7-189717-1 [TE]

ANVIL, COMBINATION;


型号：	7-189717-1
厂家：	TE CONNECTIVITY
描述：	ANVIL, COMBINATION
文件：	总8页 (文件大小：699K)
中文：	中文翻译
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Crimp Tooling —

Where Form Meets Function

Quality, cost, and throughput are key attributes for any production process. The

crimp termination process is no exception. Many variables contribute to the results.

Crimp tooling, defined here as crimpers and anvils, is one of those variables.

This paper will focus on defining key characteristics of crimp tooling and the effects

those characteristics may have on the production process.

Introduction

Quality, cost, and throughput are associated with specific measurements and linked to process variables. Crimp

height, pull test values, leads per hour, and crimp symmetry are some of the measures used to monitor production

termination processes.

Many variables affect the process such as wire and terminal quality, machine repeatability, setup parameters, and

operator skill.

Crimp tooling is a significant contributor to the overall crimp termination process. The condition of crimp tooling is

constantly monitored in production by various means. These means are often indirect measures. Crimp Quality

Monitors and crimp cross sections are methodologies that infer the condition of the crimp tooling. Visual inspec-

tion of the crimp tooling can be used

to check for gross failures such as tool breakage or tooling deformation which occurred as a result of a machine

crash. Continuous monitoring of production will help determine when

the process needs to be adjusted and the replacement of crimp tooling can be one of the adjustments that is

made.

Crimp tooling can a have positive effect on the quality, cost, and throughput of the termination process. High qual-

ity crimp tooling can produce high quality crimps with less in-process variation over a greater number of termina-

tions.

It is difficult to distinguish critical tooling attributes with visual inspection only. Some attributes cannot be in-

spected even by running crimp samples. This paper will present the reader with information that identifies key

crimp tooling attributes and the effect of those attributes on the crimping process.

Key Crimp Tooling Characteristics

There are four major categories of key characteristics for crimp tooling. These are:

• Geometry and associated tolerances

• Materials

• Surface condition

• Surface treatment

Each of these categories contributes to the overall performance of the production termination process.

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Geometry and Associated Tolerances

Terminals are designed to perform to specification only when the final crimp form is within a narrow range of

dimensions. Controlling critical crimp dimensions is influenced by many factors including:

• Wire size and material variation

• Terminal size and material variation

• Equipment condition

The final quality and consistency of a crimp can never be any better than the

quality and consistency of the tooling that is used. If other variations could

be eliminated, tooling can and should be able to produce crimp forms that

are well within specified tolerances. In addition, variation from one tooling

set to another should be held to a minimum. Crimp tooling features that are

well controlled and exhibit excellent consistency from tooling set to tooling

set can result in shorter setup time as well as more consistent production re-

sults.

Some critical crimp characteristics are directly defined by the tooling form

and are obvious. These include:

Cross Section Defining Crimp Width,

Crimp Height, and Flash

• Crimp width

• Crimp length

Other critical crimp characteristics can be related to several tooling form fea-

tures and/or other system factors. These may

be less obvious and include:

• Flash

• Roll, twist, and side-to-side bend

• Up/down bend

• Crimp symmetry

• Bellmouth

The following discussion focuses on two characteristics, crimp width and flash, as examples of how tooling can

affect crimp form. Similar arguments can be applied to the others.

Crimp Width

Crimp width is a good example of a feature that should be consistent and in control between different

crimpers of the same part number. The reason for this is quite straightforward. For a given terminal and wire

combination, it is necessary to achieve an area index, AI, which is determined by the terminal designer for op-

timal mechanical and electrical performance. Crimp height, CH, and crimp width, CW, directly affect achieving

proper AI. Area index, AI(as a percentage), is defined as:

where At is the total area of the wire and barrel after crimping. A_Wand A_Bare, respectively, the initial cross-

sectional areas of the wire and barrel before crimping.

A typical design point for AI is 80%. In order to maintain

the same AI, the crimp height, CH, needs to change in-

versely to the change of crimp width, CW, in approxi-

mately the same proportion. Thus, if the CW increases

+2%, the CH needs to change approximately -2% in order

to achieve the same AI design point. At first glance that

may not seem significant, but in reality it can be very

significant. Using another general industry design rule of

the ratio of CH to CW of approximately 65%, a typical

set of dimensions used as an example may be: CW = 0.110 in, CH = 0.068 in

Cross Sections Showing Min-

imum (a) and Maximum (b)

Area Index perTerminal

Specification—aVariation of

3.5%

(a)

(b)

Therefore, varying the CW by 2% would result in a CH variation of 2%, or 0.0014 in.

At a CH tolerance of 0.002 in, 35% of the total CH tolerance would be used by a

2% variation in CW. Thus, the importance of crimp width control is obvious when

tooling is changed during a production run.

Flash

Most crimp terminations have a requirement to limit flash. Flash is defined as the material which protrudes to the

sides of the terminal down and along the anvil. Flash is normal in the crimping process but excessive flash is very

undesirable. Controlling flash requires a balance of several geometric factors. Other factors influencing flash are

related to surface finish and friction, which will be discussed later in this paper.

A dominant factor in controlling flash is controlling the clearance between the crimper and anvil during the crimp

process. Defining the ideal clearance could in itself be a simple matter were it not for two facts:

• In order to minimize terminals’ sticking in the crimper, the sides

of the crimper are tapered. Thus the clearance between the

anvil and crimper varies throughout the stroke.

• Crimper and anvil sets are typically designed to terminate two

to four wire sizes. This creates multiple crimp heights. Since the

sides of the crimper are tapered to minimize terminal sticking,

the maximum clearance permitted without creating flash must

be assigned to the maximum crimp height specified for the

tooling set. In addition, a minimal clearance must be maintained

for the smallest crimp height specified by the tooling set to

Crimper-to-Anvil Clearance = X +Y

at the Final Crimp Height

prohibit contact between the anvil and crimper.

Crimper to anvil clearance is thus a combination of crimp width, crimper leg taper,

anvil width, and crimp height. The critical design point is at the largest crimp

height. This contribution to the gap is directly dependent on dimensional control.

The following is offered as an example:

Nominal condition: CH = 0.073 in, CW = 0.110 in

Crimper leg taper = 3.0 degree

Anvil Width = 0.109 in

Nominal anvil to crimper total clearance = 0.005 in

The clearance can grow rapidly with small changes to

the nominal dimensions:

(a)

Significant flash can be generated

with excessive anvil to crimper

clearance, as shown by nominal

design condition (a) and +0.003 in

over nominal condition (b)

CH remains unchanged = 0.073 in

Increase in crimp width, CW, = 0.0008 in

Increase in crimper leg taper = 0.8 degree

Decrease in anvil width = 0.0008 in

(b)

The total increase in total clearance is this case =

0.0026 in

This more than a 50% increase in the nominal design

clearance, which can result in unacceptable flash (see right).

Dimensional control is clearly critical.

Materials

The material selection for tooling is critical. The material must

be able to meet the in-service demands placed on the tooling components. The two critical tooling components

to be reviewed are the wire crimper and the anvil.

The wire crimper and the anvil have different functional demands. Both have the need to withstand high loads and

moderate shock. However, the wire crimper is in fact an aggressive forming tool. It must withstand high shear

loading that is a result of frictional loads generated as the terminal barrel slides along the crimper surfaces in the

forming process, and then as the terminal barrel is plastically deformed and extruded to complete the termination.

The anvil experiences some of the same conditions but to a much lower level of severity.

The wire crimper and the anvil can be likened to a punch and die in the world of metalworking. The materials used

in punch and die applications have been well documented, along with the material selection process. The added

severity of the aggressive forming and the terminal and wire extrusion during crimping add complexity

to the material selection. The material selection process involves:

• Strength of materials with emphasis on toughness needed to

withstand the moderate shocks generated during crimping

•

Wear resistance to maintain form

In addition to the above design considerations, there exists another phenomenon that occurs during crimping that

can significantly shorten the useable life of a wire crimper. Material can be transferred from the terminal barrel to

the wire crimper. This material buildup can result in unacceptable terminations. The crimped terminal surfaces can

actually be deformed by the indentations of the deposited material. Crimp deformation may result due to in-

creased friction. Tooling wear can be accelerated due to higher crimp forces. Surface treatments that minimize

this material transfer are critical to extended tooling life.

Strength of Materials

Crimpers and anvils are designed to be able to withstand stresses that are typically encountered during crimping.

The basic design of tooling with reference to size and geometry has been well analyzed and generally stresses

generated during crimping are able to be accommodated. However, there are always demanding applications that

will tax the design to its stress limits. In those cases, geometry and material may depart from the standard design.

These exceptions are dealt with on a one-by-one basis and will not

be discussed here.

It is the unique requirement of stress and shock that needs to be discussed. Peak crimp loads go from zero to

maximum in less than 40 ms. Tooling needs to withstand this load cycle at a rate of greater than once per second.

Several classes of tool steels are suitable and are well described in the material handbooks. It is the processing of

these materials that can make a significant performance difference.

In order to withstand the rapid loading to a high stress on a repeated basis, the surface of the material must mini-

mize cracks and imperfections that may be generated during the machining and/or heat treat operations. It is im-

portant that grain structure be controlled in size and orientation to achieve maximum and consistent service life.

Decarburization of the surface during heat treating must be controlled. Heat treating process controls are critical

to reproducing the optimal surface. Machining processes must also be controlled to avoid surface cracking due to

excessive heat generation during overly aggressive material removal. Likewise, localized tempering may occur,

which can soften material beyond the effective range.

These variations in final material and surface conditions are not readily detectable with a visual inspection. They

can manifest themselves during service and result in unacceptable tooling performance.

Wear Resistance

Wear is generally described as the gradual deterioration of a surface through use. Several types of wear exist and

include adhesive, abrasive, and pitting. By design, the tooling is able to withstand normal surface loads. Thus, pit-

ting is typically not an issue.

The primary wear mode experienced by crimp tooling is adhesive wear. Adhesive wear occurs as two surfaces

slide across each other. Under load, adhesion, sometimes referred to as cold welding, can occur. Wear takes place

at the localized points of adhesion due to shear and deformation. Adhesion is highest at the peaks of surface fin-

ish because that is where the load is greatest. During crimping, the ideal conditions exist for adhesive wear. That is,

• High loading due to crimp force

• Sliding surfaces due to crimp formation, and terminal and

wire extrusion

Wear will generally manifest itself more significantly at edges of a surface. However, adhesive wear is often ob-

served over substantial areas of the tooling. It is important to note here that the wire crimper is the component

most susceptible to adhesive wear. Generally, adhesive wear will be directly related to load and to the amount of

relative movement between the two materials. Although the anvil may have equal loading, the amount of relative

movement between the terminal and tooling is many times more at the crimper than at the anvil. The insulation

crimper typically experiences lower adhesive wear because the load is reduced compared to the wire crimp and

the relative movement is less than that of the wire crimper, since there is no terminal and wire extrusion at the in-

sulation crimp.

Adhesive wear can be controlled in the selection of the material. Different alloys exhibit better or worse wear properties.

These properties can be measured and are well documented. Adhesive wear

is inversely proportional to the hardness of the material. Thus, the harder the material, the less adhesive wear. In crimp

tooling, there is often a tradeoff that is made. In order to achieve higher wear resistance, the material often exhibits

lower toughness by composition, hardness, or both. The final material selection is often based on years of experience.

One material may have high wear characteristics and lower toughness, and be suitable for a small terminal since the

margin of safety on stress is high. Another terminal may be large and the toughness could be of more importance due a

lower stress design margin. The ability to design and manufacture crimpers from several materials will enable optimal

material selection for a specific application.

The final property that affects adhesive wear is surface finish. As stated earlier, adhesion is highest at the peaks of the

surface. Thus, the smoother the finish, the less significant the peaks and the less significant the adhesion. Adhesive wear

can be reduced with a lower surface finish. Surface finish affects other crimping performance parameters. These are dis-

cussed in the next section.

Abrasion can occur depending on terminal surfaces. If a terminal is plated with an abrasive substance, the tooling

could suffer from abrasive wear. This would be an atypical condition

and would be handled by special design.

Other applications where abrasive wear is the primary wear mode involve terminals made of steel and stainless steel.

Extensive testing has shown chromium plating is the best surface treatment that can be used on crimpers designed for

these abrasive terminals. However, in these applications, crimpers will not last as long as those crimpers used to crimp

terminals made of other, less abrasive base materials. Using a lubricant (in those applications where this is acceptable)

has shown to increase the life of the crimper. However, even when lubricated the crimper life can be expected to be

shorter when crimping steel or stainless steel terminals.

Once abrasive wear has taken place to the point where the chromium plating has been removed from the base tool steel

of the crimper, as successive crimp cycles occur, further wear will happen very quickly. Without the protective

chromium plating, the underlying surface will then be subject to either further abrasive wear, or adhesive wear. For this

reason, care should be taken to replace the crimper as soon as wear is visible on the surface of the crimper.

Surface Condition

Surface condition can affect the performance of the crimp tooling as well as the longevity of service. As noted in

the previous section, a hard, smooth surface has improved adhesive wear properties and, thus, longer service life.

The other attribute that needs to be considered is friction.

Friction is a contributing factor in determining the final

crimp form and process characteristics. Low tooling friction

results in lower crimping force and thus can influence crimp

form as well as tooling life. Consistent frictional characteris-

tics between tooling sets will result in reduced process

variation.

Friction of the crimp tooling surfaces is influenced by fac-

tors similar to those that influence adhesive wear—hard-

ness and surface finish. Generally, harder materials exhibit

lower coefficients for sliding friction. Friction coefficients

have also been shown to be related to surface finish. Manu-

facturing processes need to produce consistent results

such that when tooling sets need to be changed in produc-

tion, minimum disruption in crimp quality is achieved. It has

been found that maintaining surface hardness above Rc 55 as

Typical Effect of Friction on Crimp Force

well as keeping surface finishes to 8 micro-inches or less is

desirable to obtain consistent crimp results and minimize

adhesive wear.

Surface Treatment

Surface condition can affect the performance of the crimp tooling as well as the longevity of service. As noted in the

previous section, a hard, smooth surface has improved adhesive wear properties and, thus, longer service life. The

other attribute that needs to be considered is friction.

A commonly accepted approach to improved crimp tooling performance and life has been to apply a surface treat-

ment to the crimp area. The wire crimper has been defined in previous discussions as tooling component that is sub-

jected to the severest duty cycle. Thus, applying an appropriate surface treatment to the wire crimper will have the

most benefit to crimp performance and tooling life. These treatments can include hard metal plating or ceramic

coating.

An example of a treatment that has been successful in achieving significant level of performance and life improvements

is hard chromium plating. There are several valid reasons for this success.

First, chromium plating has a very low coefficient of friction. As noted, friction has a significant effect on crimp form.

The static and sliding coefficients of friction for steel on steel are typically 0.30 and 0.20 respectively. Chromium plated

steel on steel can reduce the static and sliding coefficients to 0.17 and 0.16.

The second area that is greatly improved with

chromium plating is wear resistance. Adhesive wear

resistance is improved as surface hardness improves.

Chromium plating typically exhibits a hardness Rc

65+. This hardness level greatly enhances resistance

to adhesive wear. Also, this now frees up the designer

to consider more base metal options. A base material

of reduced wear resistance but greater toughness can

be selected and its wear resistance improved with

chromium plating. Thus, chromium plating can enable

a better tooling solution for the crimp production

process.

Chromium Plated Crimper

Surface after 100,000Termina-

tions. Note there is no visible

build up of material.

Unplated Crimper Surface

after 60,000Terminations.

Note Significant buildup of

material.

Third, and perhaps one of the most significant effects

of chromium plating, is its resistance to adhesion and

cold welding. A side effect of adhesive wear is the

transfer of material from the terminal to the wire

crimper. By definition, adhesive wear is caused by ma-

terial adhering to localized points on the surface.

Some of the adhesion results in the surface material

being worn away and some in the transfer of material

from the terminal to the crimper. As more cycles

occur, more material is transferred. Thus there a re-

sultant buildup of terminal material on the crimper.

This buildup will result in two potentially catastrophic

failures:

Gross Deformation of Crimped

Terminal Resulting from Mate-

rial Buildup in Crimper

Visible Deformation of Outer

Crimp Surface as a result of In-

dentation from Material Buildup

on Crimper

• The built-up material will create deformations in

the terminal surface, resulting in unacceptable

crimps.

• Crimps will be greatly distorted due to significant changes in the friction factor and result in the terminals not

conforming to the desired form. Unacceptable crimp forms, such as unsymmetrical cross-section, excessive

flash, and open barrels can result.

Chromium plating has the ability to be applied uniformly and consistently and exhibits excellent adhesion to the

base metals. The unique benefits of chromium plating, such as ease of application, consistency of plating, adhe-

sion to base metal, extremely low coefficient of friction, very high hardness, and resistance to adhesion, make it

truly difficult to match in crimp performance and durability. However many alternative coatings are being at-

tempted, and some show excellent promise in specific applications.

Summary

This paper has explored four categories of characteristics that are key to high performance tooling. Several exam-

ples have been discussed which demonstrate how minor variations in those characteristics can have measurable

and sometimes significant effects on the resultant crimp form and its compliance to specifications. These same

characteristics can affect tooling service life. It is also a logical extension of these discussions to conclude that

variations of these characteristics from one tooling set to another tooling set can affect process control when

tooling changes are required in production. Maintaining process control may require additional setup time. Quality

tooling that addresses the key characteristics of geometry, materials, surface condition, and surface treatment is

an important component of your total quality control program.

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TE Connectivity

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