PPC7448VS1700LC_技术文档

Document Number: MPC7448EC

Rev. 4, 3/2007

Freescale Semiconductor

Technical Data

MPC7448

RISC Microprocessor

Hardware Specifications

Contents

This document is primarily concerned with the MPC7448,

1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447,

which is targeted at networking and computing systems

applications. This document describes pertinent electrical and

physical characteristics of the MPC7448. For information

regarding specific MPC7448 part numbers covered by this

document and part numbers covered by other documents, refer

to Section 11, “Part Numbering and Marking.” For functional

characteristics of the processor, refer to the MPC7450 RISC

Microprocessor Family Reference Manual.

MPC7445, and MPC7441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4. General Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5. Electrical and Thermal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6. Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7. Pinout Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8. Package Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

9. System Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

10. Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

11. Part Numbering and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

To locate any published updates for this document, refer to the

website listed on the back cover of this document.

1 Overview

The MPC7448 is the sixth implementation of fourth-

generation (G4) microprocessors from Freescale. The

MPC7448, built on Power Architecture™ technology,

implements the PowerPC™ instruction set architecture

version 1.0 and is targeted at networking and computing

systems applications. The MPC7448 consists of a processor

core and a 1-Mbyte L2.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the MPC7448. The core is

a high-performance superscalar design supporting a

double-precision floating-point unit and a SIMD multimedia

unit. The memory storage subsystem supports the MPX bus

protocol and a subset of the 60x bus protocol to main memory

and other system resources.

Overview

Figure 1. MPC7448 Block Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

2

Freescale Semiconductor

Features

2 Features

This section summarizes features of the MPC7448 implementation.

Major features of the MPC7448 are as follows:

•

High-performance, superscalar microprocessor

— Up to four instructions can be fetched from the instruction cache at a time.

— Up to three instructions plus a branch instruction can be dispatched to the issue queues at a

time.

— Up to 12 instructions can be in the instruction queue (IQ).

— Up to 16 instructions can be at some stage of execution simultaneously.

— Single-cycle execution for most instructions

— One instruction per clock cycle throughput for most instructions

— Seven-stage pipeline control

•

Eleven independent execution units and three register files

— Branch processing unit (BPU) features static and dynamic branch prediction

– 128-entry (32-set, four-way set-associative) branch target instruction cache (BTIC), a cache

of branch instructions that have been encountered in branch/loop code sequences. If a target

instruction is in the BTIC, it is fetched into the instruction queue a cycle sooner than it can

be made available from the instruction cache. Typically, a fetch that hits the BTIC provides

the first four instructions in the target stream.

– 2048-entry branch history table (BHT) with 2 bits per entry for four levels of

prediction—not taken, strongly not taken, taken, and strongly taken

– Up to three outstanding speculative branches

– Branch instructions that do not update the count register (CTR) or link register (LR) are

often removed from the instruction stream.

– Eight-entry link register stack to predict the target address of Branch Conditional to Link

Register (bclr) instructions

— Four integer units (IUs) that share 32 GPRs for integer operands

– Three identical IUs (IU1a, IU1b, and IU1c) can execute all integer instructions except

multiply, divide, and move to/from special-purpose register instructions.

– IU2 executes miscellaneous instructions, including the CR logical operations, integer

multiplication and division instructions, and move to/from special-purpose register

instructions.

— Five-stage FPU and 32-entry FPR file

– Fully IEEE Std. 754™-1985–compliant FPU for both single- and double-precision

operations

– Supports non-IEEE mode for time-critical operations

– Hardware support for denormalized numbers

– Thirty-two 64-bit FPRs for single- or double-precision operands

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

3

Features

— Four vector units and 32-entry vector register file (VRs)

– Vector permute unit (VPU)

– Vector integer unit 1 (VIU1) handles short-latency AltiVec™ integer instructions, such as

vector add instructions (for example, vaddsbs, vaddshs, and vaddsws).

– Vector integer unit 2 (VIU2) handles longer-latency AltiVec integer instructions, such as

vector multiply add instructions (for example, vmhaddshs, vmhraddshs, and

vmladduhm).

– Vector floating-point unit (VFPU)

— Three-stage load/store unit (LSU)

– Supports integer, floating-point, and vector instruction load/store traffic

– Four-entry vector touch queue (VTQ) supports all four architected AltiVec data stream

operations

– Three-cycle GPR and AltiVec load latency (byte, half word, word, vector) with one-cycle

throughput

– Four-cycle FPR load latency (single, double) with one-cycle throughput

– No additional delay for misaligned access within double-word boundary

– A dedicated adder calculates effective addresses (EAs).

– Supports store gathering

– Performs alignment, normalization, and precision conversion for floating-point data

– Executes cache control and TLB instructions

– Performs alignment, zero padding, and sign extension for integer data

– Supports hits under misses (multiple outstanding misses)

– Supports both big- and little-endian modes, including misaligned little-endian accesses

•

Three issue queues, FIQ, VIQ, and GIQ, can accept as many as one, two, and three instructions,

respectively, in a cycle. Instruction dispatch requires the following:

— Instructions can only be dispatched from the three lowest IQ entries—IQ0, IQ1, and IQ2.

— A maximum of three instructions can be dispatched to the issue queues per clock cycle.

— Space must be available in the CQ for an instruction to dispatch (this includes instructions that

are assigned a space in the CQ but not in an issue queue).

Rename buffers

— 16 GPR rename buffers

— 16 FPR rename buffers

— 16 VR rename buffers

Dispatch unit

•

— Decode/dispatch stage fully decodes each instruction

Completion unit

— Retires an instruction from the 16-entry completion queue (CQ) when all instructions ahead of

it have been completed, the instruction has finished executing, and no exceptions are pending

— Guarantees sequential programming model (precise exception model)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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Freescale Semiconductor

Features

— Monitors all dispatched instructions and retires them in order

— Tracks unresolved branches and flushes instructions after a mispredicted branch

— Retires as many as three instructions per clock cycle

Separate on-chip L1 instruction and data caches (Harvard architecture)

— 32-Kbyte, eight-way set-associative instruction and data caches

— Pseudo least-recently-used (PLRU) replacement algorithm

— 32-byte (eight-word) L1 cache block

•

— Physically indexed/physical tags

— Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis

— Instruction cache can provide four instructions per clock cycle; data cache can provide four

words per clock cycle

— Caches can be disabled in software.

— Caches can be locked in software.

— MESI data cache coherency maintained in hardware

— Separate copy of data cache tags for efficient snooping

— Parity support on cache

— No snooping of instruction cache except for icbi instruction

— Data cache supports AltiVec LRU and transient instructions

— Critical double- and/or quad-word forwarding is performed as needed. Critical quad-word

forwarding is used for AltiVec loads and instruction fetches. Other accesses use critical

double-word forwarding.

•

Level 2 (L2) cache interface

— On-chip, 1-Mbyte, eight-way set-associative unified instruction and data cache

— Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis

— Parity support on cache tags

— ECC or parity support on data

— Error injection allows testing of error recovery software

Separate memory management units (MMUs) for instructions and data

— 52-bit virtual address, 32- or 36-bit physical address

— Address translation for 4-Kbyte pages, variable-sized blocks, and 256-Mbyte segments

— Memory programmable as write-back/write-through, caching-inhibited/caching-allowed, and

memory coherency enforced/memory coherency not enforced on a page or block basis

— Separate IBATs and DBATs (eight each) also defined as SPRs

— Separate instruction and data translation lookaside buffers (TLBs)

– Both TLBs are 128-entry, two-way set-associative and use an LRU replacement algorithm.

– TLBs are hardware- or software-reloadable (that is, a page table search is performed in

hardware or by system software on a TLB miss).

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

5

Features

•

Efficient data flow

— Although the VR/LSU interface is 128 bits, the L1/L2 bus interface allows up to 256 bits.

— The L1 data cache is fully pipelined to provide 128 bits/cycle to or from the VRs.

— The L2 cache is fully pipelined to provide 32 bytes per clock every other cycle to the L1 caches.

— As many as 16 out-of-order transactions can be present on the MPX bus.

— Store merging for multiple store misses to the same line. Only coherency action taken

(address-only) for store misses merged to all 32 bytes of a cache block (no data tenure needed).

— Three-entry finished store queue and five-entry completed store queue between the LSU and

the L1 data cache

— Separate additional queues for efficient buffering of outbound data (such as castouts and

write-through stores) from the L1 data cache and L2 cache

•

Multiprocessing support features include the following:

— Hardware-enforced, MESI cache coherency protocols for data cache

— Load/store with reservation instruction pair for atomic memory references, semaphores, and

other multiprocessor operations

Power and thermal management

— Dynamic frequency switching (DFS) feature allows processor core frequency to be halved or

quartered through software to reduce power consumption.

— The following three power-saving modes are available to the system:

– Nap—Instruction fetching is halted. Only the clocks for the time base, decrementer, and

JTAG logic remain running. The part goes into the doze state to snoop memory operations

on the bus and then back to nap using a QREQ/QACK processor-system handshake

protocol.

– Sleep—Power consumption is further reduced by disabling bus snooping, leaving only the

PLL in a locked and running state. All internal functional units are disabled.

– Deep sleep—When the part is in the sleep state, the system can disable the PLL. The system

can then disable the SYSCLK source for greater system power savings. Power-on reset

procedures for restarting and relocking the PLL must be followed upon exiting the deep

sleep state.

— Instruction cache throttling provides control of instruction fetching to limit device temperature.

— A new temperature diode that can determine the temperature of the microprocessor

Performance monitor can be used to help debug system designs and improve software efficiency.

In-system testability and debugging features through JTAG boundary-scan capability

Testability

•

— LSSD scan design

— IEEE Std. 1149.1™ JTAG interface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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Freescale Semiconductor

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

•

Reliability and serviceability

— Parity checking on system bus

— Parity checking on the L1 caches and L2 data tags

— ECC or parity checking on L2 data

3 Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445,

and MPC7441

Table 1 compares the key features of the MPC7448 with the key features of the earlier MPC7447A,

MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. All are based on the MPC7450 RISC microprocessor and are

architecturally very similar. The MPC7448 is identical to the MPC7447A, but the MPC7448 supports 1

Mbyte of L2 cache with ECC and the use of dynamic frequency switching (DFS) with more bus-to-core

ratios.

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison

Microarchitectural Specs

MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

Basic Pipeline Functions

Logic inversions per cycle

18

Pipeline stages up to execute

5

7

Total pipeline stages (minimum)

Pipeline maximum instruction throughput

3 + branch

Pipeline Resources

Instruction buffer size

12

16

Completion buffer size

Renames (integer, float, vector)

16, 16, 16

Maximum Execution Throughput

SFX

3

Vector

2 (any 2 of 4 units)

1

Scalar floating-point

Out-of-Order Window Size in Execution Queues

1 entry × 3 queues

SFX integer units

Vector units

In order, 4 queues

In order

Scalar floating-point unit

Branch Processing Resources

Prediction structures

BTIC, BHT, link stack

BTIC size, associativity

BHT size

128-entry, 4-way

2K-entry

Link stack depth

8

3

1

6

Unresolved branches supported

Branch taken penalty (BTIC hit)

Minimum misprediction penalty

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

7

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison (continued)

Microarchitectural Specs

MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

Execution Unit Timings (Latency-Throughput)

Aligned load (integer, float, vector)

3-1, 4-1, 3-1

4-2, 5-2, 4-2

Misaligned load (integer, float, vector)

L1 miss, L2 hit latency with ECC (data/instruction)

L1 miss, L2 hit latency without ECC (data/instruction)

SFX (add, sub, shift, rot, cmp, logicals)

Integer multiply (32 × 8, 32 × 16, 32 × 32)

Scalar float

12/16

11/15

—

9/13

1-1

4-1, 4-1, 5-2

5-1

1-1

4-1

2-1

VSFX (vector simple)

VCFX (vector complex)

VFPU (vector float)

VPER (vector permute)

MMUs

TLBs (instruction and data)

Tablewalk mechanism

128-entry, 2-way

Hardware + software

8/8

Instruction BATs/data BATs

8/8

4/4

L1 I Cache/D Cache Features

Size

32K/32K

8-way

Way

Associativity

Locking granularity

Parity on I cache

Word

Parity on D cache

Number of D cache misses (load/store)

Data stream touch engines

Byte

5/2

5/1

4 streams

On-Chip Cache Features

Cache level

L2

Size/associativity

1-Mbyte/

8-way

512-Kbyte/8-way

256-Kbyte/8-way

Access width

256 bits

Number of 32-byte sectors/line

Parity tag

2

Byte

64-bit

Byte

—

Parity data

Data ECC

Thermal Control

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-two mode

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-four mode

Thermal diode

Yes

No

Yes

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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Freescale Semiconductor

General Parameters

4 General Parameters

The following list summarizes the general parameters of the MPC7448:

Technology

Die size

90 nm CMOS SOI, nine-layer metal

8.0 mm × 7.3 mm

Transistor count

Logic design

Packages

90 million

Mixed static and dynamic

Surface mount 360 ceramic ball grid array (HCTE)

Surface mount 360 ceramic land grid array (HCTE)

Surface mount 360 ceramic ball grid array with lead-free spheres (HCTE)

Core power supply

I/O power supply

1.30 V

1.25 V

1.20 V

1.15 V

(1700 MHz device)

(1600 MHz device)

(1420 MHz device)

(1000 MHz device)

1.5 V, 1.8 V, or 2.5 V

5 Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

This section provides the AC and DC electrical specifications and thermal characteristics for the

MPC7448.

5.1

DC Electrical Characteristics

The tables in this section describe the MPC7448 DC electrical characteristics. Table 2 provides the

absolute maximum ratings. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing,” for power

sequencing requirements.

1

Table 2. Absolute Maximum Ratings

Characteristic

Symbol

Maximum Value

Unit

Notes

Core supply voltage

PLL supply voltage

V

–0.3 to 1.4

–0.3 to 1.8

–0.3 to 2.2

–0.3 to 3.0

V

2

3

4

DD

AV

DD

Processor bus supply voltage

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V

Processor bus

OV

Input voltage

V

–0.3 to OV + 0.3

V

in

DD

JTAG signals

–0.3 to OV + 0.3

DD

Storage temperature range

T

– 55 to 150

•C

stg

Notes:

1. Functional and tested operating conditions are given in Table 4. Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and

functional operation at the maximums is not guaranteed. Stresses beyond those listed may affect device reliability or cause

permanent damage to the device.

2. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

3. Bus must be configured in the corresponding I/O voltage mode; see Table 3.

4. Caution: V must not exceed OV by more than 0.3 V at any time including during power-on reset except as allowed by

in

DD

the overshoot specifications. V may overshoot/undershoot to a voltage and for a maximum duration as shown in Figure 2.

in

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

9

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 2 shows the undershoot and overshoot voltage on the MPC7448.

OV + 20%

DD

OV + 5%

DD

OV

DD

V

IH

V

IL

GND

GND – 0.3 V

GND – 0.7 V

Not to Exceed 10%

of t

SYSCLK

Figure 2. Overshoot/Undershoot Voltage

The MPC7448 provides several I/O voltages to support both compatibility with existing systems and

migration to future systems. The MPC7448 core voltage must always be provided at the nominal voltage

(see Table 4). The input voltage threshold for each bus is selected by sampling the state of the voltage

select pins at the negation of the signal HRESET. The output voltage will swing from GND to the

maximum voltage applied to the OV power pins. Table 3 provides the input threshold voltage settings.

DD

Because these settings may change in future products, it is recommended that BVSEL[0:1] be configured

using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capability to reconfigure the

termination of this signal in the future, if necessary.

Table 3. Input Threshold Voltage Setting

1

BVSEL0

BVSEL1

I/O Voltage Mode

Notes

0

1

0

1

0

1

1.8 V

2.5 V

1.5 V

2.5 V

2, 3

2, 4

2

4

Notes:

1. Caution: The I/O voltage mode selected must agree with the OV voltages

DD

supplied. See Table 4.

2. If used, pull-down resistors should be less than 250 Ω.

3. The pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7448 is not compatible

with the pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices.

4. The pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7448 is fully compatible

with the pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

10

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 4 provides the recommended operating conditions for the MPC7448 part numbers described by this

document; see Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document,” for more information.

See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

1

Table 4. Recommended Operating Conditions

Recommended Value

Unit Notes

Characteristic

Symbol

1000 MHz

Min Max

1420 MHz

1600 MHz

1700 MHz

Min Max

Core supply voltage

V

1.15 V 50 mV 1.2 V 50 mV 1.25 V 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

– 50 mV

V

3, 4, 5

2, 3, 4

DD

PLL supply voltage

AV

1.15 V 50 mV 1.2 V 50 mV 1.25 V 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

– 50 mV

DD

Processor I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V OV

bus

1.5 V 5%

1.8 V 5%

2.5 V 5%

1.5 V 5%

1.8 V 5%

2.5 V 5%

1.5 V 5%

1.8 V 5%

2.5 V 5%

1.5 V 5%

1.8 V 5%

2.5 V 5%

4

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V

supply

voltage

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V

Input

voltage

Processor bus

JTAG signals

V

GND OV

V

in

DD

Die-junction temperature

T

0

105

0

105

0

105

0

105

•C

6

j

Notes:

1. These are the recommended and tested operating conditions.

2. This voltage is the input to the filter discussed in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filtering,” and not necessarily the voltage

at the AV pin, which may be reduced from V by the filter.

DD

3. Some early devices supported voltage and frequency derating whereby VDD (and AVDD) could be reduced to reduce power

consumption. This feature has been superseded and is no longer supported. See Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency

Derating,” for more information.

4. Caution: Power sequencing requirements must be met; see Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing”.

5. Caution: See Section 9.2.3, “Transient Specifications” for information regarding transients on this power supply.

6. For information on extended temperature devices, see Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

11

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 5 provides the package thermal characteristics for the MPC7448. For more information regarding

thermal management, see Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information.”

1

Table 5. Package Thermal Characteristics

Characteristic

Symbol

Value

Unit

Notes

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, single-layer (1s) board

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, four-layer (2s2p) board

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, single-layer (1s) board

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, four-layer (2s2p) board

Junction-to-board thermal resistance

R

26

19

•C/W

2, 3

2, 4

5

JA

θ

R

JMA

θ

R

22

16

R

11

JB

θ

Junction-to-case thermal resistance

R

< 0.1

6

JC

θ

Notes:

1. Refer to Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information,” for details about thermal management.

2. Junction temperature is a function of on-chip power dissipation, package thermal resistance, mounting site (board)

temperature, ambient temperature, airflow, power dissipation of other components on the board, and board thermal

resistance.

3. Per JEDEC JESD51-2 with the single-layer board horizontal

4. Per JEDEC JESD51-6 with the board horizontal

5. Thermal resistance between the die and the printed-circuit board per JEDEC JESD51-8. Board temperature is measured on

the top surface of the board near the package.

6. This is the thermal resistance between die and case top surface as measured by the cold plate method (MIL SPEC-883

Method 1012.1) with the calculated case temperature. The actual value of R

for the part is less than 0.1°C/W.

θJC

Table 6 provides the DC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448.

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Nominal Bus

Voltage

Characteristic

Input high voltage

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit Notes

1

1.5

1.8

2.5

1.5

1.8

2.5

—

V

OV × 0.65

OV + 0.3

V

2

IH

DD

(all inputs)

OV × 0.65

OV + 0.3

DD

1.7

–0.3

—

OV + 0.3

DD

Input low voltage

(all inputs)

V

OV × 0.35

V

2

IL

DD

OV × 0.35

DD

0.7

Input leakage current, all signals except

BVSEL0, LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS,

TRST:

I

µA

2, 3

in

V

= OV

= GND

50

– 50

in

DD

Input leakage current, BVSEL0,

—

µA

2, 6

LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS, TRST:

V

= OV

= GND

50

– 2000

in

DD

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Nominal Bus

Voltage

Characteristic

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit Notes

1

High-impedance (off-state) leakage current:

—

I

—

µA

2, 3, 4

TSI

V

= OV

= GND

50

– 50

in

DD

Output high voltage @ I = –5 mA

1.5

1.8

2.5

1.5

1.8

2.5

V

OV – 0.45

—

V

OH

DD

OV – 0.45

DD

1.8

—

Output low voltage @ I = 5 mA

V

0.45

0.6

8.0

V

OL

Capacitance,

= 0 V, f = 1 MHz

All inputs

C

pF

5

in

V

in

Notes:

1. Nominal voltages; see Table 4 for recommended operating conditions.

2. All I/O signals are referenced to OV

.

DD

3. Excludes test signals and IEEE Std. 1149.1 boundary scan (JTAG) signals

4. The leakage is measured for nominal OV and V , or both OV and V must vary in the same direction (for

DD

example, both OV and V vary by either +5% or –5%).

DD

5. Capacitance is periodically sampled rather than 100% tested.

6. These pins have internal pull-up resistors.

Table 7 provides the power consumption for the MPC7448 part numbers described by this document; see

Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document,” for information regarding which part

numbers are described by this document. Freescale also offers MPC7448 part numbers that meet lower

power consumption specifications by adhering to lower core voltage and core frequency specifications.

For more information on these devices, including references to the MPC7448 Hardware Specification

Addenda that describe these devices, see Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This

Document.”

The power consumptions provided in Table 7 represent the power consumption of each speed grade when

operated at the rated maximum core frequency (see Table 8). Freescale sorts devices by power as well as

by core frequency, and power limits for each speed grade are independent of each other. Each device is

tested at its maximum core frequency only. (Note that Deep Sleep Mode power consumption is

independent of clock frequency.) Operating a device at a frequency lower than its rated maximum is fully

supported provided the clock frequencies are within the specifications given in Table 8, and a device

operated below its rated maximum will have lower power consumption. However, inferences should not

be made about a device’s power consumption based on the power specifications of another (lower) speed

grade. For example, a 1700 MHz device operated at 1420 MHz may not exhibit the same power

consumption as a 1420 MHz device operated at 1420 MHz.

For all MPC7448 devices, the following guidelines on the use of these parameters for system design are

suggested. The Full-Power Mode–Typical value represents the sustained power consumption of the device

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

13

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

when running a typical benchmark at temperatures in a typical system. The Full-Power Mode–Thermal

value is intended to represent the sustained power consumption of the device when running a typical code

sequence at high temperature and is recommended to be used as the basis for designing a thermal solution;

see Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information” for more information on thermal

solutions. The Full-Power Mode–Maximum value is recommended to be used for power supply design

because this represents the maximum peak power draw of the device that a power supply must be capable

of sourcing without voltage droop. For information on power consumption when dynamic frequency

switching is enabled, see Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).”

Table 7. Power Consumption for MPC7448 at Maximum Rated Frequency

Die Junction

Temperature

Maximum Processor Core Frequency (Speed Grade, MHz)

Unit

Notes

1000 MHz

1420 MHz

1600 MHz

1700 MHz

(T )

j

Full-Power Mode

Typical

65 •C

105 •C

15.0

18.6

21.6

19.0

23.3

27.1

20.0

24.4

28.4

21.0

25.6

29.8

W

1, 2

1, 5

1, 3

Thermal

Maximum

Nap Mode

Typical

105 •C

11.1

10.8

11.8

13.0

12.5

13.0

12.5

W

1, 6

Sleep Mode

11.4

Deep Sleep Mode (PLL Disabled)

11.0 12.0

Typical

Notes:

105 •C

10.4

12.0

W

1, 6

1. These values specify the power consumption for the core power supply (V ) at nominal voltage and apply to all valid

DD

processor bus frequencies and configurations. The values do not include I/O supply power (OV ) or PLL supply power

DD

(AV ). OV power is system dependent but is typically < 5% of V power. Worst case power consumption for

DD

AV < 13 mW. Freescale also offers MPC7448 part numbers that meet lower power consumption specifications; for

DD

more information on these devices, see Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

2. Typical power consumption is an average value measured with the processor operating at its rated maximum processor

core frequency (except for Deep Sleep Mode), at nominal recommended V (see Table 4) and 65°C while running the

DD

Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested but periodically

sampled.b

3. Maximum power consumption is the average measured with the processor operating at its rated maximum processor core

frequency, at nominal V and maximum operating junction temperature (see Table 4) while running an entirely

DD

cache-resident, contrived sequence of instructions to keep all the execution units maximally busy.

4. Doze mode is not a user-definable state; it is an intermediate state between full-power and either nap or sleep mode. As

a result, power consumption for this mode is not tested.

5. Thermal power consumption is an average value measured at the nominal recommended V (see Table 4) and 105 °C

DD

while running the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested

but periodically sampled.

6. Typical power consumption for these modes is measured at the nominal recommended V (see Table 4) and 105 °C in

DD

the mode described. This parameter is not 100% tested but is periodically sampled.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

14

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2

AC Electrical Characteristics

This section provides the AC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448. After fabrication, functional parts

are sorted by maximum processor core frequency as shown in Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Specifications,”

and tested for conformance to the AC specifications for that frequency. The processor core frequency,

determined by the bus (SYSCLK) frequency and the settings of the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals, can be

dynamically modified using dynamic frequency switching (DFS). Parts are sold by maximum processor

core frequency; see Section 11, “Part Numbering and Marking,” for information on ordering parts. DFS is

described in Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).”

5.2.1

Clock AC Specifications

Table 8 provides the clock AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 3 and represents the tested

operating frequencies of the devices. The maximum system bus frequency, f , given in Table 8, is

SYSCLK

considered a practical maximum in a typical single-processor system. This does not exclude

multi-processor systems, but these typically require considerably more design effort to achieve the

maximum rated bus frequency. The actual maximum SYSCLK frequency for any application of the

MPC7448 will be a function of the AC timings of the microprocessor(s), the AC timings for the system

controller, bus loading, circuit board topology, trace lengths, and so forth, and may be less than the value

given in Table 8.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

15

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 8. Clock AC Timing Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Maximum Processor Core Frequency (Speed Grade)

1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Min Max

1600 600

Characteristic

Symbol

Unit

Notes

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Processor DFS mode disabled

core

f

600

300

1000

500

600

300

1420

710

600

300

1700 MHz

850

1, 8

9

core

DFS mode enabled

frequency

f

_

800

300

core DF

VCO frequency

f

600

33

1000

200

30

600

33

1420

200

30

600

33

800

200

30

600

33

1700 MHz

1, 10

VCO

SYSCLK frequency

f

t

200

30

MHz

ns

1, 2, 8

SYSCLK

SYSCLK cycle time

5.0

—

5.0

—

5.0

—

5.0

—

2

3

4

SYSCLK rise and fall time

SYSCLK duty cycle measured at

t

, t

0.5

60

0.5

60

0.5

60

0.5

60

ns

KR KF

t

/

40

%

KHKL

OV /2

t

DD

SYSCLK

SYSCLK cycle-to-cycle jitter

Internal PLL relock time

—

150

100

—

150

100

—

150

100

—

150

100

ps

5, 6

7

μs

Notes:

1. Caution: The SYSCLK frequency and PLL_CFG[0:5] settings must be chosen such that the resulting SYSCLK (bus)

frequency, processor core frequency, and PLL (VCO) frequency do not exceed their respective maximum or minimum

operating frequencies. Refer to the PLL_CFG[0:5] signal description in Section 9.1.1, “PLL Configuration,” for valid

PLL_CFG[0:5] settings.

2. Actual maximum system bus frequency is system-dependent. See Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Specifications.”

3. Rise and fall times for the SYSCLK input measured from 0.4 to 1.4 V

4. Timing is guaranteed by design and characterization.

5. Guaranteed by design

6. The SYSCLK driver’s closed loop jitter bandwidth should be less than 1.5 MHz at –3 dB.

7. Relock timing is guaranteed by design and characterization. PLL-relock time is the maximum amount of time required for PLL

lock after a stable V and SYSCLK are reached during the power-on reset sequence. This specification also applies when

DD

the PLL has been disabled and subsequently re-enabled during sleep mode. Also note that HRESET must be held asserted

for a minimum of 255 bus clocks after the PLL-relock time during the power-on reset sequence.

8. This reflects the maximum and minimum core frequencies when the dynamic frequency switching feature (DFS) is disabled.

f

provides the maximum and minimum core frequencies when operating in a DFS mode.

core_DFS

9.This specification supports the Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS) feature and is applicable only when one of the DFS modes

(divide-by-2 or divide-by-4) is enabled. When DFS is disabled, the core frequency must conform to the maximum and minimum

frequencies stated for f

.

core

10.Use of the DFS feature does not affect VCO frequency.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

16

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 3 provides the SYSCLK input timing diagram.

CV

t

IH

V

M

SYSCLK

M

CV

IL

t

KHKL

KR

KF

t

SYSCLK

V

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

DD

M

Figure 3. SYSCLK Input Timing Diagram

5.2.2

Processor Bus AC Specifications

Table 9 provides the processor bus AC timing specifications for the MPC7448 as defined in Figure 4 and

Figure 5.

1

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

All Speed Grades

2

Parameter

Symbol

Unit

Notes

Min

Max

Input setup times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

AACK, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:4],

QACK, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

SHD[0:1]

ns

t

1.5

—

AVKH

t

DVKH

t

IVKH

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

t

1.5

—

8

MVKH

Input hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

AACK, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:4],

QACK, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

SHD[0:1]

ns

t

0

—

AXKH

DXKH

IXKH

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

t

0

—

8

MXKH

Output valid times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

BR, CI, DRDY, GBL, HIT, PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST,

TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:4], WT

TS

ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

t

—

1.8

KHAV

KHDV

KHOV

t

—

1.8

KHTSV

KHARV

Output hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4]

D[0:63], DP[0:7]

BR, CI, DRDY, GBL, HIT, PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST,

TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:4], WT

TS

ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

t

0.5

—

KHAX

KHDX

KHOX

t

0.5

—

KHTSX

t

KHARX

SYSCLK to output enable

t

0.5

—

5

KHOE

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

17

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

1

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

All Speed Grades

2

Parameter

Symbol

Unit

Notes

Min

Max

SYSCLK to output high impedance (all except TS, ARTRY,

SHD0, SHD1)

t

—

1.8

ns

5

KHOZ

SYSCLK to TS high impedance after precharge

Maximum delay to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 precharge

t

—

1

2

t

3, 4, 5

KHTSPZ

SYSCLK

t

3, 5, 6, 7

KHARP

SYSCLK to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 high impedance after

precharge

t

KHARPZ

Notes:

1. All input specifications are measured from the midpoint of the signal in question to the midpoint of the rising edge of the input

SYSCLK. All output specifications are measured from the midpoint of the rising edge of SYSCLK to the midpoint of the signal

in question. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 4). Input and output timings are measured at

the pin; time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. The symbology used for timing specifications herein follows the pattern of t

for inputs and

(signal)(state)(reference)(state)

t

for outputs. For example, t

symbolizes the time input signals (I) reach the valid state (V)

(reference)(state)(signal)(state)

IVKH

relative to the SYSCLK reference (K) going to the high (H) state or input setup time. And t

symbolizes the time from

KHOV

SYSCLK(K) going high (H) until outputs (O) are valid (V) or output valid time. Input hold time can be read as the time that the

input signal (I) went invalid (X) with respect to the rising clock edge (KH) (note the position of the reference and its state for

inputs) and output hold time can be read as the time from the rising edge (KH) until the output went invalid (OX).

3. t

is the period of the external clock (SYSCLK) in ns. The numbers given in the table must be multiplied by the period of

sysclk

SYSCLK to compute the actual time duration (in ns) of the parameter in question.

4. According to the bus protocol, TS is driven only by the currently active bus master. It is asserted low and precharged high

before returning to high impedance, as shown in Figure 6. The nominal precharge width for TS is t

, that is, one clock

SYSCLK

period. Since no master can assert TS on the following clock edge, there is no concern regarding contention with the

precharge. Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted. Output valid time is tested for precharge.The

high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

5. Guaranteed by design and not tested

6. According to the bus protocol, ARTRY can be driven by multiple bus masters through the clock period immediately following

AACK. Bus contention is not an issue because any master asserting ARTRY will be driving it low. Any master asserting it low

in the first clock following AACK will then go to high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire cycle

(crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for ARTRY is 1.0 t

;

SYSCLK

that is, it should be high impedance as shown in Figure 6 before the first opportunity for another master to assert ARTRY.

Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted.The high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

7. According to the MPX bus protocol, SHD0 and SHD1 can be driven by multiple bus masters beginning two cycles after TS.

Timing is the same as ARTRY, that is, the signal is high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire

cycle (crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for SHD0 and SHD1 is

1.0 t

. The edges of the precharge vary depending on the programmed ratio of core to bus (PLL configurations).

SYSCLK

8. BMODE[0:1] and BVSEL[0:1] are mode select inputs. BMODE[0:1] are sampled before and after HRESET negation.

BVSEL[0:1] are sampled before HRESET negation. These parameters represent the input setup and hold times for each

sample. These values are guaranteed by design and not tested. BMODE[0:1] must remain stable after the second sample;

BVSEL[0:1] must remain stable after the first (and only) sample. See Figure 5 for sample timing.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

18

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 4 provides the AC test load for the MPC7448.

Output

Z = 50 Ω

0

OV /2

DD

R = 50 Ω

L

Figure 4. AC Test Load

Figure 5 provides the BMODE[0:1] input timing diagram for the MPC7448. These mode select inputs are

sampled once before and once after HRESET negation.

V

SYSCLK

HRESET

M

BMODE[0:1]

2nd Sample

1st Sample

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

V

DD

M

Figure 5. BMODE[0:1] Input Sample Timing Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

19

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 6 provides the input/output timing diagram for the MPC7448.

SYSCLK

All Inputs

V

M

t

AXKH

IXKH

t

AVKH

IVKH

MXKH

t

MVKH

t

KHAV

KHAX

KHDX

KHOX

t

KHDV

KHOV

All Outputs

(Except TS,

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

t

KHOE

t_KHOZ

All Outputs

(Except TS,

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

t_KHTSPZ

t

KHTSV

t

KHTSX

t_KHTSV

TS

t_KHARPZ

t_KHARV

t_KHARP

ARTRY,

SHD0,

SHD1

t_KHARX

V

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

DD

M

Figure 6. Input/Output Timing Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

20

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2.3

IEEE Std. 1149.1 AC Timing Specifications

Table 10 provides the IEEE Std. 1149.1 (JTAG) AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 8 through

Figure 11.

1

Table 10. JTAG AC Timing Specifications (Independent of SYSCLK)

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Parameter

TCK frequency of operation

Symbol

Min

Max

Unit

Notes

f

t

0

33.3

—

MHz

ns

TCLK

TCK cycle time

30

15

—

25

TCK clock pulse width measured at 1.4 V

TCK rise and fall times

TRST assert time

t

—

ns

JHJL

t

and t

2

ns

JR

JF

t

—

ns

2

3

TRST

Input setup times:

Boundary-scan data

TMS, TDI

ns

t

4

0

—

DVJH

t

IVJH

Input hold times:

Boundary-scan data

TMS, TDI

ns

3

4

t

20

25

—

DXJH

IXJH

Valid times:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

t

4

20

25

JLDV

JLOV

Output hold times:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

4

t

30

—

JLDX

JLOX

TCK to output high impedance:

Boundary-scan data

TDO

4, 5

t

3

19

9

JLDZ

JLOZ

Notes:

1. All outputs are measured from the midpoint voltage of the falling/rising edge of TCLK to the midpoint of the signal in question.

The output timings are measured at the pins. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 7).

Time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. TRST is an asynchronous level sensitive signal. The time is for test purposes only.

3. Non-JTAG signal input timing with respect to TCK.

4. Non-JTAG signal output timing with respect to TCK.

5. Guaranteed by design and characterization.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

21

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 7 provides the AC test load for TDO and the boundary-scan outputs of the MPC7448.

Output

OV /2

DD

Z = 50 Ω

0

R = 50 Ω

L

Figure 7. Alternate AC Test Load for the JTAG Interface

Figure 8 provides the JTAG clock input timing diagram.

TCLK

V

M

t

JF

JHJL

JR

t

TCLK

V

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

DD

M

Figure 8. JTAG Clock Input Timing Diagram

Figure 9 provides the TRST timing diagram.

V

M

TRST

t

TRST

V

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

DD

M

Figure 9. TRST Timing Diagram

Figure 10 provides the boundary-scan timing diagram.

TCK

V

M

t

DVJH

t

DXJH

Boundary

Data Inputs

Input

Data Valid

t

JLDV

t

JLDX

Boundary

Data Outputs

Output Data Valid

t

JLDZ

Boundary

Data Outputs

Output Data Valid

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

V

M

DD

Figure 10. Boundary-Scan Timing Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

22

Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 11 provides the test access port timing diagram.

TCK

TDI, TMS

TDO

V

M

t

IVJH

t

IXJH

Input

Data Valid

t

JLOV

t

JLOX

Output Data Valid

t

JLOZ

TDO

Output Data Valid

= Midpoint Voltage (OV /2)

V

M

DD

Figure 11. Test Access Port Timing Diagram

5.3

Voltage and Frequency Derating

Voltage and frequency derating is no longer supported for part numbers described by this document

beginning with datecode 0613. (See Section 11, “Part Numbering and Marking,” for information on date

code markings.) It is supported by some MPC7448 part numbers which target low-power applications; see

Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document” and the referenced MPC7448

Hardware Specification Addenda for more information on these low-power devices. For those devices

which previously supported this feature, information has been archived in the Chip Errata for the

MPC7448 (document order no. MPC7448CE).

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

23

Pin Assignments

6 Pin Assignments

Figure 12 (in Part A) shows the pinout of the MPC7448, 360 high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic

ball grid array (HCTE) package as viewed from the top surface. Part B shows the side profile of the HCTE

package to indicate the direction of the top surface view.

Part A

17 18 19

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

P

R

T

U

V

W

Not to Scale

Part B

Substrate Assembly

Encapsulant

View

Die

Figure 12. Pinout of the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package as Viewed from the Top Surface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

24

Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

7 Pinout Listings

Table 11 provides the pinout listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE package. The pinouts of the MPC7448

and MPC7447A are compatible, but the requirements regarding the use of the additional power and ground

pins have changed. The MPC7448 requires these pins be connected to the appropriate power or ground

plane to achieve high core frequencies; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional

information. As a result, these pins should be connected in all new designs.

Additionally, the MPC7448 may be populated on a board designed for a MPC7447 (or MPC7445 or

MPC7441), provided the core voltage can be made to match the requirements in Table 4 and all pins

defined as ‘no connect’ for the MPC7447 are unterminated, as required by the MPC7457 RISC

Microprocessor Hardware Specifications. The MPC7448 uses pins previously marked ‘no connect’ for the

temperature diode pins and for additional power and ground connections. The additional power and

ground pins are required to achieve high core frequencies and core frequency will be limited if they are

not connected; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional information. Because

these ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447 360 pin package are not driven in functional mode, an MPC7447

can be populated in an MPC7448 board.

NOTE

Caution must be exercised when performing boundary scan test operations

on a board designed for an MPC7448, but populated with an MPC7447 or

earlier device. This is because in the MPC7447 it is possible to drive the

latches associated with the former ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447,

potentially causing contention on those pins. To prevent this, ensure that

these pins are not connected on the board or, if they are connected, ensure

that the states of internal MPC7447 latches do not cause these pins to be

driven during board testing.

For the MPC7448, pins that were defined as the TEST[0:4] factory test signal group on the MPC7447A

and earlier devices have been assigned new functions. For most of these, the termination recommendations

for the TEST[0:4] pins of the MPC7447A are compatible with the MPC7448 and will allow correct

operation with no performance loss. The exception is BVSEL1 (TEST3 on the MPC7447A and earlier

devices), which may require a different termination depending which I/O voltage mode is desired; see

Table 3 for more information.

NOTE

This pinout is not compatible with the MPC750, MPC7400, or MPC7410

360 BGA package.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

25

Pinout Listings

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package

Signal Name

Pin Number

Active

I/O

Notes

A[0:35]

E11, H1, C11, G3, F10, L2, D11, D1, C10, G2, D12, L3, G4, T2, F4, V1,

J4, R2, K5, W2, J2, K4, N4, J3, M5, P5, N3, T1, V2, U1, N5, W1, B12,

C4, G10, B11

High

I/O

2

AACK

R1

Low

High

Low

—

Input

I/O

AP[0:4]

ARTRY

C1, E3, H6, F5, G7

2

3

N2

A8

M1

G9

F8

D2

B7

E10

J1

I/O

AV

Input

Output

Input

Output

Input

Output

I/O

DD

BG

Low

High

Low

High

BMODE0

BMODE1

BR

4

5

BVSEL0

BVSEL1

CI

1, 6

1, 20

CKSTP_IN

CKSTP_OUT

CLK_OUT

D[0:63]

A3

B1

H2

R15, W15, T14, V16, W16, T15, U15, P14, V13, W13, T13, P13, U14,

W14, R12, T12, W12, V12, N11, N10, R11, U11, W11, T11, R10, N9,

P10, U10, R9, W10, U9, V9, W5, U6, T5, U5, W7, R6, P7, V6, P17, R19,

V18, R18, V19, T19, U19, W19, U18, W17, W18, T16, T18, T17, W3,

V17, U4, U8, U7, R7, P6, R8, W8, T8

DBG

M2

Low

High

Low

High

Low

—

Input

I/O

DFS2

A12

20, 21

DFS4

B6

12, 20, 21

DP[0:7]

DRDY

DTI[0:3]

EXT_QUAL

GBL

T3, W4, T4, W9, M6, V3, N8, W6

R3

Output

Input

I/O

7

8

9

G1, K1, P1, N1

A11

E2

GND

B5, C3, D6, D13, E17, F3, G17, H4, H7, H9, H11, H13, J6, J8, J10, J12,

K7, K3, K9, K11, K13, L6, L8, L10, L12, M4, M7, M9, M11, M13, N7, P3,

P9, P12, R5, R14, R17, T7, T10, U3, U13, U17, V5, V8, V11, V15

—

GND

A17, A19, B13, B16, B18, E12, E19, F13, F16, F18, G19, H18, J14, L14,

M15, M17, M19, N14, N16, P15, P19

—

15

GND_SENSE

HIT

G12, N13

B2

—

19

7

Low

High

Output

Input

HRESET

INT

D8

D4

L1_TSTCLK

L2_TSTCLK

G8

9

B3

10

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

26

Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

Notes

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name

LVRAM

Pin Number

Active

I/O

B10

—

12, 20, 22

11

NC (no connect)

A6, A14, A15, B14, B15, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, D14, D15, D16,

D17, D18, D19, E14, E15, F14, F15, G14, G15, H15, H16, J15, J16, J17,

J18, J19, K15, K16, K17, K18, K19, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19

LSSD_MODE

MCP

E8

C9

Low

—

Input

—

6, 12

OV

B4, C2, C12, D5, F2, H3, J5, K2, L5, M3, N6, P2, P8, P11, R4, R13, R16,

T6, T9, U2, U12, U16, V4, V7, V10, V14

DD

OVDD_SENSE

PLL_CFG[0:4]

PLL_CFG[5]

PMON_IN

PMON_OUT

QACK

E18, G18

—

Input

Output

Input

Output

I/O

16

B8, C8, C7, D7, A7

High

Low

—

D10

D9

9, 20

13

A9

G5

QREQ

P4

SHD[0:1]

SMI

E4, H5

F9

3

Input

Output

Input

Output

Input

—

SRESET

SYSCLK

TA

A2

A10

K6

Low

High

Low

High

Low

—

TBEN

E1

TBST

F11

C6

TCK

TDI

B9

6

TDO

A4

TEA

L1

TEMP_ANODE

N18

17

6

TEMP_CATHODE N19

—

TMS

F1

High

Low

High

Low

—

Input

I/O

TRST

TS

A5

6, 14

3

L4

TSIZ[0:2]

TT[0:4]

WT

G6, F7, E7

E5, E6, F6, E9, C5

D3

Output

I/O

Output

—

V

H8, H10, H12, J7, J9, J11, J13, K8, K10, K12, K14, L7, L9, L11, L13, M8,

M10, M12

DD

V

A13, A16, A18, B17, B19, C13, E13, E16, F12, F17, F19, G11, G16,

H14, H17, H19, M14, M16, M18, N15, N17, P16, P18

—

15

DD

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

27

Pinout Listings

Signal Name

Table 11. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Pin Number

Active

I/O

Notes

VDD_SENSE

G13, N12

—

18

Notes:

1. OV supplies power to the processor bus, JTAG, and all control signals, and is configurable. (V supplies power to the

DD

processor core, and AV supplies power to the PLL after filtering from V ). To program the I/O voltage, see Table 3. If used,

DD

the pull-down resistor should be less than 250 Ω. Because these settings may change in future products, it is recommended

BVSEL[0:1] be configured using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capability to reconfigure

the termination of this signal in the future if necessary. For actual recommended value of V or supply voltages see Table 4.

in

2. Unused address pins must be pulled down to GND and corresponding address parity pins pulled up to OV

.

DD

3. These pins require weak pull-up resistors (for example, 4.7 KΩ) to maintain the control signals in the negated state after they

have been actively negated and released by the MPC7448 and other bus masters.

4. This signal selects between MPX bus mode (asserted) and 60x bus mode (negated) and will be sampled at HRESET going

high.

5. This signal must be negated during reset, by pull-up resistor to OV or negation by ¬HRESET (inverse of HRESET), to

DD

ensure proper operation.

6. Internal pull up on die.

7. Not used in 60x bus mode.

8. These signals must be pulled down to GND if unused, or if the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode.

9. These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled down to GND for normal machine operation.

10.This test signal is recommended to be tied to HRESET; however, other configurations will not adversely affect performance.

11.These signals are for factory use only and must be left unconnected for normal machine operation. Some pins that were

NCs on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441 have now been defined for other purposes.

12.These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled up to OV for normal machine operation.

DD

13.This pin can externally cause a performance monitor event. Counting of the event is enabled through software.

14.This signal must be asserted during reset, by pull down to GND or assertion by HRESET, to ensure proper operation.

15.These pins were NCs on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. See Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for

more information.

16.These pins were OV pins on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. These pins are internally connected to OV and

DD

are intended to allow an external device (such as a power supply) to detect the I/O voltage level present inside the device

package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test points to facilitate system debug; otherwise, they may be

connected directly to OV or left unconnected.

DD

17.These pins provide connectivity to the on-chip temperature diode that can be used to determine the die junction temperature

of the processor. These pins may be left unterminated if unused.

18.These pins are internally connected to V and are intended to allow an external device (such as a power supply) to detect

DD

the processor core voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test

points to facilitate system debug; otherwise, they may be connected directly to V or left unconnected.

DD

19.These pins are internally connected to GND and are intended to allow an external device to detect the processor ground

voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, it is recommended they be connected to test points to facilitate

system debug; otherwise, they may be connected directly to GND or left unconnected.

20.These pins were in the TEST[0:4] factory test pin group on the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. They have

been assigned new functions on the MPC7448.

21.These pins can be used to enable the supported dynamic frequency switching (DFS) modes via hardware. If both are pulled

down, DFS mode is disabled completely and cannot be enabled via software. If unused, they should be pulled up to OV

DD

to allow software control of DFS. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

22.This pin is provided to allow operation of the L2 cache at low core voltages and is for factory use only. See the MPC7450

RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

28

Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8 Package Description

The following sections provide the package parameters and mechanical dimensions for the HCTE

package.

8.1

Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360-lead

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE).

Package outline

Interconnects

Pitch

25 × 25 mm

360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum module height 2.32 mm

Maximum module height 2.80 mm

Ball diameter

0.89 mm (35 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

29

Package Description

8.2

Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package.

2X

Capacitor Region

0.2

NOTES:

D

B

1. Dimensioning and

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a ball missing from the array.

D1

D2

D3

A1 CORNER

A

0.15 A

E3

E4

E

Millimeters

E2

E1

Dim

Min

Max

A

2.32

0.80

0.70

—

2.80

1.00

0.90

0.6

2X

A1

A2

A3

b

0.2

D4

C

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213141516171819

W

V

0.82

0.93

U

D

25.00 BSC

T

R

P

N

M

L

K

J

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

D1

D2

D3

D4

e

—

8.0

—

11.3

—

A3

6.5

7.4

7.2

A2

A1

1.27 BSC

25.00 BSC

A

E

0.35 A

E1

E2

E3

E4

—

8.0

—

11.3

—

e

360X

b

6.5

8.1

0.3 A B C

7.9

A

0.15

Figure 13. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE BGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

30

Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.3

Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360 pin

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic land grid array (HCTE).

Package outline

Interconnects

Pitch

25 × 25 mm

360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum module height 1.52 mm

Maximum module height 1.80 mm

Pad diameter

0.89 mm (35 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

31

Package Description

8.4

Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE LGA package.

2X

Capacitor Region

0.2

NOTES:

D

B

1. Dimensioning and

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a pad missing from the array.

D1

D2

D3

A1 CORNER

A

0.15 A

E3

E4

E

Millimeters

E2

E1

Dim

Min

Max

A

1.52

0.70

—

1.80

0.90

0.6

2X

A1

A2

b

0.2

D4

C

0.82

0.93

171819

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213141516

1

W

V

U

D

25.00 BSC

D1

D2

D3

D4

e

—

8.0

—

11.3

—

T

R

P

N

M

L

K

J

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

6.5

7.4

A2

7.2

1.27 BSC

25.00 BSC

A1

E

A

E1

E2

E3

E4

—

8.0

—

11.3

0.35 A

—

6.5

8.1

e

360X

b

7.9

0.3 A B C

A

0.15

Figure 14. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE LGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

32

Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.5

Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE

RoHS-Compliant BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360-lead

high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE) with RoHS-compliant lead-free

spheres.

Package outline

Interconnects

Pitch

25 × 25 mm

360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1)

1.27 mm (50 mil)

Minimum module height 1.92 mm

Maximum module height 2.40 mm

Ball diameter

0.75 mm (30 mil)

Coefficient of thermal expansion12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

33

Package Description

8.6

Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE

RoHS-Compliant BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package with RoHS-compliant lead-free spheres.

2X

Capacitor Region

0.2

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and

D

B

tolerancing per ASME

Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a

metalized feature with

D1

D2

D3

A1 CORNER

A

0.15 A

various shapes. Bottom side

A1 corner is designated with

a ball missing from the array.

4. Dimension A1 represents the

collapsed sphere diameter.

E3

E4

E

Millimeters

E2

E1

Dim

Min

Max

A

1.92

0.40

0.70

—

2.40

0.60

0.90

0.6

2X

4

A1

0.2

D4

A2

A3

b

C

171819

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213141516

1

W

V

0.60

0.90

U

D

25.00 BSC

T

R

P

N

M

L

K

J

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

D1

D2

D3

D4

e

—

8.0

—

11.3

—

A3

6.5

7.4

7.2

A2

A1

1.27 BSC

25.00 BSC

A

E

0.35 A

E1

E2

E3

E4

—

8.0

—

11.3

—

e

360X

b

6.5

8.1

0.3 A B C

7.9

A

0.15

Figure 15. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE RoHS-Compliant BGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

34

Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9 System Design Information

This section provides system and thermal design requirements and recommendations for successful

application of the MPC7448.

9.1

Clocks

The following sections provide more detailed information regarding the clocking of the MPC7448.

9.1.1

PLL Configuration

The MPC7448 PLL is configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals. For a given SYSCLK (bus) frequency,

the PLL configuration signals set the internal CPU and VCO frequency of operation. The PLL

configuration for the MPC7448 is shown in Table 12. In this example, shaded cells represent settings that,

for a given SYSCLK frequency, result in core and/or VCO frequencies that do not comply with Table 8.

When enabled, dynamic frequency switching (DFS) also affects the core frequency by halving or

quartering the bus-to-core multiplier; see Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS),” for more

information. Note that when DFS is enabled the resulting core frequency must meet the adjusted minimum

core frequency requirements (f

) described in Table 8. Note that the PLL_CFG[5] is currently used

core_DFS

for factory test only and should be tied low, and that the MPC7448 PLL configuration settings are

compatible with the MPC7447A PLL configuration settings when PLL_CFG[5] = 0.

Table 12. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

PLL_CFG[0:5]

Bus-to-Core Core-to-VCO

5

33.3

MHz

50

MHz

66.6

MHz

75

83

100

133

167

200

Multiplier

MHz

6

010000

100000

101000

101100

100100

110100

010100

001000

000100

110000

011000

011110

011100

101010

100010

2x

1x

6

3x

600

6

4x

667

835

800

5x

5.5x

6x

667

733

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

919

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

1050

800

1002

1086

1169

1253

1336

1417

1500

1583

1667

6.5x

7x

866

931

7.5x

8x

623

664

706

747

789

830

872

1000

1064

1131

1197

1264

1333

1397

600

638

675

712

750

938

8.5x

9x

600

633

667

700

9.5x

10x

10.5x

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

35

System Design Information

Table 12. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example (continued)

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

PLL_CFG[0:5]

Bus-to-Core Core-to-VCO

5

33.3

MHz

50

MHz

66.6

MHz

75

MHz

83

MHz

100

MHz

133

167

200

Multiplier

MHz

100110

000000

101110

111110

010110

111000

110010

000110

110110

000010

001010

001110

010010

011010

111010

001100

111100

Notes:

11x

11.5x

12x

1x

733

766

825

863

913

955

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1500

1600

1700

1467

1533

1600

1667

600

625

800

900

996

12.5x

13x

833

938

1038

1079

1121

1162

1245

1328

1417

1500

1666

650

865

975

13.5x

14x

675

900

1013

1050

1125

1200

1275

1350

1500

1575

700

933

15x

750

1000

1066

1132

1200

1332

1399

1600

16x

800

17x

850

18x

600

667

700

800

933

900

20x

1000

1050

1200

1400

21x

24x

28x

PLL bypass

PLL off

PLL off, SYSCLK clocks core circuitry directly

PLL off, no core clocking occurs

1. PLL_CFG[0:5] settings not listed are reserved.

2. The sample bus-to-core frequencies shown are for reference only. Some PLL configurations may select bus, core, or VCO

frequencies which are not useful, not supported, or not tested for by the MPC7448; see Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC

Specifications,” for valid SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies.

3. In PLL-bypass mode, the SYSCLK input signal clocks the internal processor directly and the PLL is disabled. However, the

bus interface unit requires a 2x clock to function. Therefore, an additional signal, EXT_QUAL, must be driven at half the

frequency of SYSCLK and offset in phase to meet the required input setup t

and hold time t

(see Table 9). The result

IVKH

IXKH

will be that the processor bus frequency will be one-half SYSCLK, while the internal processor is clocked at SYSCLK

frequency. This mode is intended for factory use and emulator tool use only.

Note: The AC timing specifications given in this document do not apply in PLL-bypass mode.

4. In PLL-off mode, no clocking occurs inside the MPC7448 regardless of the SYSCLK input.

5. Applicable when DFS modes are disabled. These multipliers change when operating in a DFS mode. See Section 9.7.5,

“Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)” for more information.

6. Bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x require that assertion of AACK be delayed by one or two bus cycles to allow the

processor to generate a response to a snooped transaction. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for

more information.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

36

Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.1.2

System Bus Clock (SYSCLK) and Spread Spectrum Sources

Spread spectrum clock sources are an increasingly popular way to control electromagnetic interference

emissions (EMI) by spreading the emitted noise to a wider spectrum and reducing the peak noise

magnitude in order to meet industry and government requirements. These clock sources intentionally add

long-term jitter in order to diffuse the EMI spectral content. The jitter specification given in Table 8

considers short-term (cycle-to-cycle) jitter only and the clock generator’s cycle-to-cycle output jitter

should meet the MPC7448 input cycle-to-cycle jitter requirement. Frequency modulation and spread are

separate concerns, and the MPC7448 is compatible with spread spectrum sources if the recommendations

listed in Table 13 are observed.

Table 13. Spread Spectrum Clock Source Recommendations

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4.

Parameter

Min

Max

Unit

Notes

Frequency modulation

Frequency spread

Notes:

—

50

kHz

%

1

1.0

1, 2

1. Guaranteed by design

2. SYSCLK frequencies resulting from frequency spreading, and the resulting core and VCO

frequencies, must meet the minimum and maximum specifications given in Table 8.

It is imperative to note that the processor’s minimum and maximum SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies

must not be exceeded regardless of the type of clock source. Therefore, systems in which the processor is

operated at its maximum rated core or bus frequency should avoid violating the stated limits by using

down-spreading only.

9.2

Power Supply Design and Sequencing

The following sections provide detailed information regarding power supply design for the MPC7448.

9.2.1

Power Supply Sequencing

The MPC7448 requires its power rails and clock to be applied in a specific sequence to ensure proper

device operation and to prevent device damage. The power sequencing requirements are as follows:

•

AV must be delayed with respect to V by the RC time constant of the PLL filter circuit

DD DD

described in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filtering”. This time constant is nominally 100 µs.

•

OV may ramp anytime before or after V and AV

.

DD

Additionally, the following requirements exist regarding the application of SYSCLK:

•

The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed V until V has ramped to 0.9 V.

DD DD

The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OV by more 20% during transients (see

DD

overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

37

System Design Information

These requirements are shown graphically in Figure 16.

no restrictions between OV and V

DD

OV

DD

V

DD

AV

DD

0.9 V

100 μs (nominal) delay from V to AV

DD

limit imposed by OV if V ramps up first

DD

limit imposed by V if OV ramps up first

DD

0.9 V

SYSCLK

Figure 16. MPC7448 Power Up Sequencing Requirements

Certain stipulations also apply to the manner in which the power rails of the MPC7448 power down, as

follows:

•

OV may ramp down any time before or after V

.

DD

The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed V once V has ramped down below 0.9 V.

DD

The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OV by more 20% during transients (see

DD

overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

38

Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

no restrictions between V and OV

DD

OV

DD

V

DD

AV

DD

0.9 V

no restrictions between V and AV

DD

limit imposed by OV if OV ramps down first

DD

limit imposed by V if V ramps down first

DD

0.9 V

SYSCLK

note also restrictions between SYSCLK and OV

DD

Figure 17. MPC7448 Power Down Sequencing Requirements

There is no requirement regarding AV during power down, but it is recommended that AV track V

DD

within the RC time constant of the PLL filter circuit described in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply

Filtering” (nominally 100 µs).

9.2.2

PLL Power Supply Filtering

The AV power signal is provided on the MPC7448 to provide power to the clock generation PLL. To

DD

ensure stability of the internal clock, the power supplied to the AV input signal should be filtered of any

DD

noise in the 500-KHz to 10-MHz resonant frequency range of the PLL. The circuit shown in Figure 18

using surface mount capacitors with minimum effective series inductance (ESL) is strongly recommended.

In addition to filtering noise from the AV input, it also provides the required delay between V and

DD

AV as described in Section 9.2.1, “Power Supply Sequencing.”

DD

The circuit should be placed as close as possible to the AV pin to minimize noise coupled from nearby

DD

circuits. It is often possible to route directly from the capacitors to the AV pin, which is on the periphery

DD

of the device footprint.

10 Ω

V

AV

DD

2.2 µF

Low ESL Surface Mount Capacitors

GND

Figure 18. PLL Power Supply Filter Circuit

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

39

System Design Information

9.2.3

Transient Specifications

The ensure the long-term reliability of the device, the MPC7448 requires that transients on the core power

rail (V ) be constrained. The recommended operating voltage specifications provided in Table 4 are DC

DD

specifications. That is, the device may be operated continuously with V within the specified range

DD

without adversely affecting the device’s reliability. Excursions above the stated recommended operation

range, including overshoot during power-up, can impact the long-term reliability of the device. Excursions

are described by their amplitude and duration. Duration is defined as the time period during which the V

DD

power plane, as measured at the VDD_SENSE pins, will be within a specific voltage range, expressed as

percentage of the total time the device will be powered up over the device lifetime. In practice, the period

over which transients are measured can be any arbitrary period of time that accurately represents the

expected range of processor and system activity. The voltage ranges and durations for normal operation

and transients are described in Table 14.

Table 14. VDD Power Supply Transient Specifications

At recommended operating temperatures. See Table 4.

Voltage Range (V)

Permitted

Voltage Region

Notes

1

Duration

Min

Max

Normal

V

minimum

maximum

V

maximum

1.35 V

100%

10%

2

2, 3

4

DD

Low Transient

High Transient

Notes:

V

DD

1.35 V

1.40 V

0.2%

1. Permitted duration is defined as the percentage of the total time the device is powered on that the V

power supply voltage may exist within the specified voltage range.

DD

2. See Table 4 for nominal V specifications.

DD

3. To simplify measurement, excursions into the High Transient region are included in this duration.

4. Excursions above the absolute maximum rating of 1.4 V are not permitted; see Table 2.

Note that, to simplify transient measurements, the duration of the excursion into the High Transient region

is also included in the Low Transient duration, so that only the time the voltage is above each threshold

must be considered. Figure 19 shows an example of measuring voltage transients.

T

1.40 V

High Transient

1.35 V

Low Transient

V

DD (maximum)

V

DD (nominal)

Normal

A

C

B

V

DD (minimum)

A + B < T • 10%

C < T • 0.2%

Figure 19. Voltage Transient Example

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

40

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System Design Information

9.2.4

Decoupling Recommendations

Due to the MPC7448 dynamic power management feature, large address and data buses, and high

operating frequencies, the MPC7448 can generate transient power surges and high frequency noise in its

power supply, especially while driving large capacitive loads. This noise must be prevented from reaching

other components in the MPC7448 system, and the MPC7448 itself requires a clean, tightly regulated

source of power. Therefore, it is recommended that the system designer use sufficient decoupling

capacitors, typically one capacitor for every V pin, and a similar amount for the OV pins, placed as

DD

close as possible to the power pins of the MPC7448. It is also recommended that these decoupling

capacitors receive their power from separate V , OV , and GND power planes in the PCB, using short

DD

traces to minimize inductance.

These capacitors should have a value of 0.01 or 0.1 µF. Only ceramic surface mount technology (SMT)

capacitors should be used to minimize lead inductance. Orientations where connections are made along

the length of the part, such as 0204, are preferable but not mandatory. Consistent with the

recommendations of Dr. Howard Johnson in High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic

(Prentice Hall, 1993) and contrary to previous recommendations for decoupling Freescale

microprocessors, multiple small capacitors of equal value are recommended over using multiple values of

capacitance.

In addition, it is recommended that there be several bulk storage capacitors distributed around the PCB,

feeding the V and OV planes, to enable quick recharging of the smaller chip capacitors. These bulk

DD

capacitors should have a low equivalent series resistance (ESR) rating to ensure the quick response time

necessary. They should also be connected to the power and ground planes through two vias to minimize

inductance. Suggested bulk capacitors are 100–330 µF (AVX TPS tantalum or Sanyo OSCON).

9.3

Connection Recommendations

To ensure reliable operation, it is highly recommended to connect unused inputs to an appropriate signal

level. Unless otherwise noted, unused active low inputs should be tied to OV and unused active high

DD

inputs should be connected to GND. All NC (no connect) signals must remain unconnected.

Power and ground connections must be made to all external V , OV , and GND pins in the MPC7448.

DD

For backward compatibility with the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MP7441, or for migrating a system

originally designed for one of these devices to the MPC7448, the new power and ground signals (formerly

NC, see Table 11) may be left unconnected if the core frequency is 1 GHz or less. Operation above 1 GHz

requires that these additional power and ground signals be connected, and it is strongly recommended that

all new designs include the additional connections. See also Section 7, “Pinout Listings,” for additional

information.

The MPC7448 provides VDD_SENSE, OVDD_SENSE, and GND_SENSE pins. These pins connect

directly to the power/ground planes in the device package and are intended to allow an external device to

measure the voltage present on the V , OV and GND planes in the device package. The most common

DD

use for these signals is as a feedback signal to a power supply regulator to allow it to compensate for board

losses and supply the correct voltage at the device. (Note that all voltage parameters are specified at the

pins of the device.) If not used for this purpose, it is recommended that these signals be connected to test

points that can be used in the event that an accurate measurement of the voltage at the device is needed

during system debug. Otherwise, these signals should be connected to the appropriate power/ground

planes on the circuit board or left unconnected.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

41

System Design Information

9.4

Output Buffer DC Impedance

The MPC7448 processor bus drivers are characterized over process, voltage, and temperature. To measure

Z , an external resistor is connected from the chip pad to OV or GND. The value of each resistor is

0

DD

varied until the pad voltage is OV /2. Figure 20 shows the driver impedance measurement.

DD

OV

DD

R

N

SW2

SW1

Pad

Data

R

P

OGND

Figure 20. Driver Impedance Measurement

The output impedance is the average of two components—the resistances of the pull-up and pull-down

devices. When data is held low, SW2 is closed (SW1 is open), and R is trimmed until the voltage at the

N

pad equals OV /2. R then becomes the resistance of the pull-down devices. When data is held high,

DD

N

SW1 is closed (SW2 is open), and R is trimmed until the voltage at the pad equals OV /2. R then

P

DD

P

becomes the resistance of the pull-up devices. R and R are designed to be close to each other in value.

P

N

Then, Z = (R + R )/2.

0

P

N

Table 15 summarizes the signal impedance results. The impedance increases with junction temperature

and is relatively unaffected by bus voltage.

Table 15. Impedance Characteristics

At recommended operating conditions. See Table 4

Impedance

Typical

Maximum

Processor Bus

Unit

Z

33–42

31–51

Ω

0

9.5

Pull-Up/Pull-Down Resistor Requirements

The MPC7448 requires high-resistive (weak: 4.7-KΩ) pull-up resistors on several control pins of the bus

interface to maintain the control signals in the negated state after they have been actively negated and

released by the MPC7448 or other bus masters. These pins are: TS, ARTRY, SHDO, and SHD1.

Some pins designated as being factory test pins must be pulled up to OV or down to GND to ensure

DD

proper device operation. The pins that must be pulled up to OV are LSSD_MODE and TEST[0:3]; the

DD

pins that must be pulled down to GND are L1_TSTCLK and TEST[4]. The CKSTP_IN signal should

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

42

Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

likewise be pulled up through a pull-up resistor (weak or stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) to prevent erroneous

assertions of this signal.

In addition, the MPC7448 has one open-drain style output that requires a pull-up resistor (weak or

stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) if it is used by the system. This pin is CKSTP_OUT.

BVSEL0 and BVSEL1 should not be allowed to float, and should be configured either via pull-up or

pull-down resistors or actively driven by external logic. If pull-down resistors are used to configure

BVSEL0 or BVSEL1, the resistors should be less than 250 Ω (see Table 11). Because PLL_CFG[0:5]

must remain stable during normal operation, strong pull-up and pull-down resistors (1 KΩ or less) are

recommended to configure these signals in order to protect against erroneous switching due to ground

bounce, power supply noise, or noise coupling.

During inactive periods on the bus, the address and transfer attributes may not be driven by any master and

may, therefore, float in the high-impedance state for relatively long periods of time. Because the MPC7448

must continually monitor these signals for snooping, this float condition may cause excessive power draw

by the input receivers on the MPC7448 or by other receivers in the system. These signals can be pulled up

through weak (10-KΩ) pull-up resistors by the system, address bus driven mode enabled (see the

MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Users’ Manual for more information on this mode), or they may

be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods of the bus to avoid this additional power draw.

Preliminary studies have shown the additional power draw by the MPC7448 input receivers to be

negligible and, in any event, none of these measures are necessary for proper device operation. The

snooped address and transfer attribute inputs are: A[0:35], AP[0:4], TT[0:4], CI, WT, and GBL.

If address or data parity is not used by the system, and respective parity checking is disabled through HID1,

the input receivers for those pins are disabled and do not require pull-up resistors, therefore they may be

left unconnected by the system. If extended addressing is not used (HID0[XAEN] = 0), A[0:3] are unused

and must be pulled low to GND through weak pull-down resistors; additionally, if address parity checking

is enabled (HID1[EBA] = 1) and extended addressing is not used, AP[0] must be pulled up to OV

DD

through a weak pull-up resistor. If the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode, DTI[0:3] must be pulled low to GND

through weak pull-down resistors.

The data bus input receivers are normally turned off when no read operation is in progress and, therefore,

do not require pull-up resistors on the bus. Other data bus receivers in the system, however, may require

pull-ups or require that those signals be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods. The data

bus signals are D[0:63] and DP[0:7].

9.6

JTAG Configuration Signals

Boundary-scan testing is enabled through the JTAG interface signals. The TRST signal is optional in the

IEEE 1149.1 standard specification, but is typically provided on all processors that implement the

PowerPC architecture. While it is possible to force the TAP controller to the reset state using only the TCK

and TMS signals, more reliable power-on reset performance will be obtained if the TRST signal is asserted

during power-on reset. Because the JTAG interface is also used for accessing the common on-chip

processor (COP) function, simply tying TRST to HRESET is not practical.

The COP function of these processors allows a remote computer system (typically a PC with dedicated

hardware and debugging software) to access and control the internal operations of the processor. The COP

interface connects primarily through the JTAG port of the processor, with some additional status

monitoring signals. The COP port requires the ability to independently assert HRESET or TRST in order

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

43

System Design Information

to fully control the processor. If the target system has independent reset sources, such as voltage monitors,

watchdog timers, power supply failures, or push-button switches, then the COP reset signals must be

merged into these signals with logic.

The arrangement shown in Figure 21 allows the COP port to independently assert HRESET or TRST,

while ensuring that the target can drive HRESET as well. If the JTAG interface and COP header will not

be used, TRST should be tied to HRESET through a 0-Ω isolation resistor so that it is asserted when the

system reset signal (HRESET) is asserted, ensuring that the JTAG scan chain is initialized during

power-on. Although Freescale recommends that the COP header be designed into the system as shown in

Figure 21, if this is not possible, the isolation resistor will allow future access to TRST in the case where

a JTAG interface may need to be wired onto the system in debug situations.

The COP header shown in Figure 21 adds many benefits—breakpoints, watchpoints, register and memory

examination/modification, and other standard debugger features are possible through this interface—and

can be as inexpensive as an unpopulated footprint for a header to be added when needed.

The COP interface has a standard header for connection to the target system, based on the 0.025"

square-post, 0.100" centered header assembly (often called a Berg header). The connector typically has

pin 14 removed as a connector key.

There is no standardized way to number the COP header shown in Figure 21; consequently, many different

pin numbers have been observed from emulator vendors. Some are numbered top-to-bottom then

left-to-right, while others use left-to-right then top-to-bottom, while still others number the pins counter

clockwise from pin 1 (as with an IC). Regardless of the numbering, the signal placement recommended in

Figure 21 is common to all known emulators.

The QACK signal shown in Figure 21 is usually connected to the bridge chip or other system control logic

in a system and is an input to the MPC7448 informing it that it can go into the quiescent state. Under

normal operation this occurs during a low-power mode selection. In order for COP to work, the MPC7448

must see this signal asserted (pulled down). While shown on the COP header, not all emulator products

drive this signal. If the product does not, a pull-down resistor can be populated to assert this signal.

Additionally, some emulator products implement open-drain type outputs and can only drive QACK

asserted; for these tools, a pull-up resistor can be implemented to ensure this signal is negated when it is

not being driven by the tool. Note that the pull-up and pull-down resistors on the QACK signal are

mutually exclusive and it is never necessary to populate both in a system. To preserve correct power-down

operation, QACK should be merged through logic so that it also can be driven by the bridge or system

logic.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

SRESET

From Target

Board Sources

(if any)

SRESET

HRESET

QACK

6

HRESET

10 KΩ

HRESET

13

11

OV

DD

SRESET

OV

DD

OV

5

0 Ω

6

TRST

1

3

2

4

TRST

4

6

VDD_SENSE

OV

DD

10 KΩ

2 KΩ

5

6

1

5

DD

7

8

CHKSTP_OUT

15

10 KΩ

9

10

12

OV

DD

Key

14

11

10 KΩ

2

DD

KEY

No Pin

13

15

CHKSTP_IN

TMS

CHKSTP_IN

TMS

8

9

1

3

16

TDO

TDI

COP Connector

Physical Pin Out

TDO

TDI

TCK

7

2

TCK

QACK

10

NC

OV

DD

3

2 KΩ

10 KΩ

12

16

OV

4

10 KΩ

Notes:

1. RUN/STOP, normally found on pin 5 of the COP header, is not implemented on the MPC7448. Connect

pin 5 of the COP header to OV with a 10-KΩ pull-up resistor.

DD

2. Key location; pin 14 is not physically present on the COP header.

3. Component not populated. Populate only if debug tool does not drive QACK.

4. Populate only if debug tool uses an open-drain type output and does not actively negate QACK.

5. If the JTAG interface is implemented, connect HRESET from the target source to TRST from the COP

header though an AND gate to TRST of the part. If the JTAG interface is not implemented, connect

HRESET from the target source to TRST of the part through a 0-Ω isolation resistor.

6. The COP port and target board should be able to independently assert HRESET and TRST to the

processor in order to fully control the processor as shown above.

Figure 21. JTAG Interface Connection

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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45

System Design Information

9.7

Power and Thermal Management Information

This section provides thermal management information for the high coefficient of thermal expansion

(HCTE) package for air-cooled applications. Proper thermal control design is primarily dependent on the

system-level design—the heat sink, airflow, and thermal interface material. The MPC7448 implements

several features designed to assist with thermal management, including DFS and the temperature diode.

DFS reduces the power consumption of the device by reducing the core frequency; see Section 9.7.5.1,

“Power Consumption with DFS Enabled,” for specific information regarding power reduction and DFS.

The temperature diode allows an external device to monitor the die temperature in order to detect excessive

temperature conditions and alert the system; see Section 9.7.4, “Temperature Diode,” for more

information.

To reduce the die-junction temperature, heat sinks may be attached to the package by several

methods—spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board or package, and mounting clip and screw

assembly (see Figure 22); however, due to the potential large mass of the heat sink, attachment through the

printed-circuit board is suggested. In any implementation of a heat sink solution, the force on the die

should not exceed ten pounds (45 Newtons).

HCTE BGA Package

Heat Sink

Clip

Thermal

Interface Material

Printed-Circuit Board

Figure 22. BGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

NOTE

A clip on heat sink is not recommended for LGA because there may not be

adequate clearance between the device and the circuit board. A through-hole

solution is recommended, as shown in Figure 23.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

46

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System Design Information

HCTE LGA Package

Heat Sink

Clip

Thermal

Interface Material

Printed-Circuit Board

Figure 23. LGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

There are several commercially-available heat sinks for the MPC7448 provided by the following vendors:

Aavid Thermalloy

80 Commercial St.

Concord, NH 03301

Internet: www.aavidthermalloy.com

603-224-9988

408-567-8082

888-732-6100

Alpha Novatech

473 Sapena Ct. #12

Santa Clara, CA 95054

Internet: www.alphanovatech.com

Calgreg Thermal Solutions

60 Alhambra Road, Suite 1

Warwick, RI 02886

Internet: www.calgregthermalsolutions.com

International Electronic Research Corporation (IERC) 818-842-7277

413 North Moss St.

Burbank, CA 91502

Internet: www.ctscorp.com

Tyco Electronics

Chip Coolers™

P.O. Box 3668

Harrisburg, PA 17105-3668

Internet: www.tycoelectronics.com

800-522-6752

603-635-2800

Wakefield Engineering

33 Bridge St.

Pelham, NH 03076

Internet: www.wakefield.com

Ultimately, the final selection of an appropriate heat sink depends on many factors, such as thermal

performance at a given air velocity, spatial volume, mass, attachment method, assembly, and cost.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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47

System Design Information

9.7.1

Internal Package Conduction Resistance

For the exposed-die packaging technology described in Table 5, the intrinsic conduction thermal resistance

paths are as follows:

•

The die junction-to-case thermal resistance (the case is actually the top of the exposed silicon die)

The die junction-to-board thermal resistance

Figure 24 depicts the primary heat transfer path for a package with an attached heat sink mounted to a

printed-circuit board.

External Resistance

Radiation

Convection

Heat Sink

Thermal Interface Material

Die/Package

Die Junction

Package/Leads

Internal Resistance

Printed-Circuit Board

Radiation

Convection

External Resistance

(Note the internal versus external package resistance.)

Figure 24. C4 Package with Heat Sink Mounted to a Printed-Circuit Board

Heat generated on the active side of the chip is conducted through the silicon, through the heat sink attach

material (or thermal interface material), and, finally, to the heat sink, where it is removed by forced-air

convection.

Because the silicon thermal resistance is quite small, the temperature drop in the silicon may be neglected

for a first-order analysis. Thus, the thermal interface material and the heat sink conduction/convective

thermal resistances are the dominant terms.

9.7.2

Thermal Interface Materials

A thermal interface material is recommended at the package lid-to-heat sink interface to minimize the

thermal contact resistance. For those applications where the heat sink is attached by spring clip

mechanism, Figure 25 shows the thermal performance of three thin-sheet thermal-interface materials

(silicone, graphite/oil, fluoroether oil), a bare joint, and a joint with thermal grease as a function of contact

pressure. As shown, the performance of these thermal interface materials improves with increasing contact

pressure. The use of thermal grease significantly reduces the interface thermal resistance. That is, the bare

joint results in a thermal resistance approximately seven times greater than the thermal grease joint.

Often, heat sinks are attached to the package by means of a spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board

(see Figure 22). Therefore, synthetic grease offers the best thermal performance due to the low interface

pressure and is recommended due to the high power dissipation of the MPC7448. Of course, the selection

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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System Design Information

of any thermal interface material depends on many factors—thermal performance requirements,

manufacturability, service temperature, dielectric properties, cost, and so on.

Silicone Sheet (0.006 in.)

Bare Joint

2

Fluoroether Oil Sheet (0.007 in.)

Graphite/Oil Sheet (0.005 in.)

Synthetic Grease

1.5

1

0.5

0

10

20

30

Contact Pressure (psi)

Figure 25. Thermal Performance of Select Thermal Interface Material

40

50

60

70

80

The board designer can choose between several types of thermal interfaces. Heat sink adhesive materials

should be selected based on high conductivity and mechanical strength to meet equipment shock/vibration

requirements. There are several commercially available thermal interfaces and adhesive materials

provided by the following vendors:

The Bergquist Company

18930 West 78 St.

Chanhassen, MN 55317

Internet: www.bergquistcompany.com

800-347-4572

781-935-4850

800-248-2481

th

Chomerics, Inc.

77 Dragon Ct.

Woburn, MA 01801

Internet: www.chomerics.com

Dow-Corning Corporation

Corporate Center

P.O. Box 994.

Midland, MI 48686-0994

Internet: www.dowcorning.com

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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49

System Design Information

Shin-Etsu MicroSi, Inc.

10028 S. 51st St.

Phoenix, AZ 85044

Internet: www.microsi.com

888-642-7674

888-246-905

Laird Technologies - Thermal

(formerly Thermagon Inc.)

4707 Detroit Ave.

Cleveland, OH 44102

Internet: www.lairdtech.com

The following section provides a heat sink selection example using one of the commercially available heat

sinks.

9.7.3

Heat Sink Selection Example

For preliminary heat sink sizing, the die-junction temperature can be expressed as follows:

T = T + T + (R + R + R ) × P

j

i

r

θJC

θint

θsa

d

where:

T is the die-junction temperature

j

T is the inlet cabinet ambient temperature

i

T is the air temperature rise within the computer cabinet

r

R

is the junction-to-case thermal resistance

θJC

θint

θsa

is the adhesive or interface material thermal resistance

is the heat sink base-to-ambient thermal resistance

P is the power dissipated by the device

d

During operation, the die-junction temperatures (T ) should be maintained less than the value specified in

j

Table 4. The temperature of air cooling the component greatly depends on the ambient inlet air temperature

and the air temperature rise within the electronic cabinet. An electronic cabinet inlet-air temperature (T )

i

may range from 30 to 40 C. The air temperature rise within a cabinet (T ) may be in the range of 5 to

r

10 C. The thermal resistance of the thermal interface material (R ) is typically about 1.1 C/W. For

θint

example, assuming a T of 30 C, a T of 5 C, an HCTE package R = 0.1, and a power consumption

i

r

θJC

(P ) of 25.6 W, the following expression for T is obtained:

d

j

Die-junction temperature: T = 30 C + 5 C + (0.1 C/W + 1.1 C/W + θ ) × 25.6

j

sa

For this example, a R value of 1.53 C/W or less is required to maintain the die junction temperature

θsa

below the maximum value of Table 4.

Though the die junction-to-ambient and the heat sink-to-ambient thermal resistances are a common

figure-of-merit used for comparing the thermal performance of various microelectronic packaging

technologies, one should exercise caution when only using this metric in determining thermal management

because no single parameter can adequately describe three-dimensional heat flow. The final die-junction

operating temperature is not only a function of the component-level thermal resistance, but the

system-level design and its operating conditions. In addition to the component's power consumption, a

number of factors affect the final operating die-junction temperature—airflow, board population (local

heat flux of adjacent components), heat sink efficiency, heat sink attach, heat sink placement, next-level

interconnect technology, system air temperature rise, altitude, and so on.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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System Design Information

Due to the complexity and variety of system-level boundary conditions for today's microelectronic

equipment, the combined effects of the heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, convection, and conduction)

may vary widely. For these reasons, we recommend using conjugate heat transfer models for the board as

well as system-level designs.

For system thermal modeling, the MPC7448 thermal model is shown in Figure 26. Four volumes represent

this device. Two of the volumes, solder ball-air and substrate, are modeled using the package outline size

of the package. The other two, die and bump-underfill, have the same size as the die. The silicon die should

3

be modeled 8.0 × 7.3 × 0.86 mm with the heat source applied as a uniform source at the bottom of the

3

volume. The bump and underfill layer is modeled as 8.0 × 7.3 × 0.07 mm collapsed in the z-direction with

3

a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W/(m • K) in the z-direction. The substrate volume is 25 × 25 × 1.14 mm

and has 9.9 W/(m • K) isotropic conductivity in the xy-plane and 2.95 W/(m • K) in the direction of the

z-axis. The solder ball and air layer are modeled with the same horizontal dimensions as the substrate and

is 0.8 mm thick. For the LGA package the solder and air layer is 0.1 mm thick, but the material properties

are the same. It can also be modeled as a collapsed volume using orthotropic material properties:

0.034 W/(m • K) in the xy-plane direction and 11.2 W/(m • K) in the direction of the z-axis.

Conductivity

Value

Unit

Die

3

Die (8.0 × 7.3 × 0.86 mm )

Bump and Underfill

z

Temperature-

dependent

Silicon

W/(m • K)

Substrate

Solder and Air

3

Bump and Underfill (8.0 × 7.3 × 0.07 mm )

Side View of Model (Not to Scale)

k

5.0

W/(m • K)

z

x

3

Substrate (25 × 25 × 1.14 mm )

k

9.9

W/(m • K)

x

y

z

Substrate

2.95

3

Solder Ball and Air (25 × 25 × 0.8 mm )

Die

k

0.034

11.2

W/(m • K)

x

y

z

y

Top View of Model (Not to Scale)

Figure 26. Recommended Thermal Model of MPC7448

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

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51

System Design Information

9.7.4

Temperature Diode

The MPC7448 has a temperature diode on the microprocessor that can be used in conjunction with other

system temperature monitoring devices (such as Analog Devices, ADT7461™). These devices use the

negative temperature coefficient of a diode operated at a constant current to determine the temperature of

the microprocessor and its environment. For proper operation, the monitoring device used should

auto-calibrate the device by canceling out the V variation of each MPC7448’s internal diode.

BE

The following are the specifications of the MPC7448 on-board temperature diode:

V > 0.40 V

f

V < 0.90 V

f

Operating range 2–300 μA

Diode leakage < 10 nA @ 125°C

Ideality factor over 5–150 μA at 60°C: n = 1.0275 ± 0.9%

Ideality factor is defined as the deviation from the ideal diode equation:

qV

___f

nKT

I_fw= I_se

– 1

Another useful equation is:

KT

q

I

__

_H_

V_H– V_L= n

ln

– 1

I

L

Where:

I

= Forward current

fw

I = Saturation current

s

V = Voltage at diode

d

V = Voltage forward biased

f

V = Diode voltage while I is flowing

H

V = Diode voltage while I is flowing

L

I = Larger diode bias current

H

I = Smaller diode bias current

L

–19

q = Charge of electron (1.6 x 10

C)

n = Ideality factor (normally 1.0)

–23

K = Boltzman’s constant (1.38 x 10 Joules/K)

T = Temperature (Kelvins)

The ratio of I to I is usually selected to be 10:1. The previous equation simplifies to the following:

H

L

–4

V – V = 1.986 × 10 × nT

H

L

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

52

Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

Solving for T, the equation becomes:

V – V

H

L

__________

nT =

–4

1.986 × 10

9.7.5

Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)

The DFS feature in the MPC7448 adds the ability to divide the processor-to-system bus ratio by two or

four during normal functional operation. Divide-by-two mode is enabled by setting the HID1[DFS2] bit

in software or by asserting the DFS2 pin via hardware. The MPC7448 can be returned for full speed by

clearing HID1[DFS2] or negating DFS2. Similarly, divide-by-four mode is enabled by setting

HID1[DFS4] in software or by asserting the DFS4 pin. In all cases, the frequency change occurs in 1 clock

cycle and no idle waiting period is required to switch between modes. Note that asserting either DFS2 or

DFS4 overrides software control of DFS, and that asserting both DFS2 and DFS4 disables DFS

completely, including software control. Additional information regarding DFS can be found in the

MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual. Note that minimum core frequency

requirements must be observed when enabling DFS, and the resulting core frequency must meet the

requirements for f

given in Table 8.

core_DFS

9.7.5.1

Power Consumption with DFS Enabled

Power consumption with DFS enabled can be approximated using the following formula:

f

DFS

___

P_DFS

=

(P – P_DS) + P_DS

f

Where:

P

= Power consumption with DFS enabled

= Core frequency with DFS enabled

DFS

f

DFS

f = Core frequency prior to enabling DFS

P = Power consumption prior to enabling DFS (see Table 7)

P

= Deep sleep mode power consumption (see Table 7)

DS

The above is an approximation only. Power consumption with DFS enabled is not tested or guaranteed.

9.7.5.2 Bus-to-Core Multiplier Constraints with DFS

DFS is not available for all bus-to-core multipliers as configured by PLL_CFG[0:5] during hard reset. The

complete listing is shown in Table 16. Shaded cells represent DFS modes that are not available for a

particular PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. Should software or hardware attempt to transition to a multiplier that is

not supported, the device will remain at its current multiplier. For example, if a transition from

DFS-disabled to an unsupported divide-by-2 or divide-by-4 setting is attempted, the bus-to-core multiplier

will remain at the setting configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] pins. In the case of an attempted transition from

a supported divide-by-2 mode to an unsupported divide-by-4 mode, the device will remain in divide-by-2

mode. In all cases, the HID1[PC0-5] bits will correctly reflect the current bus-to-core frequency multiplier.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

53

System Design Information

Table 16. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations

DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2 = 0)

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 = 0)

DFS mode disabled

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Configured by

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier

Bus-to-Core

HID1[PC0-5]

Multiplier

3

HID1[PC0-5]

PLL_CFG[0:5]

(see Table 12)

4

1

2x

010000

100000

101000

101100

100100

110100

010100

001000

000100

110000

011000

011110

011100

101010

100010

100110

000000

101110

111110

010110

111000

110010

000110

110110

000010

001010

001110

010010

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

010000

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

010000

4

1

3x

4

1

4x

2x

4

5x

5.5x

6x

2.5x

010101

4

2

2.75x

110101

4

3x

100000

4

2

6.5x

7x

3.25x

100000

4

3.5x

110101

4

2

7.5x

8x

3.75x

110101

4

4x

101000

2x

4

2

1

8.5x

9x

4.25x

101000

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

4

2

4.5x

011101

2.25x

010000

4

2

9.5x

10x

10.5x

11x

11.5x

12x

12.5x

13x

13.5x

14x

15x

16x

17x

18x

20x

21x

4.75x

011101

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

010101

4

5x

5.25x

5.5x

5.75x

6x

101100

2.5x

2

101100

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

4

2

100100

2.75x

010101

2

100100

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

100000

4

110100

3x

2

6.25x

6.5x

6.75

7x

110100

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

4

2

010100

3.25x

100000

2

010100

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

110101

4

001000

000100

110000

011000

011110

101010

100010

3.5x

4

2

7.5x

8x

3.75x

110101

4

4x

101000

4

2

8.5x

9x

4.25x

101000

4

4.5x

011101

101100

10x

5x

2

10.5x

5.25x

101100

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

54

Freescale Semiconductor

Document Revision History

Table 16. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations (continued)

DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2 = 0)

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 = 0)

DFS mode disabled

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier

Configured by

PLL_CFG[0:5]

(see Table 12)

Bus-to-Core

HID1[PC0-5]

Multiplier

3

HID1[PC0-5]

24x

28x

011010

111010

12x

14x

101110

110010

6x

7x

110100

001000

Notes:

1. DFS mode is not supported for this combination of DFS mode and PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. As a result, the processor

will ignore these settings and remain at the previous multiplier, as reflected by the HID1[PC0-PC5] bits.

2. Though supported by the MPC7448 clock circuitry, multipliers of n.25x and n.75x cannot be expressed as valid PLL

configuration codes. As a result, the values displayed in HID1[PC0-PC5] are rounded down to the nearest valid PLL

configuration code. However, the actual bus-to-core multiplier is as stated in this table.

3. Note that in the HID1 register of the MPC7448, the PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 bits are bits 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, and 14 (respectively). See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

4. Special considerations regarding snooped transactions must be observed for bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x.

See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

9.7.5.3

Minimum Core Frequency Requirements with DFS

In many systems, enabling DFS can result in very low processor core frequencies. However, care must be

taken to ensure that the resulting processor core frequency is within the limits specified in Table 8. Proper

operation of the device is not guaranteed at core frequencies below the specified minimum f

.

core

10 Document Revision History

Table 17 provides a revision history for this hardware specification.

Table 17. Document Revision History

Revision Date

Substantive Change(s)

4

3

3/2007 Table 19: Added 800 MHz processor frequency.

10/2006 Section 9.7, “Power and Thermal Management Information”: Updated contact information.

Table 18, Table 20, and Table 19: Added Revision D PVR.

Table 19: Added 600 processor frequency, additional product codes, date codes for 1400 processor

frequency, and footnotes 1 and 2.

Table 20: Added PPC product code and footnote 1.

Table 19 and Table 20: Added Revision D information for 1267 processor frequency.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

55

Document Revision History

Revision Date

Table 17. Document Revision History (continued)

Substantive Change(s)

2

Table 6: Added separate input leakage specification for BVSEL0, LSSD_MODE, TCK, TDI, TMS, TRST

signals to correctly indicate leakage current for signals with internal pull-up resistors.

Section 5.1: Added paragraph preceding Table 7 and edited notes in Table 7 to clarify core frequencies at

which power consumption is measured.

Section 5.3: Removed voltage derating specifications; this feature has been made redundant by new

device offerings and is no longer supported.

Changed names of “Typical–Nominal” and “Typical–Thermal” power consumption parameters to “Typical”

and “Thermal”, respectively. (Name change only–no specifications were changed.)

Table 11: Revised Notes 16, 18, and 19 to reflect current recommendations for connection of SENSE pins.

Section 9.3: Added paragraph explaining connection recommendations for SENSE pins. (See also Table

11 entry above.)

Table 19: Updated table to reflect changes in specifications for MC7448xxnnnnNC devices.

Table 9: Changed all instances of TT[0:3] to TT[0:4]

Removed mention of these input signals from output valid times and output hold times:

• AACK, CKSTP_IN, DT[0:3]

Figure 17: Modified diagram slightly to correctly show constraint on SYSCLK ramping is related to V

DD

voltage, not AV voltage. (Diagram clarification only; no change in power sequencing requirements.)

DD

Added Table 20 to reflect introduction of extended temperature devices and associated hardware

specification addendum.

1

Added 1600 MHz, 1420 MHz, and 1000 MHz devices

Section 4: corrected die size

Table 2: Revised Note 4 to consider overshoot/undershoot and combined with Note 5.

Table 4: Revised operating voltage for 1700 MHz device from 50 mV to +20 mV / –50 mV.

Table 7: Updated and expanded table to include Typical – Nominal power consumption.

Table 11: Added voltage derating information for 1700 MHz devices; this feature is not supported at this

time for other speed grades.

Added transient specifications for VDD power supply in Section 9.2.3, added Table 15 and Figure 19 and

renumbered subsequent tables and figures.

Moved Decoupling Recommendations from Section 9.4 to Section 9.2.4 and renumbered subsequent

sections.

Section 9.2.1: Revised power sequencing requirements.

Section 9.7.4: Added thermal diode ideality factor information (previously TBD).

Table 17: Expanded table to show HID1 register values when DFS modes are enabled.

Section 11.2: updated to include additional N-spec device speed grades

Tables 18 and 19: corrected PVR values and added “MC” product code prefix

0

Initial public release.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

56

Freescale Semiconductor

Part Numbering and Marking

11 Part Numbering and Marking

Ordering information for the part numbers fully covered by this specification document is provided in

Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document.” Note that the individual part numbers

correspond to a maximum processor core frequency. For available frequencies, contact a local Freescale

sales office. In addition to the processor frequency, the part numbering scheme also includes an application

modifier that may specify special application conditions. An optional specification modifier may also

apply for parts to indicate a specific change in specifications, such as support for an extended temperature

range. Finally, each part number contains a revision level code that refers to the die mask revision number.

Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document,” lists the part numbers that do not

fully conform to the specifications of this document. These special part numbers require an additional

document called a hardware specification addendum.

11.1 Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document

Table 18 provides the Freescale part numbering nomenclature for the MPC7448 part numbers fully

addressed by this document. For information regarding other MPC7448 part numbers, see Section 11.2,

“Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document.”

Table 18. Part Numbering Nomenclature

xx

7448

xx

nnnn

L

x

Product

Code

Part

Identifier

Processor

Frequency

Application

Modifier

Package

Revision Level

MC

PPC

7448

HX = HCTE BGA

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

1700

1600

1420

1000

L: 1.3 V +20/–50 mV

C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

1

0 to 105 °C

L: 1.25 V 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

L: 1.2 V 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

L: 1.15 V 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13. These

parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes may be shipped, written

authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status and the

fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

57

Part Numbering and Marking

11.2 Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document

Parts with application modifiers or revision levels not fully addressed in this specification document are

described in separate hardware specification addenda which supplement and supersede this document. As

such parts are released, these specifications will be listed in this section.

Table 19. Part Numbers Addressed by MC7448xxnnnnNx Series Hardware Specification Addendum

(Document Order No. MPC7448ECS01AD)

xx

7448

xx

nnnn

N

x

Product

Code

Part

Identifier

Processor

Frequency

Package

Application Modifier

Revision Level

MC

7448

HX = HCTE BGA

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

1400

N: 1.15 V 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

2

(date code 0613 and later)

N: 1.1 V 50 mV

0 to 105 °C

(date code 0612 and prior)

1

PPC

MC

PPC

1267

Revision C only

N: 1.1 V 50 mV

1

0 to 105 °C

MC

PPC

1267

Revision D only

N: 1.05 V 50 mV

1

0 to 105 °C

MC

PPC

1250

N: 1.1 V 50 mV

1

0 to 105 °C

MC

PPC

1000

867

800

667

600

N: 1.0 V 50 mV

1

0 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13. These

parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes can be shipped, written

authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status and the

fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

2. Core voltage for 1400 MHz devices currently in production (date code of 0613 and later) is 1.15 V 50 mV; all such devices

have the MC product code. The 1400 MHz devices with date code of 0612 and prior specified core voltage of 1.1 V 50 mV;

this includes all 1400 MHz devices with the PPC product code. See Section 11.3, “Part Marking,” for information on part

marking.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

58

Freescale Semiconductor

Part Numbering and Marking

Table 20. Part Numbers Addressed by MC7448TxxnnnnNx Series Hardware Specification Addendum

(Document Order No. MPC7448ECS02AD)

xx

7448

T

xx

nnnn

N

x

Product

Code Identifier n Modifier

Part

Specificatio

Processor

Frequency

Application

Modifier

Package

Revision Level

MC

PPC

7448

T = Extended HX = HCTE BGA

Temperature

1400

N: 1.15 V 50 mV C: 2.1; PVR = 0x8004_0201

1

– 40 to 105 °C

D: 2.2; PVR = 0x8004_0202

Device

1267

N: 1.1 V 50 mV

Revision C only

– 40 to 105 °C

1267

N: 1.05 V 50 mV

Revision D only

– 40 to 105 °C

1000

N: 1.0 V 50 mV

– 40 to 105 °C

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13.

These parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes can be shipped,

written authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status

and the fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

11.3 Part Marking

Parts are marked as the example shown in Figure 27.

xx7448

xxnnnnNx

AWLYYWW

MMMMMM

YWWLAZ

7448

BGA/LGA

Notes:

AWLYYWW is the test code, where YYWW is the date code (YY = year, WW = work week)

MMMMMM is the M00 (mask) number.

YWWLAZ is the assembly traceability code.

Figure 27. Part Marking for BGA and LGA Device

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 4

Freescale Semiconductor

59

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Document Number: MPC7448EC

Rev. 4

3/2007


型号：	PPC7448VS1700LC
厂家：	NXP
描述：	32-BIT, 1700MHz, RISC PROCESSOR, CBGA360, 25 X 25 MM, 1.80 MM HEIGHT, 1.27 MM PITCH, ROHS COMPLIANT, HCTE, CERAMIC, LGA-360
文件：	总66页 (文件大小：793K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

PPC7448VS1700LC [NXP]

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