button combination to transmit a stored
60-bit value (random seed) that can be used for key
generation or be part of the key. Transmission of the
random seed can be disabled after learning is com-
pleted.
• Manufacturer’s Code – A 64-bit word, unique to
each manufacturer, used to produce a unique
encoder key in each transmitter (encoder).
• Passive Proximity Activation – When the HCS410
is brought into in a magnetic field without a
command given by the base station, the HCS410
can be programmed to give an RF transmission.
• Transport Code – A 32-bit transport code needs to
be given before the HCS410 can be inductively
programmed. This prevents accidental
programming of the HCS410.
DS40158E-page 2
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
The HCS410 has a small EEPROM array which must
be loaded with several parameters before use. The
most important of these values are:
1.2
KEELOQ Code Hopping Encoders
When the HCS410 is used as a code hopping encoder
device, it is ideally suited to keyless entry systems,
primarily for vehicles and home garage door openers.
It is meant to be a cost-effective, yet secure solution to
such systems. The encoder portion of a keyless entry
system is meant to be carried by the user and operated
to gain access to a vehicle or restricted area.
• A 28/32-bit serial number which is meant to be
unique for every encoder
• 64-bit seed value
• A 64-bit encoder key that is generated at the time
of production
• A 16-bit synchronization counter value.
• Configuration options
Most keyless entry systems transmit the same code
from a transmitter every time a button is pushed. The
relative number of code combinations for a low end
system is also a relatively small number. These
shortcomings provide the means for a sophisticated
thief to create a device that ‘grabs’ a transmission and
retransmits it later or a device that scans all possible
combinations until the correct one is found.
The 16-bit synchronization counter value is the basis
for the transmitted code changing for each transmis-
sion, and is updated each time a button is pressed.
Because of the complexity of the code hopping encryp-
tion algorithm, a change in one bit of the synchroniza-
tion counter value will result in a large change in the
actual transmitted code.
The HCS410 employs the KEELOQ code hopping tech-
nology and an encryption algorithm to achieve a high
level of security. Code hopping is a method by which
the code transmitted from the transmitter to the
receiver is different every time a button is pushed. This
method, coupled with a transmission length of 69 bits,
virtually eliminates the use of code ‘grabbing’ or code
‘scanning’.
Once the encoder detects that a button has been
pressed, the encoder reads the button and updates the
synchronization counter. The synchronization counter
value, the function bits, and the discrimination value
are then combined with the encoder key in the
encryption algorithm, and the output is 32 bits of
encrypted information (Figure 1-1). The code hopping
portion provides up to four billion changing code com-
binations. This data will change with every button
press, hence, it is referred to as the code hopping
portion of the code word.
The 32-bit code hopping portion is combined with the
button information and the serial number to form the
code word transmitted to the receiver. The code word
format is explained in detail in Section 2.2.
FIGURE 1-1: BASIC OPERATION OF A CODE HOPPING TRANSMITTER (ENCODER)
Transmitted Information
KEELOQ
Encryption
Algorithm
Button Press
Information
32 Bits of
Encrypted Data
Serial Number
EEPROM Array
Encoder Key
Sync Counter
Serial Number
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 3
HCS410
The HCS410 can do either 16 or 32-bit IFF. The
HCS410 has two encryption algorithms that can be
used to generate a response to a challenge. In addition
there are up to two encoder keys that can be used by
the HCS410. Typically each HCS410 will be pro-
grammed with a unique encoder key(s).
1.3
KEELOQ IFF
The HCS410 can be used as an IFF transponder for
verification of a token. In IFF mode the HCS410 is ide-
ally suited for authentication of a key before disarming
a vehicle immobilizer. Once the key has been inserted
in the car’s ignition the decoder would inductively poll
the key validating it before disarming the immobilizer.
In IFF mode, the HCS410 will wait for a command from
the base station and respond to the command. The
command can either request a read/write from user
EEPROM or an IFF challenge response. A given 16 or
32-bit challenge will produce a unique 16/32-bit
response, based on the IFF key and IFF algorithm
used.
IFF validation of the token involves a random challenge
being sent by a decoder to a token. The token then
generates a response to the challenge and sends this
response to the decoder (Figure 1-2). The decoder cal-
culates an expected response using the same chal-
lenge. The expected response is compared to the
response received from the token. If the responses
match, the token is identified as a valid token and the
decoder can take appropriate action.
FIGURE 1-2: BASIC OPERATION OF AN IFF TOKEN
Challenge Received from Decoder
Read by Decoder
EEPROM Array
IFF Key
KEELOQ
IFF
Algorithm
Response
Serial Number
Serial Number
DS40158E-page 4
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
Figure 2-4 shows how to use the HCS410 with a 12V
battery as a code hopping transmitter. The circuit uses
the internal regulator, normally used for charging a
capacitor/battery in LC mode, to generate a 6V supply
for the HCS410.
2.0
DEVICE OPERATION
The HCS410 can either operate as a normal code hop-
ping transmitter with one or two IFF keys (Figure 2-1)
or as purely an IFF token with two IFF keys (Figure 2-2
and Figure 2-3). When used as a code hopping trans-
mitter the HCS410 only needs the addition of buttons
and RF circuitry for use as a transmitter. Adding the
transponder function to the transmitter requires the
addition of an inductor and two capacitors as shown in
Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. A description of each pin is
given in Table 2-1. Table 2-2 shows the function codes
for using the HCS410.
FIGURE 2-4: HCS410 ENCODER WITH 12V
BATTERY
12V
6.3V
1
8
2
3
7
6
FIGURE 2-1: COMBINED TRANSMITTER/
TRANSPONDER CIRCUIT
RF
4
5
1
8
2
3
7
6
1 µF
RF
4
5
FIGURE 2-5: LED CONNECTION TO
S2/LED OUTPUT
VDD
FIGURE 2-2: TRANSPONDER CIRCUIT
1
8
Pulse
220Ω
220Ω
2
3
7
6
30Ω
1 µF
S2/LED
4
5
60k
FIGURE 2-6: LC PIN BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIGURE 2-3: 2-WIRE, 1 OR 2-KEY IFF
TOKEN
LC1
100Ω
VDD
15V
6.3V
1
8
1 µF
Rectifier,
Damping,
Clamping
2
3
7
6
Data I/O
Damp
LC0
100Ω
4
5
Out
15V
Detector
MOD
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 5
HCS410
• LC[0:1] – is the transponder interface pins to be
connected to an LC circuit for inductive communi-
cation. LC0 is connected to a detector for data
input. Data output is achieved by clamping LC0
and LC1 to GND through two NMOS transistors.
These pins are also connected to a rectifier and a
regulator, providing power to the rest of the logic
and for charging an external power source (Bat-
tery/Capacitor) through VDD.
2.1
Pinout Description
The HCS410 has the same footprint as all of the other
devices in the KEELOQ family, except for the two pins
that are reserved for transponder operations and the
LED that is now located at the same position as the S2
switch input.
• S[0:1] – are inputs with Schmitt Trigger detectors
and an internal 60k¾ (nominal) pull-down
resistors.
The input impedance of the LC pins is a function of
input voltage. At low voltages, the input impedance is
in the order of mega-ohms. When laying out a PC
board, care should be taken to ensure that there
is no cross coupling between the LC pins and
other traces on the board. Glitches on the LC lines
will cause the device to reset. A high-value resistor
(220 KΩ) between LC0 and GND can be added to
reduce sensitivity.
• S2/LED – uses the same input detection circuit as
S0/S1 but with an added PMOS transistor con-
nected to VDD capable of sourcing enough current
to drive an LED.
TABLE 2-1:
PINOUT DESCRIPTION
Name
Pin Number
Description
S0
S1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Switch input 0
Switch input 1
S2/LED
LC1
Switch input 2/LED output, Clock pin for programming mode
Transponder interface pin
VSS
Ground reference connection
PWM
Pulse width modulation (PWM)
output pin/Data pin for
programming mode
LC0
VDD
7
8
Transponder interface pin
Positive supply voltage connection
TABLE 2-2:
FUNCTION CODES
LC0
S2
S1
S0
Comments
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Normal Code Hopping transmission
Normal Code Hopping transmission
Delayed seed transmission if allowed by SEED and TMPSD/Normal
Code Hopping transmission
3
0
0
1
1
4
5
6
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Normal Code Hopping transmission
Normal Code Hopping transmission
Normal Code Hopping transmission
Immediate seed transmission if allowed by SEED and TMPSD/Normal
Code Hopping transmission
7
8
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Transponder mode
DS40158E-page 6
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
information programmed into the encoder can be used
by the decoder to extend the number of unique trans-
missions to more than 192K.
2.2
Code Hopping Mode (CH Mode)
The HCS410 wakes up upon detecting a switch closure
and then delays approximately 30 ms for switch
debounce (Figure 2-7). The synchronization counter
value, fixed information, and switch information are
encrypted to form the code hopping portion. The
encrypted or code hopping portion of the transmission
changes every time a button is pressed, even if the
same button is pushed again. Keeping a button
pressed for a long time results in the same code word
being transmitted until the button is released or time-
out occurs. A code that has been transmitted will not
occur again for more than 64K transmissions. Overflow
If, during the transmit process, it is detected that a new
button(s) has been added, a reset will immediately be
forced and the code word will not be completed. Please
note that buttons removed will not have any effect on
the code word unless no buttons remain pressed in
which case the current code word will be completed
and the power down will occur. If, after a button combi-
nation is pressed, and the same button combination is
pressed again within 2 seconds of the first press, the
current transmission will be aborted and a new trans-
FIGURE 2-7: CODE HOPPING ENCODER OPERATION
Power-up
(A button has been
pressed (Note1))
Sample Inputs
No
Yes
Complete current
Transmitted
7 complete code
words?
code word while
checking buttons
(Note 2)
Stop transmitting
immediately
Update Sync Info
Encrypt With
Encoder Key
Yes
No
Buttons
pressed?
(Note 1)
No
Buttons
pressed?
(Note 1)
No
2 second
time-out
completed?
Transmit
Yes
No
Yes
20 second
time-out
Same as
previous
press?
Yes
No
Yes
20-second
time-out
DINC Set?
No
completed?
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
DINC
Set?
Buttons added?
No
No
Yes
No
Increase sync
counter
Increment queue
counter
Power down
by 12
All buttons
released?
(Note 1)
Yes
Note 1: 30 ms debounce on press and release of all buttons.
2: Completes a minimum of 3 code words if MTX3 is set.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 7
HCS410
2.2.1
TRANSMISSION DATA FORMAT
The HCS410 transmits a 69-bit code word when a but-
ton is pressed. The 69-bit word is constructed from a
Fixed Code portion and Code Hopping portion
(Figure 2-8).
The HCS410 transmission (CH Mode) is made up of
several parts (Figure 2-10 and Figure 2-11). Each
transmission is begun with a preamble and a header,
followed by the encrypted and then the fixed data. The
actual data is 69 bits which consists of 32 bits of
encrypted data and 37 bits of fixed data. Each trans-
mission is followed by a guard period before another
transmission can begin. Refer to Table 5-4
and Table 5-5 for transmission timing specifications.
The combined encrypted and nonencrypted sections
The Encrypted Data is generated from 4 function bits,
2 overflow bits, and 10 discrimination bits, and the 16-
bit synchronization counter value (Figure 2-8).
The Nonencrypted Code Data is made up of 2 QUE
bits, 2 CRC bits, a VLOW bit, 4 function bits, and the
28-bit serial number. If the extended serial number
(32 bits) is selected, the 4 function code bits will not be
transmitted (Figure 2-8).
increase the number of combinations to 1.47 x 1020
.
FIGURE 2-8: HOP CODE WORD ORGANIZATION (RIGHT-MOST BIT IS CLOCKED OUT FIRST)
Fixed Code Data
Encrypted Code Data
Button
Status*
Button
Status
Overflow (2 bits)
and
CRC
(2 bit)
VLOW
(1 bit)
QUE
(Q1, Q0
bit)
28-bit
Serial Number
16-bit
Synchronization
Counter Value
Discrimination
(4 bits)
(4 bits)
bits (10 bits)
S2 S1 S0 0
S2 S1 S0 0
MSB
LSB
69 bits
of Data
Transmitted
CRC
(2 bits)
VLOW
+
Serial Number and
Button Status (32 bits)
QUE
(2 bits)
+
32 bits of Encrypted Data
(1 bit)
* Optional.
FIGURE 2-9: SEED CODE WORD ORGANIZATION
Fixed Code Data
Button*
Status
CRC
(2 bit)
VLOW
(1 bit)
QUE0
(Q1, Q0
bit)
Unencrypted
SEED
(4 bits)
S2 S1 S0 0
69 bits
of Data
Transmitted
CRC
(2 bits)
VLOW
(1 bit) (4 bits)
Button
SEED
(60 bits)
QUE
(2 bits)
+
+
* Optional.
DS40158E-page 8
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
2.2.2
TRANSMISSION DATA MODULE
The same code word is continuously sent as long as
the input pins are kept high with a guard time separat-
ing the code words. All of the timing values are in mul-
tiples of a Basic Timing Element (TE), which can be
changed using the baud rate option bits.
The Data Modulation Format is selectable between
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) format and Manches-
ter encoding. Both formats are preceded by a preamble
and synchronization header, followed by the 69-bits of
data. Manchester encoding has a leading and closing
‘1’ for each code word.
FIGURE 2-10: TRANSMISSION FORMAT—MANCH = 0
1 CODE WORD
Encrypt
TOTAL TRANSMISSION:
Guard
Preamble Sync Encrypt
TE
Sync
Fixed
Preamble
CODE WORD:
LOGIC "0"
LOGIC "1"
BIT
TE
6
1
3 5 7 9
4 6 8 10
2
14 15 16
1
2
4 5
Guard
Time
Encrypted
TX Data
Fixed Code
Data
Sync
Preamble
Code Word
FIGURE 2-11: TRANSMISSION FORMAT—MANCH = 1
1 CODE WORD
TOTAL TRANSMISSION:
Preamble Sync Encrypt
Preamble Sync Encrypt
Fixed
Guard
TE
CODE WORD:
LOGIC "0"
LOGIC "1"
Stop bit
TE
Start bit
1
3
2
4
14 15 16
1
2
4
5
6
Guard
Time
Encrypted
Data
Fixed Code
Data
Preamble
Sync
CODE WORD
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 9
HCS410
constraints on the average power that can be
transmitted by a device, and CWBE effectively
prevents continuous transmission by only allowing the
transmission of every second or fourth word. This
reduces the average power transmitted and hence,
assists in FCC approval of a transmitter device.
2.3
Code Hopping Mode Special Features
CODE WORD COMPLETION
2.3.1
Code word completion is an automatic feature that
ensures that the entire code word is transmitted, even
if the button is released before the transmission is com-
plete. The HCS410 encoder powers itself up when a
button is pushed and powers itself down after the com-
mand is finished (Figure 2-7). If MTX3 is set in the con-
figuration word, a minimum of three transmissions will
be transmitted when the HCS410 is activated, even if
the buttons are released.
The HCS410 will either transmit all code words, 1 in 2
or 1 in 4 code words, depending on the baud rate
selected and the code word blanking option. See
Section 3.7 for additional details.
2.3.3
CRC (CYCLE REDUNDANCY CHECK) BITS
The CRC bits are calculated on the 65 previously trans-
mitted bits. The CRC bits can be used by the receiver
to check the data integrity before processing starts.
The CRC can detect all single bit and 66% of double bit
errors. The CRC is computed as follows:
If less than seven words have been transmitted when
the buttons are released, the HCS410 will complete the
current word. If more than seven words have been
transmitted, and the button is released, the PWM out-
put is immediately switched off.
2.3.2
CODE WORD BLANKING ENABLE
EQUATION 2-1:
CRC CALCULATION
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) part 15
rules specify the limits on fundamental power and
harmonics that can be transmitted. Power is calculated
on the worst case average power transmitted in a
100ms window. It is therefore advantageous to
minimize the duty cycle of the transmitted word. This
can be achieved by minimizing the duty cycle of the
individual bits and by blanking out consecutive words.
Code Word Blanking Enable (CWBE) is used for
CRC[1]n + 1 = CRC[0]n ⊕ Din
and
with
CRC[0]n + 1 = (CRC[0]n ⊕ Din) ⊕ CRC[1]n
CRC[1, 0]0 = 0
reducing the average power of
(Figure 2-12). Using the CWBE allows the user to
transmit higher amplitude transmission if the
a transmission
and Din the nth transmission bit 0 ð n ð 64
a
transmission length is shorter. The FCC puts
FIGURE 2-12: CODE WORD BLANKING ENABLE
Amplitude
One Code Word
CWBE Disabled
(All words transmitted)
A
CWBE Enabled
2A
(1 out of 2 transmitted)
CWBE Enabled
4A
(1 out of 4 transmitted)
Time
•Patents have been applied for.
DS40158E-page 10
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
2.3.4
SEED TRANSMISSION
2.3.7
VLOW: VOLTAGE LOW INDICATOR
In order to increase the level of security in a system, it
is possible for the receiver to implement what is known
as a secure learning function. This can be done by uti-
lizing the seed value on the HCS410 which is stored in
EEPROM. Instead of the normal key generation
method being used to create the encoder key, this seed
value is used and there should not be any mathemati-
cal relationship between serial numbers and seeds for
the best security. See Section 3.7.3 for additional
details.
The VLOW bit is transmitted with every transmission
(Figure 2-8). VLOW is set when the operating voltage
has dropped below the low voltage trip point, approxi-
mately 2.2V or 4.4V selectable at 25°C. This VLOW sig-
nal is transmitted so the receiver can give an indication
to the user that the transmitter battery is low.
2.3.8
QUE0:QUE1: QUEUING INFORMATION
If a button is pressed, released for more than 30 ms,
and pressed again within 2 seconds of the first press,
the QUE counter is incremented (Figure 2-7). The
transmission that the HCS410 is busy with is aborted
and a new transmission is begun with the new QUE bits
set. These bits can be used by the decoder to perform
secondary functions using only a single button without
the requirement that the decoder receive more than
one completed transmission. For example if none of
the QUE bits are set the decoder only unlocks the
driver’s door, if QUE0 is set (double press on the trans-
mitter) the decoder unlocks all the doors.
2.3.5
PASSIVE PROXIMITY ACTIVATION
If the HCS410 is brought into a magnetic field it enters
IFF mode. In this mode it sends out ACK pulses on the
LC lines. If the HCS410 doesn’t receive any response
to the first set of ack pulses within 50 ms the HCS410
will transmit a normal code hopping transmission for 2
seconds if XPRF is set in the configuration word. The
function code during this transmission is S2:S0 = 000.
2.3.6
AUTO-SHUTOFF
Note 1: The QUE will not overflow.
The Auto-shutoff function automatically stops the
device from transmitting if a button inadvertently gets
pressed for a long period of time. This will prevent the
device from draining the battery if a button gets
pressed while the transmitter is in a pocket or purse.
Time-out period is approximately 20 seconds.
2: The button must be pressed for more than
50 ms.
FIGURE 2-13: QUE COUNTER TIMING DIAGRAM
1st Button Press
All Buttons Released
2nd Button Press
Input
Sx
DIO
Transmission
QUE = 00
QUE = 01
2
2
TLOW>30 ms
t <2S
t = 0
t = 0
t > 50 ms
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 11
HCS410
2.3.9
LED OUTPUT
2.3.11 OTHER CONFIGURABLE OPTIONS
The S2/LED line can be used to drive a LED when the
HCS410 is transmitting. If this option is enabled in the
configuration word the S2 line is driven high periodi-
cally when the HCS410 is transmitting as shown in
Figure 2-14. The LED output operates with a 30 ms on
and 480 ms off duty cycle when the supply voltage is
above the level indicated by the VLOW bit in the config-
uration word. When the supply voltage drops below the
voltage indicated by the VLOW bit the HCS410 will indi-
cate this by turning the LED on for 200ms at the start of
a transmission and remain off for the rest of the trans-
mission.
Other configurable code hopping options include an
• Transmission-rate selection
• Extended serial number.
These are described in more detail in Section 3.7.
2.3.10 DELAYED INCREMENT
The HCS410 has a delayed increment feature that
increments the counter by 12, 20 seconds after the last
button press occurred. The 20-second time-out is reset
and the queue counter will increment if another press
occurs before the 20 seconds expires. The queue
counter is cleared after the buttons have been released
for more than 2 seconds. Systems that use this feature
will circumvent the latest jamming-code grabbing
attackers.
FIGURE 2-14: LED INDICATION DURING TRANSMISSION
S Input
LED
VDD = VLOW Level
LED
VDD < VLOW LEVEL
200 ms
200 ms
30 ms
480 ms
DS40158E-page 12
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
2.4.1
IFF MODE ACTIVATION
2.4
IFF Mode
The HCS410 will enter IFF mode if the capacitor/induc-
tor resonant circuit generates a voltage greater than
approximately 1.0 volts on LC0. After the verified appli-
cation of power and elapse of the normal reset period,
the device will start responding by pulsing the DATA
line (LC0/1) with pulses as shown in Figure 2-17. This
action will continue until the pulse train is terminated by
receiving a start signal of duration 2TE, on the LC inputs
before the next expected marker pulse. The device
now enters the IFF mode and expects to receive an
‘Opcode’ and a 0/16/32-bit Data-stream to react on.
The data rate (TE) is determined by the TBSL bits in the
configuration word. See Section 3.0 for additional
details.
IFF mode allows the decoder to perform an IFF valida-
tion, to write to the user EEPROM and to read from the
user EEPROM. Each operation consists of the decoder
sending an opcode data and the HCS410 giving a
response.
There are two IFF modes: IFF1 and IFF2. IFF1 allows
only one key IFF, while IFF2 allows two keys to be
used.
Note: When IFF2 is enabled, seed transmissions
will not be allowed.
It is possible to use the HCS410 as an IFF token with-
out using a magnetic field for coupling. The HCS410
can be directly connected to the data line of the
decoder as shown in Figure 2-3. The HCS410 gets its
power from the data line as it would in normal transpon-
der mode. The communication is identical to the com-
munication used in transponder mode.
2.4.2
IFF DECODER COMMANDS
As shown in Figure 2-15, a logic 1 and 0 are differenti-
ated by the time between two rising edges. A long
pulse indicates a 1; a short pulse, a 0.
FIGURE 2-15: MODULATION FOR IFF COMMUNICATION
PPM Decoder Commands
PPM Encoder Response
Start or
previous
bit
0
0
3 TE
TE
TE TE
1
1
5 TE
TE
2 TE
TE
FIGURE 2-16: OVERVIEW OF IFF OPERATION
IFF
Activate
Activate
Opcode
Opcode
32/16-bit Challenge
WRITE
32/16-bit IFF Response
OK
Opcode
Opcode
16-bit Data
READ
Activate
Opcode
16-bit Data
Opcode
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 13
HCS410
FIGURE 2-17: DECODER IFF COMMANDS AND WAVEFORMS
Preamble
Read
Ack pulses
0 1
Response
16 bits
Start
2 TE
TRT
Write/Program
TBITC
TWR
TETE
3TE 3TE
Transport
Code
32 bits
TOTD
TTTD
Data
16 bits
ACK pulses
Opcode
Writing
Only when writing Serial
Number, Config or IFF
programming
Repeat 18 times for programming
Preamble
Challenge
0 1
Challenge
16/32 bits
Response
16/32 bits
TWR
ACK pulses
ACK pulses
Opcode
TOTD
Encoder Select
TWR
Encoder
Select
ACK
Serial number
1 to 32 bits
TABLE 2-3:
IFF TIMING PARAMETERS
Parameter
Symbol
Minimum
Typical
Maximum
Units
Time Element
IFFB = 0
TE
—
—
200
100
—
—
µs
TE
TE
IFFB = 1
PPM Command Bit Time
Data = 1
TBITC
TBITR
3.5
5.5
4
6
—
—
Data = 0
PPM Response Bit Time
Data = 1
—
—
2
3
—
—
Data = 0
PPM Command Minimum High Time
Response Time (Minimum for Read)
Opcode to Data Input Time
TPMH
TRT
1.5
6.5
1.8
6.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
TE
ms
ms
ms
ms
TOTD
TTTD
TWR
Transport Code to Data Input Time
IFF EEPROM Write Time (16 bits)
DS40158E-page 14
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
2.4.3
HCS410 RESPONSES
2.4.6
IFF READ
The responses from the HCS410 are in PPM format.
See Figure 2-17 for additional information. Every
response from the HCS410 is preceded by a “2 bit pre-
amble” of 012, and then 16/32 bits of data.
The decoder can read USER[0:3], SER[0:1], and the
configuration word in the EEPROM. After the data has
been read, the device is ready to receive a command
again.
Each read command is followed by a 16-bit data
response. The response always starts with a leading
preamble of 012 and then the 16-bits of data.
2.4.4
IFF RESPONSE
The 16/32-bit response to a 16/32-bit challenge, is
transmitted once, after which the device is ready to
accept another command. The same applies to the
result of a Read command. The opcode written to the
device specifies the challenge length and algorithm
used. The response always starts with a leading pre-
amble of 012 followed by the 16/32 bits of data.
2.4.7
IFF PROGRAMMING
Upon receiving a programming opcode and the trans-
port code, the EEPROM is erased (Section 3.4). There-
after, the first 16 bits of data can be written. After
indicating that a write command has been successfully
completed the device is ready to receive the next 16
bits. After a complete memory map was received, it will
be transmitted in PPM format on the LC pins as 16-bit
words. This enables wireless programming of the
device.
2.4.5
IFF WRITE
The decoder can write to USER[0:3], SER[0:1], and the
configuration word in the EEPROM.
After the HCS410 has written the word into the
EEPROM, it will give two acknowledge pulses (TE wide
and TE apart) on the LC pins.
After the EEPROM is erased, the configuration word is
reloaded. This results in oscillator tuning bits of 0000
being used during programming. When using IFF pro-
gramming, the user should read the configuration word
and store the oscillator bits in the memory map to be
programmed. A program command should be sent and
the next set of ACK pulses transmitted by the HCS410
should be used to determine the TE. A second program
command can then be sent, and the device pro-
grammed using the TE just calibrated.
When writing to the serial number or configuration
word, the user must send the transport code before the
write will begin (Section 3.4) .
Note: If the configuration word is written, the
device must be reset to allow the new con-
figuration settings to come into effect.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 15
HCS410
2.5
IFF Opcodes
TABLE 2-4:
LIST OF IFF COMMANDS
Description
Command
Expected data In
Response
00000
Select HCS410, used if Anti-
collision enabled
1 to 32 bits of the serial number Encoder select acknowledge if
(SER)
None
None
SER match
00001
00010
Read configuration word
Read low serial number
16-bit configuration word
Lower 16 bits of serial number
(SER0)
00011
Read high serial number
None
Higher 16 bits of serial number
(SER1)
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000
Read user area 0
None
None
None
None
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR0
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR1
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR2
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR3
Read user area 1
Read user area 2
Read user area 3
Program HCS410 EEPROM
Transport code (32 bits); Com-
plete memory map: 18 x 16 bit
words (288 bits)
Write acknowledge pulse after
each 16-bit word, 288 bits trans-
mitted in 18 bursts of 16-bit
words
01001
01010
01011
Write configuration word
Write low serial number
Write high serial number
Transport code (32 bits); 16 Bit
configuration word
Write acknowledge pulse
Transport code (32 bits); Lower
16 bits of serial number (SER0)
Write acknowledge pulse
Transport code (32 bits); Higher Write acknowledge pulse
16 bits of serial number (SER1)
01100
01101
01110
01111
1X000
Write user area 0
Write user area 1
Write user area 2
Write user area 3
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR0 Write acknowledge pulse
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR1 Write acknowledge pulse
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR2 Write acknowledge pulse
16 Bits of User EEPROM USR3 Write acknowledge pulse
IFF1 using key-1 and IFF
algorithm
32-Bit Challenge
32-Bit Response
32-Bit Response
32-Bit Response
32-Bit Response
1X001
1X100
1X101
IFF1 using key-1 and HOP
algorithm
32-Bit Challenge
IFF2 32-bit using key-2 and IFF 32-Bit Challenge
algorithm
IFF2 32-bit using key-2 and HOP 32-Bit Challenge
algorithm
DS40158E-page 16
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
hopping portion of the transmission. If the response is
a 16-bit response, the 16 bits are duplicated to make up
the 32-bit code hopping portion. The preamble, serial
number, CRC, and queuing bits are all transmitted as
normal (Figure 2-19).
2.6
IFF Special Features
2.6.1
ANTI-COLLISION (ACOLI)
When the ACOLI bit is set in the configuration word,
anti-collision mode is entered. The HCS410 will start
sending ACK pulses when it enters a magnetic field.
The ACK pulses stop as soon as the HCS410 detects
a start bit from the decoder. A ‘select encoder’ opcode
(00000) is then sent out by the decoder, followed by a
32-bit serial number. If the serial number matches the
HCS410’s serial number, the HCS410 will acknowl-
edge with the acknowledge sequence as shown in
Figure 2-18. The HCS410 can then be addressed as
normal. If the serial number does not match, the IFF
encoder will stop transmitting ACK pulses until it is
either removed from the field or the correct serial num-
ber is given.
This feature will be used in applications which use RF
for long distance unidirectional authentication and
short distance IFF.
Note: If code word blanking is enabled, the
HCS410 will not give any ACK pulses after
a read, write or IFF.
2.6.3
INTELLIGENT DAMPING
If the LC circuit on the transponder has a high Q-factor,
the circuit will keep on resonating for a long time after
the field has been shut down by the decoder. This
makes fast communication from the decoder to the
HCS410 difficult. If the IDAMP bit is set to 0, the
HCS410 will clamp the LC pins for 5 µs every 1/4 TE,
whenever the HCS410 is expecting data from the
decoder. The intelligent dumping pulses start 64 TE
after the acknowledge pulses have been sent and con-
tinue for 64 TE. If the HSC410 detects data from the
base station while sending out dump pulses, the dump
pulses will continue to be sent. This option can be set
in the configuration word.
FIGURE 2-18: SERIAL NUMBER CORRECT
ACKNOWLEDGE SEQUENCE
TE
LC0/1
3 TE
3 TE
TE
2.6.2
TRANSPONDER IN/RF OUT
2.7
LED Indicator
When in transponder mode with ACOLI and XPRF set,
the outputs of the HCS410’s LC0:LC1 pins are echoed
on the PWM output line. After transmitting the data on
the LC pins, the data is then transmitted on the PWM
line. The transmission format mirrors a code hopping
transmission. The response replaces the 32-bit code
If a signal is detected on LC0, the LED pin goes high for
30 ms every 8s (IFFB = 0) or 4s (IFFB 1) to indicate that
the power source is charging.
FIGURE 2-19: IFF INDUCTIVE IN RF OUT
Encoder
Select ACK
Response
(2*+16 bits)
Opcode
(Read)
Next
Ack
LCI0/1
PWM
Preamble
Response Fixed Code
(37 bits)
(32 bits)
Header
32-bit Response
*2-bit preamble precedes the data.
16-bit
16-bit
Response Response
FIGURE 2-20: LED INDICATOR WHEN CHARGING POWER SOURCE
LC0
LED
IFFB = 0
4s
30 ms
8s
LED
IFFB = 1
2s
4s
30 ms
*Patents have been applied for.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 17
HCS410
3.1
Encoder Key 1 and 2
3.0
EEPROM ORGANIZATION AND
CONFIGURATION
The 64-bit encoder key1 is used by the transmitter to
create the encrypted message transmitted to the
receiver in Code Hopping Mode. An IFF operation, can
use encoder key1 or key2 to generate the response to
a challenge received. The key(s) is created and pro-
grammed at the time of production using a key genera-
tion algorithm. Inputs to the key generation algorithm
are the serial number or seed for the particular
transmitter being used and a secret manufacturer’s
code. While a number of key generation algorithms are
supplied by Microchip, a user may elect to create their
own method of key generation. This may be done pro-
viding that the decoder is programmed with the same
means of creating the key for decryption purposes. If a
seed is used (CH Mode), the seed will also form part of
the input to the key generation algorithm.
The HCS410 has nonvolatile EEPROM memory which
is used to store user programmable options. This infor-
mation includes encoder keys, serial number, and up to
64-bits of user information.
The HCS410 has two modes in which it operates as
specified by the configuration word. In the first mode
the HCS410 has a single encoder key which is used for
encrypting the code hopping portion of a CH Mode
transmission and generating a response during IFF val-
idation. Seed transmissions are allowed in this mode.
In the second mode the HCS410 is a transponder
device with two encoder keys.
The two different operating modes of the HCS410 lead
to different EEPROM memory maps.
In IFF1 mode, the HCS410 can act as a code hopping
encoder with Seed transmission, and as an IFF token
with one key.
3.2
Discrimination Value and Overflow
The discrimination value forms part of the code hop-
ping portion of a code hopping transmission. The least
significant 10 bits of the discrimination value are typi-
cally set to the least significant bits of the serial number.
The most significant 2 bits of the discrimination value
are the overflow bits (OVR1: OVR0). These are used to
extend the range of the synchronization counter. When
the synchronization counter wraps from FFFF16 to
000016 OVR0 is cleared and the second time a wrap
occurs OVR1 is cleared.
IFF1 Mode
64-bit Encoder Key 1
64-bit Seed/Transport Code
(SEED0, SEED1, SEED2, SEED3)
32-bit Serial Number
(SER0, SER1)
64-bit User Area
Once cleared, the overflow bits cannot be set again,
thereby creating a permanent record of the counter
overflow.
(USR0, USR1, USER2, USR3)
10-bit Discrimination Value and 2 Overflow Bits.
16-bit Synchronization Counter
Configuration Data
3.3
16-bit Synchronization Counter
In IFF2 mode, the HCS410 is able to act as a code hop-
ping transmitter and an IFF token with two encoder
keys.
This is the 16-bit synchronization counter value that is
used to create the code hopping portion for transmis-
sion. This value will be changed after every transmis-
sion. The synchronization counter is not used in IFF
mode.
IFF2 Mode
64-bit Encoder Key 1
64-bit Encoder Key 2/Transport Code
32-bit Serial Number
(SER0, SER1)
64-bit User EEPROM
(USR0, USR1, USER2, USR3)
10-bit Discrimination Value and 2 Overflow Bits.
16-bit Synchronization Counter
Configuration Data
*Patents have been applied for.
DS40158E-page 18
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
3.4
60/64-bit Seed Word/Transport Code
3.5
Encoder Serial Number
This is the 60-bit seed code that is transmitted when
seed transmission is selected. This allows the system
designer to implement the secure learn feature or use
this fixed code word as part of a different key genera-
tion/tracking process or purely as a fixed code trans-
mission. The seed is not available in IFF2-mode. A
Seed transmission can be initiated in two ways,
depending on the button inputs (Figure 3-1).
There are 32 bits allocated for the serial number and a
selectable configuration bit (XSER) determines
whether 32 or 28 bits will be transmitted. The serial
number is meant to be unique for every transmitter.
3.6
User Data
The 64-bit user EEPROM can be reprogrammed and
read at any time using the IFF interface.
Seed transmission is available for function codes
(Table 2-2) S[2:0] = 111 and S[2:0] = 011 (delayed). The
delayed seed transmission starts with a normal code
hopping transmission being transmitted for 3 seconds,
before switching to a seed transmission. The two seed
transmissions are shown in Figure 3-1.
The least significant 32-bits of the seed are used as the
transport code. The transport code is used to write-pro-
tect the serial number, configuration word, as well as
preventing accidental programming of the HCS410
when in IFF mode.
Note: If both SEED and TMPSD are set, IFF2
mode is enabled.
FIGURE 3-1: SEED TRANSMISSION
All examples shown with XSER = 1 & SEED = 1
When S[2:0] = 111, the 3-second delay is not applicable:
Que [1:0], CRC [1:0], SEED_3 (12 bits)
VLOW, S[2:0]
SEED_2
SEED_1
SEED_0
Data transmission direction
16-bit Data Word
16-bit Counter
Encrypt
For S[2:0] = 011 before the 3-second delay:
Que [1:0], CRC [1:0]
+ VLOW, S [2:0]
SER_1
SER_0
Encrypted Data
Data transmission direction
For S[2:0] = 011 after the 3-second delay (Note 1):
Que [1:0], CRC [1:0], SEED_3 (12 bits) SEED_2
SEED_1
SEED_0
VLOW, S [2:0]
Data transmission direction
Note 1: For Seed Transmission, SEED_3 and SEED_2 are transmitted instead of SER_1 and SER_0, respectively.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 19
HCS410
3.7.2
IDAMP: INTELLIGENT DAMPING
3.7
Configuration Data
If IDAMP is set to ‘1’ intelligent damping is disabled.
The configuration data is used to select various
encoder options. Further explanations of each of the
bits are described in the following sections.
3.7.3
SEED, TMPSD: SEED TRANSMISSION
TABLE 3-1:
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
SEED
SEED
TMPSD
Description
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
No Seed/1 IFF Key
Seed Limited*
Symbol
Description
CWBE Code Word Blanking Enable
Always Enabled
IDAMP Intelligent Damping for High Q LC Tank.
IFF2/No Seed/2
IFF Keys
SEED/ Enable Seed Transmissions
IFF2
* Seed transmissions are allowed till the sychroniza-
tion counter crosses a XX7F16 boundary. e.g. If the
counter is initialized to 000016 when the device is
programmed, seed transmissions will be allowed
until the counter wraps from 007F16 to 008016 giving
the user 127 transmissions before seed transmis-
sions are disabled.
TMPSD/ Temporary Seed Transmissions
IFF2
OSC0:3 Onboard Oscillator Tuning Bits
MTX3
VLOW Low Voltage Trip Point Selection
LED Enable LED output
BSL0:1 Baudrate Select
Minimum 3 Code Words Transmitted
3.7.4
OSC: OSCILLATOR TUNING BITS
TBSL
Transponder Baud Rate
These bits allow the onboard oscillator to be tuned to
within 10% of the nominal oscillator speed over both
temperature and voltage.
MANCH Manchester Modulation Mode
ACOLI Anti Collision Communication Enable
TABLE 3-2:
OSC
OSCILLATOR TUNING
Description
XPRF
DINC
XSER
Passive Proximity Activation
Delayed Increment Enable
Extended Serial Number
1000
Fastest
1001
1010
•
•
•
3.7.1
CWBE: CODE WORD BLANKING ENABLE
BSL: BAUD RATE SELECT
Faster
Nominal
Slower
Selecting this option allows code blanking as shown in
Table 3-3. If this option is not selected, all code words
are transmitted.
1111
0000
0001
0010
•
•
•
0110
0111
Slowest
TABLE 3-3:
BSL 1
BAUD RATE SELECTION
Code Hopping Transmissions (TE)
Transponder Communication (TE)
Codes Word
Transmitted*
BSL 0
PWM
Manchester
TBSL
PPM
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
400 µs
200 µs
100 µs
100 µs
800 µs
400 µs
200 µs
200 µs
All
0
—
—
1
200 µs
—
1 of 2
1 of 2
1 of 4
—
100 µs
Note: *If code word blanking is enabled.
DS40158E-page 20
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
3.7.5
MTX3: MINIMUM CODE WORDS
3.7.10 ACOLI: ANTI-COLLISION
COMPLETED
COMMUNICATION AND
XPRF: TRANSPONDER ECHOING
ON PWM OUTPUT
If this bit is set, the HCS410 will transmit a minimum of
3 words before it powers itself down. If this bit is
cleared, the HCS410 will only complete the current
transmission. This feature will only work if VDD is con-
nected directly to the battery as shown in Figure 2-1.
ACOLI = 1, XPRF = 0
If ACOLI is set the anti-collision operation during bi-
directional transponder mode (IFF) is enabled. This
feature is useful in situations where multiple transpon-
ders enter the magnetic field simultaneously.
3.7.6
VLOW: LOW VOLTAGE TRIP POINT
The low voltage trip point select bit is used to tell the
HCS410 what Vdd level is being used. This information
will be used by the device to determine when to send
the voltage low signal to the receiver. When this bit is
set, the Vdd level is assumed to be operating from a 5
volt or 6 volt supply. If the bit is cleared, then the Vdd
level is assumed to be 3.0 volts. Refer to Figure 5-3 for
voltage trip point. When the battery reaches the Vlow
point, the LED will flash once for 200 ms on during a
code hopping transmission.
ACOLI = 0, XPRF = 1
If XPRF is set, and ACOLI is cleared, proximity activa-
tion is enabled. the HCS410 starts sending out ACK
pulses when it detects a magnetic field. If the HCS410
doesn’t receive a start bit from the decoder within 50
ms of sending the first set of ACK pulses, the HCS410
will transmit a code hopping transmission PWM pin for
2 seconds.
ACOLI = 1, XPRF = 1
If both the ACOLI and XPRF are set, all of the HCS410
transponder responses are echoed on the PWM out-
put, as described in Section 2.6.2.
3.7.7
LED: OUTPUT ENABLE
If this bit is set, the S2 doubles as an LED output line.
If this bit is cleared (0), S2 is only used as an input.
3.7.11 DINC: DELAYED INCREMENT
3.7.8
TBSL: TRANSPONDER BAUD RATE
SELECT
If DINC is set to ‘1’, the delayed increment feature is
enabled. If DINC is cleared, the counter only incre-
ments once each time the button is pressed.
This option selects the baud rate for IFF communica-
tion between a TE of 100 µs or 200 µs.
3.7.12 XSER: EXTENDED SERIAL NUMBER
3.7.9
MANCH: MANCHESTER CODE
ENCODING
If XSER is set, bits 60 to 63 of the transmission are the
most significant bits of the serial number or seed. If
XSER bit is cleared, bits 60 to 63 of the transmission
are set to the function code used to activate the device
(S2:S1:S0:0).
MANCH selects between Manchester code modulation
and PWM modulation in code hopping mode. If
MANCH = 1, Manchester code modulation is selected.
If MANCH is cleared, PWM modulation is selected.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 21
HCS410
4.1
Key Generation
4.0
INTEGRATING THE HCS410
INTO A SYSTEM
The serial number for each transmitter is programmed
by the manufacturer at the time of production. The
generation of the encoder key is done using a key gen-
eration algorithm (Figure 4-1). Typically, inputs to the
key generation algorithm are the serial number of the
transmitter or seed value, and a 64-bit manufacturer’s
code. The manufacturer’s code is chosen by the sys-
tem manufacturer and must be carefully controlled. The
manufacturer’s code is a pivotal part of the overall
system security.
Use of the HCS410 in a system requires a compatible
decoder. This decoder is typically a microcontroller with
compatible firmware. Firmware routines that accept
transmissions from the HCS410, decrypt the code hop-
ping portion of the data stream and perform IFF func-
tions are available. These routines provide system
designers the means to develop their own decoding
system.
FIGURE 4-1: CREATION AND STORAGE OF ENCODER KEY DURING PRODUCTION
HCS410 EEPROM Array
Transmitter
Serial Number or
Seed
Serial Number
Encoder Key
Sync Counter
.
.
.
Key
Encoder
Key
Manufacturer’s
Generation
Code
Algorithm
DS40158E-page 22
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
The maximum number of transmitters that can be
learned is only a function of how much EEPROM
memory storage is available. The decoder must also
store the manufacturer’s code in order to learn an
HCS410, although this value will not change in a typical
system so it is usually stored as part of the microcon-
troller ROM code. Storing the manufacturer’s code as
part of the ROM code is also better for security rea-
sons.
4.2
Learning an HCS410 to a Receiver
In order for a transmitter to be used with a decoder, the
transmitter must first be ‘learned’. Several learning
strategies can be followed in the decoder implementa-
tion. When a transmitter is learned to a decoder, it is
suggested that the decoder stores the serial number
and current synchronization counter value (synchroni-
zation counter stored in CH Mode only) in EEPROM.
The decoder must keep track of these values for every
transmitter that is learned (Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3).
FIGURE 4-3: TYPICAL IFF LEARN
SEQUENCE
FIGURE 4-2: TYPICAL CH MODE LEARN
SEQUENCE
Enter Learn
Mode
Enter Learn
Mode
Wait for Reception
of a Valid Code
Wait for token
to be detected
Generate Key
from Serial Number
Use Generated Key
to Decrypt
Read
Serial Number
Compare Discrimination
Value with Fixed Value
Generate Key
From Serial
No
Equal
?
Number
Yes
Wait for Reception
of Second Valid Code
Perform IFF
with Token
Use Generated Key
to Decrypt
Compare Discrimination
Value with Fixed Value
Compare Token
and expected
response
No
Equal
?
Yes
Token and
Response
Equal?
No
No
Counters
Sequential
?
Yes
Yes
Learn successful
Store:
Learn
Unsuccessful
Learn successful Store:
Serial number
Encoder key
Serial number
Encoder key
Synchronization counter
Exit
Exit
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 23
HCS410
4.3
CH Mode Decoder Operation
FIGURE 4-4: TYPICAL CH MODE
DECODER OPERATION
In a typical decoder operation (Figure 4-4), the key
generation on the decoder side is done by taking the
serial number from a transmission and combining that
with the manufacturer’s code to create the same
encoder key that is stored in the HCS410. Once the
encoder key is obtained, the rest of the transmission
can be decrypted. The decoder waits for a transmission
and immediately checks the serial number to determine
if it is a learned transmitter. If it is, the code hopping por-
tion of the transmission is decrypted using the stored
key. It uses the discrimination bits to determine if the
decryption was valid. If everything up to this point is
valid, the synchronization counter value is evaluated.
Start
No
Transmission
Received
?
Yes
Does
No
Serial Number
Match
?
Yes
Decrypt Transmission
Is
No
No
Decryption
Valid
?
Yes
Execute
Command
and
Update
Counter
Is
Counter
Within 16
?
Yes
No
Is
Counter
Within 32K
?
No
Yes
Save Counter
in Temp Location
DS40158E-page 24
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
4.3.1
SYNCHRONIZATION WITH DECODER
FIGURE 4-5: SYNCHRONIZATION WINDOW
Entire Window
rotates to eliminate
use of previously
used codes
The KEELOQ technology features a sophisticated
synchronization technique (Figure 4-5) which does not
require the calculation and storage of future codes. If
the stored counter value for that particular transmitter
and the counter value that was just decrypted are
within a window of say 16, the counter is stored and the
command is executed. If the counter value was not
within the single operation window, but is within the
double operation window of say 32K window, the trans-
mitted synchronization counter value is stored in tem-
porary location and it goes back to waiting for another
transmission. When the next valid transmission is
received, it will compare the new value with the one in
temporary storage. If the two values are sequential, it is
assumed that the counter had just gotten out of the sin-
gle operation ‘window’, but is now back in sync, so the
new synchronization counter value is stored and the
command executed. If a transmitter has somehow got-
ten out of the double operation window, the transmitter
will not work and must be relearned. Since the entire
window rotates after each valid transmission, codes
that have been used are part of the ‘blocked’ (32K)
codes and are no longer valid. This eliminates the pos-
sibility of grabbing a previous code and retransmitting
to gain entry.
Blocked
(32K Codes)
Current
Position
Double
Operation
(32K Codes)
Single Operation
Window (16 Codes)
Note: The synchronization method described in
this
section
is
only
a
typical
implementation and because it is usually
implemented in firmware, it can be altered
to fit the needs of a particular system
FIGURE 4-6: BASIC OPERATION OF A CODE HOPPING RECEIVER (DECODER)
Check for
Match
EEPROM Array
KEELOQ
Decryption
Algorithm
Decrypted
Synchronization
Counter
Encoder Key
Sync Counter
Check for
Match
Serial Number
Manufacturer Code
32 Bits of
Encrypted Data
Button Press
Information
Serial Number
Received Information
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 25
HCS410
4.4
IFF Decoder Operation
FIGURE 4-7: TYPICAL IFF DECODER
OPERATION
In a typical IFF decoder, the key generation on the
decoder side is done by reading the serial number from
a token and combining that with the manufacturer’s
code to recreate the encoder key that is stored on the
token. The decoder polls for the presence of a token.
Once detected the decoder reads the serial number. If
the token has been learned, the decoder sends a chal-
lenge and reads the token’s response. The decoder
uses the encoder key stored in EEPROM and decrypt
response. The decrypt response is compared to the
challenge. If they match the appropriate output is acti-
vated.
Start
No
Token
Detected?
Yes
Read Serial
Number
Does
Serial Number
Match?
No
Yes
Send Challenge
and Read
Response
Decrypt the
Response
Does
Challenge &
Decrypt response
Match?
No
Yes
Execute Command
FIGURE 4-8: BASIC OPERATION OF AN IFF RECEIVER (DECODER)
EEPROM Array
KEELOQ
IFF
Algorithm
Decrypted
Response
IFF Key
Serial Number
Manufacturer
Code
Check for
Match
Challenge
Serial Number
Response
Information read from HCS410
Written to HCS410
DS40158E-page 26
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
5.0
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 5-1:
Symbol
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING
Item
Rating
-0.3 to 6.6
Units
VDD
VIN*
Supply voltage
V
Input voltage
-0.3 to VDD + 0.3
-0.3 to VDD + 0.3
50
V
VOUT
IOUT
Output voltage
V
Max output current
Storage temperature
Lead soldering temp
mA
TSTG
TLSOL
VESD
-55 to +125
300
C (Note)
C (Note)
V
ESD rating (Human Body Model) 4000
Note: Stresses above those listed under “ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS” may cause permanent damage to
the device.
* If a battery is inserted in reverse, the protection circuitry switches on, protecting the device and draining the
battery.
TABLE 5-2:
DC AND TRANSPONDER CHARACTERISTICS
Commercial (C): TAMB = 0°C to 70°C
Industrial (I):
TAMB = -40°C to 85°C
2.0V < VDD < 6.3V
Typ(1)
Parameter
Symbol
Min
Max
Unit
Conditions
VDD = 3.0V
50
160
100
300
Average operating current(2) IDD (avg)
—
—
µA
VDD = 6.3V
Programming current
IDDP
1.0
2.2
1.8
3.5
VDD = 3.0V
VDD = 6.3V
mA
Standby current
IDDS
VIH
VIL
—
0.1
100
VDD + 0.3
0.15 VDD
—
nA
V
High level input voltage
Low level input voltage
0.55 VDD
-0.3
—
—
—
V
0.8 VDD
0.8 VDD
VDD = 2V, IOH =- .45 mA
VDD = 6.3V, IOH,= -2 mA
High level output voltage
Low level output voltage
VOH
VOL
V
V
—
—
—
—
0.08 VDD
0.08 VDD
VDD = 2V, IOH = 0.5 mA
VDD = 6.3V,IOH = 5mA
LED output current
ILED
RS
3.0
40
80
—
4.0
60
7.0
80
mA
kΩ
kΩ
mA
V
VDD = 3.0V, VLED = 1.5V
Switch input resistor
PWM input resistor
RPWM
ILC
120
—
160
10.0
—
LC input current
VLCC=15 VP-P
ILC <10 mA
VLCC > 10V
LC input clamp voltage
LC induced output current
LC induced output voltage
VLCC
VDDI
—
15
—
5.0
mA
5.0
4.5
6.3
5.6
6.8
6.8
10 V < VLCC, IDD = 0 mA
10 V < VLCC, IDD = -1 mA
VDDV
V
Carrier frequency
fc
L
—
—
—
125
900
1.8
—
—
—
kHz
µH
nF
External LC Inductor value
External LC Capacitor value
C
Note 1: Typical values at 25°C.
2: No load connected.
3: LC inputs are clamped at 15 volts.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 27
HCS410
FIGURE 5-1: POWER UP AND TRANSMIT TIMING
Button Press
Detect
Code Word Transmission
TBP
TTD
TDB
Code
Code
Word
3
Code
Word
2
Code
Word
n
Word
PWM
1
TTO
Sn
TABLE 5-3:
POWER UP AND TRANSMIT TIMING REQUIREMENTS
VDD = +2.0V to 6.3V
Commercial (C):TAMB = 0°C to +70°C
Industrial
(I): TAMB = -40°C to +85°C
Parameter Symbol
Min
Typ.
Max
Unit
Remarks
(Note 1)
Time to second button press
TBP
44 + Code 58 + Code 63 + Code
Word Time Word Time Word Time
ms
Transmit delay from button detect
Debounce delay
TTD
TDB
TTO
39
31
18
44
35
20
48
39
22
ms
ms
s
(Note 2)
Auto-shutoff time-out period
(Note 3)
Note 1: TBP is the time in which a second button can be pressed without completion of the first code word and the
intention was to press the combination of buttons.
2: Transmit delay maximum value if the previous transmission was successfully transmitted.
3: The auto-shutoff timeout period is not tested.
DS40158E-page 28
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
FIGURE 5-2: HCS410 NORMALIZED TE VS. TEMP
1.10
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
TE Max.
Typical
VDD LEGEND
= 2.0V
TE
= 3.0V
= 6.0V
TE Min.
0.90
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature °C
Note: Values are for calibrated oscillator.
TABLE 5-4:
CODE WORD TRANSMISSION TIMING PARAMETERS—PWM MODEÞ
Code Words Transmitted
VDD = +2.0V to 6.3V
Commercial (C):TAMB = 0°C to +70°C
BSL1 = 0,
BSL0 = 0
BSL1 = 0,
BSL0 = 1
Industrial
(I): TAMB = -40°C to +85°C
Number
of TE
Number
of TE
Symbol
Characteristic
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
TE
TBP
TP
Basic pulse element
PWM bit pulse width
Preamble duration
Header duration
1
3
360
1080
12
400
1200
12.8
4.0
440
1320
14
1
3
180.0
540.0
5.76
200.0
600.0
6.0
220.0
660.0
7.04
µs
µs
32
10
96
111
46
295
32
10
96
111
46
295
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
TH
3.6
4.4
1.80
2.0
2.20
THOP
TFIX
TG
Code hopping duration
Fixed code duration
Guard time
35
38.4
44.4
18.4
118.0
42
17.28
19.98
8.3
19.20
22.20
9.6
21.12
24.42
10.1
39.96
16.6
106.2
48.84
20.2
129.8
—
Total transmit time
53.1
59.0
64.9
Note: The timing parameters are not tested but derived from the oscillator clock.
Code Words Transmitted
BSL1 = 0,
VDD = +2.0V to 6.3V
Commercial (C): TAMB = 0°C to +70°C
BSL1 = 1,
BSL0 = 0
Industrial
(I): TAMB = -40°C to +85°C
BSL0 = 1
Number
of TE
Number
of TE
Symbol
Characteristic
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
TE
Basic pulse element
PWM bit pulse width
Preamble duration
Header duration
1
3
180.0
540.0
5.76
200.0
600.0
6.0
220.0
660.0
7.04
1
3
90.0
270.0
2.88
0.90
8.64
9.99
41
100.0
300.0
3.0
110.0
330.0
3.52
µs
µs
TBP
TP
TH
32
10
96
111
46
295
32
10
96
111
46
295
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
1.80
2.0
2.20
1.0
1.10
THOP
TFIX
TG
Code hopping duration
Fixed code duration
Guard time
17.28
19.98
8.3
19.20
22.2
9.6
21.12
24.42
10.1
9.60
11.1
4.6
10.56
12.21
5.1
—
Total transmit time
53.1
59.0
64.9
26.6
29.5
32.5
Note: The timing parameters are not tested but derived from the oscillator clock.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 29
HCS410
TABLE 5-5:
CODE WORD TRANSMISSION TIMING PARAMETERS—MANCHESTER MODE
Code Words Transmitted
VDD = +2.0V to 6.3V
Commercial (C): TAMB = 0°C to +70°C
BSL1 = 0,
BSL0 = 0
BSL1 = 0,
Industrial
(I): TAMB = -40°C to +85°C
BSL0 = 1
Typ.
Number
of TE
Number
of TE
Symbol
Characteristic
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Units
Basic pulse element
Preamble duration
Header duration
Start bit
1
32
4
720.0
23.04
2.88
800.0
25.60
3.20
880.0
28.16
3.52
1
32
4
360.0
11.52
1.44
400.0
12.80
1.60
440.0
14.08
1.76
µs
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
TE
TP
TH
2
1.44
1.60
1.76
2
0.72
0.80
0.88
TSTART
THOP
TFIX
TSTOP
TG
Code hopping duration
Fixed code duration
Stop bit
64
74
2
46.08
53.28
1.44
51.20
59.20
1.60
56.32
65.12
1.76
64
74
2
23.04
26.64
0.72
25.60
29.60
0.80
28.16
32.56
0.88
Guard time
32
210
23.0
25.6
28.2
32
210
11.5
12.8
14.1
—
Total transmit time
151.2
168
184.8
75.6
84.0
92.4
Note: The timing parameters are not tested but derived from the oscillator clock.
Code Words Transmitted
BSL1 = 1,
VDD = +2.0V to 6.3V
Commercial (C): TAMB = 0°C to +70°C
BSL1 = 1,
BSL0 = 0
Industrial
(I): TAMB = -40°C to +85°C
BSL0 = 1
Number
of TE
Number
of TE
Symbol
Characteristic
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
Basic pulse element
Preamble duration
Header duration
Start bit
1
360.0
11.52
1.44
400.0
12.80
1.60
440.0
14.08
1.76
1
32
4
180.0
5.76
0.72
0.36
11.52
13.32
0.36
5.8
200.0
6.40
0.80
0.40
12.80
14.8
0.40
6.4
220.0
7.04
0.88
0.44
14.08
16.28
0.44
7.0
µs
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
TE
TP
32
4
TH
2
0.72
0.80
0.88
2
TSTART
THOP
TFIX
TSTOP
TG
Code hopping duration
Fixed code duration
Stop bit
64
74
2
23.04
26.64
0.72
25.60
29.60
0.80
28.16
32.56
0.88
64
74
2
Guard time
32
210
11.5
12.8
14.1
32
210
—
Total transmit time
75.6
84.0
92.4
37.8
42.0
46.2
Note: The timing parameters are not tested but derived from the oscillator clock.
FIGURE 5-3: TYPICAL VOLTAGE TRIP POINTS
Volts (V)
VLOW
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
VLOW sel = 1
2.8
VLOW sel = 0
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
Legend
Nominal VLOW trip point
Temp (C)
85
-40
0
50
DS40158E-page 30
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
NOTES:
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 31
HCS410
NOTES:
DS40158E-page 32
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
NOTES:
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 33
HCS410
HCS410 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
To order or obtain information, e.g., on pricing or delivery, refer to the factory or the listed sales office.
HCS410
—
/P
P = Plastic DIP (300 mil Body), 8-lead
SN = Plastic SOIC (150 mil Body), 8-lead
ST = TSSOP (4.4 mm Body), 8-lead
Package:
Temperature
Range:
Blank = 0°C to +70°C
I = –40°C to +85°C
HCS410
HCS410T
Code Hopping Encoder
Code Hopping Encoder (Tape and Reel)
Device:
Sales and Support
Data Sheets
Products supported by a preliminary Data Sheet may have an errata sheet describing minor operational differences and recom-
mended workarounds. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please contact one of the following:
1. Your local Microchip sales office
2. The Microchip Corporate Literature Center U.S. FAX: (480) 792-7277
3. The Microchip Worldwide Site (www.microchip.com)
Please specify which device, revision of silicon and Data Sheet (include Literature #) you are using.
New Customer Notification System
Register on our web site (www.microchip.com/cn) to receive the most current information on our products.
DS40158E-page 34
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
HCS410
“All rights reserved. Copyright © 2001, Microchip
Technology Incorporated, USA. Information contained
in this publication regarding device applications and the
like is intended through suggestion only and may be
superseded by updates. No representation or warranty
is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip
Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy
or use of such information, or infringement of patents or
other intellectual property rights arising from such use
or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical
components in life support systems is not authorized
except with express written approval by Microchip. No
licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under
any intellectual property rights. The Microchip logo and
name are registered trademarks of Microchip
Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All
rights reserved. All other trademarks mentioned herein
are the property of their respective companies. No
licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under
any intellectual property rights.”
Trademarks
The Microchip name, logo, PIC, PICmicro,
PICMASTER, PICSTART, PRO MATE, KEELOQ,
SEEVAL, MPLAB and The Embedded Control
Solutions Company are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and
other countries.
Total Endurance, ICSP, In-Circuit Serial Programming,
FilterLab, MXDEV, microID, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB,
MPASM, MPLINK, MPLIB, PICDEM, ICEPIC,
Migratable Memory, FanSense, ECONOMONITOR,
SelectMode and microPort are trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Serialized Quick Term Programming (SQTP) is a
service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in
the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of
their respective companies.
© 2001, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in
the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Microchip received QS-9000 quality system
certification for its worldwide headquarters,
design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona in July 1999. The
Company’s quality system processes and
procedures are QS-9000 compliant for its
PICmicro® 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs and microperipheral
products. In addition, Microchip’s quality
system for the design and manufacture of
development systems is ISO 9001 certified.
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preliminary
DS40158E-page 35
WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE
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Detroit
Tri-Atria Office Building
32255 Northwestern Highway, Suite 190
Farmington Hills, MI 48334
Tel: 248-538-2250 Fax: 248-538-2260
Divyasree Chambers
Italy
1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4)
No. 11, O’Shaugnessey Road
Bangalore, 560 025, India
Tel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062
Arizona Microchip Technology SRL
Centro Direzionale Colleoni
Palazzo Taurus 1 V. Le Colleoni 1
20041 Agrate Brianza
Los Angeles
18201 Von Karman, Suite 1090
Irvine, CA 92612
Japan
Milan, Italy
Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883
Microchip Technology Intl. Inc.
Benex S-1 6F
Tel: 949-263-1888 Fax: 949-263-1338
United Kingdom
Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd.
505 Eskdale Road
Winnersh Triangle
Wokingham
Mountain View
Analog Product Sales
1300 Terra Bella Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-1836
Tel: 650-968-9241 Fax: 650-967-1590
3-18-20, Shinyokohama
Kohoku-Ku, Yokohama-shi
Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan
Tel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122
Berkshire, England RG41 5TU
Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820
01/30/01
All rights reserved. © 2001 Microchip Technology Incorporated. Printed in the USA. 2/01
Printed on recycled paper.
Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by
updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is
assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual
property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with
express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, except as maybe explicitly expressed herein, under any intellec-
tual property rights. The Microchip logo and name are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All rights
reserved. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective companies.
DS40158E-page 36
Preliminary
2001 Microchip Technology Inc.
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