LM5045MHX_技术文档

LM5045

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SNVS699G –FEBRUARY 2011–REVISED MARCH 2013

Full-Bridge PWM Controller with Integrated MOSFET Drivers

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1

FEATURES

DESCRIPTION

The LM5045 PWM controller contains all of the

features necessary to implement Full-Bridge topology

power converters using either current mode or

voltage mode control. This device is intended to

operate on the primary side of an isolated dc-dc

converter with input voltage up to 100V. This highly

integrated controller-driver provides dual 2A high and

low side gate drivers for the four external brige

MOSFETs plus control signals for the secondary side

synchronous rectifier MOSFETs. External resistors

program the leading and trailing edge dead-time

between the main and synchronous rectifier control

signals. Intelligent startup of the synchronous

rectifiers allows monotonic turn-on of the power

converter even with pre-bias load conditions.

Additional features include cycle-by-cycle current

limiting, hiccup mode restart, programmable soft-

start, synchronous rectifier soft-start and a 2 MHz

capable oscillator with synchronization capability and

thermal shutdown.

2

•

Highest Integration Controller for Small Form

Factor, High Density Power Converters

•

High Voltage Start-up Regulator

Intelligent Sync Rectifier Start-up Allows

Linear Turn-on into Pre-biased Loads

•

Synchronous Rectifiers Disabled in UVLO

mode and Hiccup Mode

Two Independent, Programmable

Synchronous Rectifier dead-time Adjustments

•

Four High Current 2A Bridge Gate Drivers

Wide-Bandwidth Opto-coupler Interface

Configurable for either Current Mode or

Voltage Mode Control

•

Dual-mode Over-Current Protection

Resistor Programmed 2MHz Oscillator

Programmable Line UVLO and OVP

PACKAGES

•

HTSSOP 28 pin

WQFN 28 pin (5mm x 5mm)

Simplified Full-Bridge Power Converter

Vin

Vout

T1

VCC

HO1 BST1

VIN

LO1 SLOPE RAMP CS LO2 HS2 BST2 HO2

HS1

GATE

DRIVE

ISOLATION

SR1

UVLO

OVP

SR2

LM5045 FULL-BRIDGE CONTROLLER

WITH INTEGRATED GATE DRIVERS

VCC

ISOLATED

FEEDBACK

COMP

SSOFF

RT

RES

SS

RD1 RD2 REF PGND AGND

SSSR

ISOLATION

BOUNDARY

1

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of

Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

2

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.

Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas

Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not

necessarily include testing of all parameters.

LM5045

SNVS699G –FEBRUARY 2011–REVISED MARCH 2013

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Connection Diagram

UVLO

VIN

OVP

RAMP

CS

HS1

HO1

BST1

SR1

SLOPE

LO1

COMP

REF

PGND

VCC

HTSSOP28

RT

LO2

SR2

AGND

RD1

BST2

RD2

HO2

HS2

RES

SS

SSSR

SS OFF

Figure 1. Top View HTSSOP

Package Number PWP0028A

BST1

SLOPE

COMP

SR1

LO1

REF

RT

5 mm x 5 mm

WQFN 28

PGND

AGND

RD1

VCC

LO2

RD2

SR2

Figure 2. Top View WQFN Package

Package Number RSG0028A

2

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PIN DESCRIPTIONS

HTSSOP WQFN

Name

Description

Application Information

1

25

UVLO

Line Under-Voltage Lockout

An external voltage divider from the power source sets the

shutdown and standby comparator levels. When UVLO reaches the

0.4V threshold the VCC and REF regulators are enabled. At the

1.25V threshold, the SS pin is released and the controller enters the

active mode. Hysteresis is set by an internal current sink that pulls

20µA from the external resistor divider.

2

26

OVP/OTP Over Voltage Protection

An external voltage divider from the input power supply sets the

shutdown level during an over-voltage condition. Alternatively, an

external NTC thermistor voltage divider can be used to set the

shutdown temperature. The threshold is 1.25V. Hysteresis is set by

an internal current that sources 20 µA of current into the external

resistor divider.

3

4

5

27

28

1

RAMP

CS

Input to PWM Comparator

Current Sense Input

Modulation ramp for the PWM comparator. This ramp can be a

signal representative of the primary current (current mode) or

proportional to the input voltage (feed-forward voltage mode). This

pin is reset to GND at the end of every cycle.

If CS exceeds 750mV the PWM output pulse will be terminated,

entering cycle-by-cycle current limit. An internal switch holds CS low

for 40nS after either output switches high to blank leading edge

transients.

SLOPE

Slope Compensation Current

A ramping current source from 0 to 100µA is provided for slope

compensation in current mode control. This pin can be connected

through an appropriate resistor to the CS pin to provide slope

compensation. If slope compensation is not required, SLOPE must

be tied to ground.

6

2

COMP

Input to the Pulse Width Modulator An external opto-coupler connected to the COMP pin sources

current into an internal NPN current mirror. The PWM duty cycle is

at maximum with zero input current, while 1mA reduces the duty

cycle to zero. The current mirror improves the frequency response

by reducing the AC voltage across the opto-coupler.

7

8

3

4

REF

Output of a 5V reference

Maximum output current is 15mA. Locally decouple with a 0.1µF

capacitor.

RT/SYNC Oscillator Frequency Control and

Frequency Synchronization

The resistance connected between RT and AGND sets the

oscillator frequency. Synchronization is achieved by AC coupling a

pulse to the RT/SYNC pin that raises the voltage at least 1.5V

above the 2V nominal bias level.

9

5

6

AGND

RD1

Analog Ground

Connect directly to the Power Ground.

10

Synchronous Rectifier Leading

Edge Delay

The resistance connected between RD1 and AGND sets the delay

from the falling edge of SR1 or SR2 and the rising edge of

HO2/LO1 or HO1/LO2 respectively.

11

12

7

8

RD2

RES

Synchronous Rectifier Trailing

Edge Delay

The resistance connected between RD2 and AGND sets the delay

from the falling edge of HO1/LO2 or HO2/LO1 and the rising edge

of SR2 or SR1 respectively.

Restart Timer

Whenever the CS pin exceeds the 750mV cycle-cycle current limit

threshold, 30µA current is sourced into the RES capacitor for the

remainder of the PWM cycle. If the RES capacitor voltage reaches

1.0V, the SS capacitor is discharged to disable the HO1, HO2, LO1,

LO2 and SR1, SR2 outputs. The SS pin is held low until the voltage

on the RES capacitor has been ramped between 2V and 4V eight

times by 10µA charge and 5µA discharge currents. After the delay

sequence, the SS capacitor is released to initiate a normal start-up

sequence.

13

14

9

SS

Soft-Start Input

An internal 20µA current source charges the SS pin during start-up.

The input to the PWM comparator gradually rises as the SS

capacitor charges to steadily increase the PWM duty cycle. Pulling

the SS pin to a voltage below 200mV stops PWM pulses at HO1,2

and LO1,2 and turns off the synchronous rectifier FETs to a low

state.

10

SSSR

Secondary Side Soft-Start

An external capacitor and an internal 20µA current source set the

soft-start ramp for the synchronous rectifiers. The SSSR capacitor

charge-up is enabled after the first output pulse and SS>2V and

Icomp <800µA

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PIN DESCRIPTIONS (continued)

HTSSOP WQFN

Name

Description

Soft-Stop Disable

Application Information

15

11

SSOFF

When SS OFF pin is connected to the AGND, the LM5045 soft-

stops in the event of a VIN UVLO and Hiccup mode current limit

condition. If the SSOFF pin is connected to REF pin, the controller

hard-stops on any fault condition. Refer Table 1 for more details.

19

21

15

17

SR2

VCC

Synchronous Rectifier Driver

Output of Start-Up Regulator

Control output for synchronous rectifier gate. Capable of peak

sourcing 100mA and sinking 400mA.

The output voltage of the start-up regulator is initially regulated to

9.5V. Once the secondary side soft-start (SSSR pin) reaches 1V,

the VCC output is reduced to 7.7V. If an auxiliary winding raises the

voltage on this pin above the regulation set-point, the internal start-

up regulator will shutdown, thus reducing the IC power dissipation.

22

18

PGND

Power Ground

Connect directly to Analog Ground

23, 20

19, 16 LO1, LO2 Low Side Output Driver

Alternating output of the PWM gate driver. Capable of 1.5A peak

source and 2A peak sink current.

24

20

SR1

Synchronous Rectifier Driver

Gate Drive Bootstrap

Control output for synchronous rectifier gate. Capable of peak

sourcing 100mA and sinking 400mA.

25, 18

21, 14

BST1,2

Bootstrap capacitors connected between BST1,2 and SW1,2

provide bias supply for the high side HO1,2 gate drivers. External

diodes are required between VCC and BST1,2 to charge the

bootstrap capacitors when SW1,2 are low.

26, 17

27, 16

28

22, 13

23, 12

24

HO1,2

HS1,2

VIN

High Side Output Driver

Switch Node

High side PWM outputs capable of driving the upper MOSFET of

the bridge with 1.5A peak source and 2A peak sink current.

Common connection of the high side FET source, low side FET

drain and transformer primary winding.

Input Power Source

Input to the Start-up Regulator. Operating input range is 14V to

100V. For power sources outside of this range, the LM5045 can be

biased directly at VCC by an external regulator.

These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam

during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.

4

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(1)

Absolute Maximum Ratings

VIN to GND

-0.3V to 105V

-5V to 105V

-0.3V to 116V

-0.3V to 16V

-0.3V to BST1/BST2+0.3V

-0.3V to VCC+0.3V

-0.3V to 16V

-0.3V to 7V

HS to GND⁽²⁾

BST1/BST2 to GND

BST1/BST2 to HS1/HS2

HO1/HO2 to HS1/HS2⁽³⁾

LO1/LO2/SR1/SR2⁽³⁾

V_CCto GND

REF,SSOFF,RT,OVP,UVLO to GND

RAMP

-0.3V to 7V

COMP

-0.3V

COMP Input Current

All other inputs to GND⁽³⁾

ESD Rating HBM⁽⁴⁾

Storage Temperature Range

Junction Temperature

+10mA

-0.3 to REF+0.3V

2 kV

-55°C to 150°C

150°C

(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which

operation of the device is intended to be functional. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics.

(2) The negative HS voltage must never be more negative than VCC-16V. For example, if VCC=12V, the negative transients at HS must

not exceed -4V.

(3) These pins are output pins and as such should not be connected to an external voltage source. The voltage range listed is the limits the

internal circuitry is designed to reliably tolerate in the application circuit.

(4) The human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin.

(1)

Operating Ratings

VIN Voltage

14V to 100V

10V to 14V

External Voltage Applied to VCC

Junction Temperature

SLOPE

-40°C to +125°C

-0.3V to 2V

(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which

operation of the device is intended to be functional. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics.

Electrical Characteristics

Limits in standard typeface are for T_J= 25°C only; limits in boldface type apply the junction temperature range of -40°C to

+125°C. Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48V, RT = 25kΩ, RD1=RD2=20kΩ. No load on

HO1, HO2, LO1, LO2, SR1, SR2, COMP=0V, UVLO=2.5V, OVP=0V, SSOFF=0V.

Symbol

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

Startup Regulator (VCC pin)

V_CC1

V_CC2

VCC voltage

I_CC= 10mA (SSSR<1V)

I_CC= 10mA (SSSR>1V)

V_CC= 6V

9.3

7.5

60

9.6

7.8

80

9.9

8.1

V

VCC voltage

I_CC(Lim)

I_CC(ext)

VCC current limit

VCC supply current

mA

Supply current into VCC from an externally

applied source. V_CC= 10V

4.6

VCC load regulation

I_CCfrom 0 to 50 mA

Positive going VCC

35

mV

V

V_CC(UV)

VCC under-voltage threshold

V_CC1–0. V_CC1–0.

2

1

VCC under-voltage threshold

VIN operating current

Negative going VCC

5.9

6.3

4

6.7

V

I_IN

mA

µA

VIN shutdown current

V_IN=20V, V_UVLO=0V

V_VIN=100V, V_UVLO=0V

V_CC=10V

300

350

160

520

550

VIN start-up regulator leakage

Voltage Reference Regulator (REF pin)

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Electrical Characteristics (continued)

Limits in standard typeface are for T_J= 25°C only; limits in boldface type apply the junction temperature range of -40°C to

+125°C. Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48V, RT = 25kΩ, RD1=RD2=20kΩ. No load on

HO1, HO2, LO1, LO2, SR1, SR2, COMP=0V, UVLO=2.5V, OVP=0V, SSOFF=0V.

Symbol

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

5

Max

5.15

50

Units

V

V_REF

REF Voltage

I_REF= 0mA

4.85

REF voltage regulation

REF current limit

V_REFunder-voltage threshold

Hysteresis

I_REF= 0 to 10mA

V_REF= 4.5V

25

mV

mA

V

I_REF(Lim)

V_REFUV

15

20

Positive going V_REF

4.3

4.5

0.25

4.7

V

Under-Voltage Lock Out and shutdown (UVLO pin)

V_UVLO

I_UVLO

Under-voltage threshold

Hysteresis current

1.18

16

1.25

20

1.32

24

V

UVLO pin sinking current when

V_UVLO<1.25V

µA

Under-voltage standby enable

threshold

UVLO voltage rising

0.32

0.4

0.48

V

Hysteresis

0.05

1.25

20

V

V_OVP

OVP shutdown threshold

OVP hysteresis current

OVP rising

1.18

16

1.32

24

OVP sources current when OVP>1.25V

µA

Soft-Start (SS Pin)

I_SS

SS charge current

V_SS= 0V

16

20

24

µA

V

SS threshold for SSSR charge current I_COMP<800µA

1.93

2.0

2.20

enable

SS output low voltage

Sinking 100µA

40

200

20

mV

µA

mV

V

SS threshold to disable switching

SSSR charge current

I_SSSR

V_SS>2V, I_COMP<800µA

V_UVLO<1.25V

16

54

24

75

I_SSSR-DIS1

I_SSSR-DIS2

SSSR discharge current 1

SSSR discharge current 2

SSSR output low voltage

SSSR threshold to enable SR1/SR2

65

V_RES>1V

109

125

50

147

Sinking 100µA

1.2

Current Sense Input (CS Pin)

V_CSCurrent limit threshold

0.710

0.750

65

0.785

45

V

ns

Ω

CS delay to output

CS leading edge blanking

CS sink impedance (clocked)

50

R_CS

Internal FET sink impedance

Termination of hiccup timer

18

Soft-Stop Disable (SS OFF Pin)

V_IH(min)SSOFF Input-threshold

SSOFF pull down resistance

Current Limit Restart (RES Pin)

2.8

V

200

kΩ

R_RES

V_RES

RES pull-down resistance

37

1

Ω

V

RES hiccup threshold

RES upper counter threshold

RES lower counter threshold

Charge current source 1

Charge current source 2

Discharge current source 1

Discharge current source 2

4

V

2

V

I_RES-SRC1

I_RES-SRC2

I_RES-DIS2

V_RES<1V,V_CS>750mV

1V<V_RES<4V

30

10

5

µA

V_CS<750mV

2V<V_RES<4V

5

Ratio of time in hiccup mode to time

in current limit

V_RES>1V, Hiccup counter

147

Voltage Feed-Forward (RAMP Pin)

RAMP sink impedance (Clocked)

5.5

20

Ω

6

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Electrical Characteristics (continued)

Limits in standard typeface are for T_J= 25°C only; limits in boldface type apply the junction temperature range of -40°C to

+125°C. Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48V, RT = 25kΩ, RD1=RD2=20kΩ. No load on

HO1, HO2, LO1, LO2, SR1, SR2, COMP=0V, UVLO=2.5V, OVP=0V, SSOFF=0V.

Symbol

Oscillator (RT Pin)

F_SW1Frequency (LO1, half oscillator

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

R_T= 25 kΩ

R_T= 10 kΩ

185

420

200

480

215

540

kHz

frequency)

F_SW2

Frequency (LO1, half oscillator

frequency)

DC level

2.0

3

V

RT sync threshold

2.8

45

3.3

90

Synchronous Rectifier Timing Control (RD1 & RD2 Pins)

T1

SR trailing edge delay

R_D1=20 kΩ

65

ns

SR turn-off to HO&LO both on

R_D1=100 kΩ

R_D2=20 kΩ

232

43

300

65

388

90

ns

T2

SR leading edge

HO or LO turn-off to SR turn-on

R_D2=100 kΩ

227

300

384

ns

Comp Pin

V_PWM-OS

V_SS-OS

COMP current to RAMP offset

SS to RAMP offset

V_RAMP=0V

680

800

1.0

940

µA

V

V_RAMP=0V

0.78

1.22

COMP current to RAMP gain

SS to RAMP gain

ΔRAMP/ΔI_COMP

ΔSS/ΔRAMP

V_SS> 2V

2400

0.5

Ω

COMP current for SSSR charge

current enable

690

800

915

0

µA

COMP to output delay

Minimum duty cycle

120

100

ns

%

I_COMP= 1mA

Slope Compensation (SLOPE Pin)

I_SLOPE

Slope compensation current ramp

Peak of RAMP current

V_BST-V_HSrising

µA

BOOST (BST Pin)

V_{Bst uv}

BST under-voltage threshold

Hysteresis

HO1, HO2, LO1, LO2 Gate Drivers

3.8

4.7

0.5

5.6

V

V_OL

V_OH

Low-state output voltage

High-state output voltage

I_HO/LO= 100mA

0.16

0.27

0.32

V

I_HO/LO= 100mA

V_OHL= V_CC-V_LO

V_OHH= V_BST-V_HO

0.495

Rise Time

C-load = 1000pF

V_HO/LO= 0V

16

11

1.5

2

ns

A

Fall Time

I_OHL

I_OLL

Peak Source Current

Peak Sink Current

-

V_HO/LO= V_CC

A

SR1, SR2 Gate Drivers

V_OL

V_OH

Low-state output voltage

I_SR1/SR2= 10mA

0.05

0.17

0.1

V

High-state output voltage

I_SR1/SR2= 10mA,

V_OH= V_REF-V_SR

0.28

Rise Time

C-load = 1000pF

V_SR= 0V

60

20

ns

A

Fall Time

I_OHL

Peak Source Current

Peak Sink Current

0.1

0.4

-

I_OLL

V_SR= V_REF

A

Thermal

TSD

Thermal Shutdown Temp

160

°C

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Electrical Characteristics (continued)

Limits in standard typeface are for T_J= 25°C only; limits in boldface type apply the junction temperature range of -40°C to

+125°C. Unless otherwise specified, the following conditions apply: VIN = 48V, RT = 25kΩ, RD1=RD2=20kΩ. No load on

HO1, HO2, LO1, LO2, SR1, SR2, COMP=0V, UVLO=2.5V, OVP=0V, SSOFF=0V.

Symbol

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

25

40

4

Max

Units

°C

Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis

Junction to Ambient⁽¹⁾

Junction to Case

RJA

RJC

HTSSOP/WQFN

°C/W

(1) 4 layer standard thermal test board. Cu thickness of layers (2oz, 1oz, 1oz, 2oz).

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Typical Performance Characteristics

Application Board Efficiency

V_CCvs I_CC

100

90

80

70

60

50

36V

48V

72V

V

= 3.3V

OUT

5

10

15

20

25

30

LOAD CURRENT (A)

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

I_INvs. V_IN

V_VCCand V_REFvs. V_VIN

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

V

=3V

UVLO

=1V

=0V

UVLO

V

UVLO

0

20

40

60

(V)

80

100

V

IN

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

V_REFvs. I_REF

Oscillator Frequency vs. R_T

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

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Typical Performance Characteristics (continued)

Dead-Time T1, T2 vs. R_D1, R_D2

Dead-Time T1, T2 vs. Temperature

75

70

65

60

55

T2

T1

-50

0

50

100

150

TEMPERATURE(°C)

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

CS Threshold vs. Temperature

Figure 11.

10

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Block Diagram

VOLTAGE

REGULATOR

VIN

VCC

REF

1.25V

+

-

OVP

VCC

UVLO

5V

20 mA

5V

HYSTERESIS

REFERENCE

0.4V

+

-

SHUTDOWN

BST1

HO1

HS1

UVLO

LOGIC

THERMAL

LIMIT

(160°C)

1.25V

+

-

STANDBY

UVLO

VCC

LO1

HYSTERESIS

20 mA

BST2

HO2

CLK

RT

DELAY

OSCILLATOR

HS2

LO2

Q

TIMERS

AND

T

VCC

REF

Q

DRIVER

LOGIC

S

R

100 mA

0 mA

SR1

SLOPE

SLOPECOMP

SR2

RD1

GENERATOR

RAMP

RD2

SSOFF

RAMP

COMP

20 mA

SSSR

5V

DRIVER

LOGIC

5k

+

1V

R

PWM

-

SS

20 mA

SS

R

1:1

SS

Buffer

0.75V

10 mA

-

CS

+

HICCUP

30 mA

MODE

TIMER and

LOGIC

CLK + LEB

RES

PGND

5 mA

+

-

AGND

1.0V

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FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The LM5045 PWM controller contains all of the features necessary to implement a Full-Bridge topology power

converter using either current mode or voltage mode control. This device is intended to operate on the primary

side of an isolated dc-dc converter with input voltage up to 100V. This highly integrated controller-driver provides

dual 2A high and low side gate drivers for the four external bridge MOSFETs plus control signals for secondary

side synchronous rectifiers. External resistors program the leading and trailing edge dead-time between the main

and synchronous rectifier control signals. Intelligent startup of synchronous rectifier allows turn-on of the power

converter into the pre-bias loads. Cycle-by-cycle current limit protects the power components from load transients

while hiccup mode protection limits average power dissipation during extended overload conditions. Additional

features include programmable soft-start, soft-start of the synchronous rectifiers, and a 2 MHz capable oscillator

with synchronization capability and thermal shutdown.

High-Voltage Start-Up Regulator

The LM5045 contains an internal high voltage start-up regulator that allows the input pin (VIN) to be connected

directly to the supply voltage over a wide range from 14V to 100V. The input can withstand transients up to

105V. When the UVLO pin potential is greater than 0.4V, the VCC regulator is enabled to charge an external

capacitor connected to the VCC pin. The VCC regulator provides power to the voltage reference (REF) and the

gate drivers (HO1/HO2 and LO1/LO2). When the voltage on the VCC pin exceeds its Under Voltage (UV)

threshold, the internal voltage reference (REF) reaches its regulation set point of 5V and the UVLO voltage is

greater than 1.25V, the soft-start capacitor is released and normal operation begins. The regulator output at VCC

is internally current limited. The value of the VCC capacitor depends on the total system design, and its start-up

characteristics. The recommended range of values for the VCC capacitor is 0.47μF to 10µF.

The internal power dissipation of the LM5045 can be reduced by powering VCC from an external supply. The

output voltage of the VCC regulator is initially regulated to 9.5V. After the synchronous rectifiers are engaged

(which is approximately when the output voltage in within regulation), the VCC voltage is reduced to 7.7V. In

typical applications, an auxiliary transformer winding is connected through a diode to the VCC pin. This winding

must raise the VCC voltage above 8V to shut off the internal start-up regulator. Powering VCC from an auxiliary

winding improves efficiency while reducing the controller’s power dissipation. The VCC UV circuit will still function

in this mode, requiring that VCC never falls below its UV threshold during the start-up sequence. The VCC

regulator series pass transistor includes a diode between VCC and VIN that should not be forward biased in

normal operation. Therefore, the auxiliary VCC voltage should never exceed the VIN voltage.

An external DC bias voltage can be used instead of the internal regulator by connecting the external bias voltage

to both the VCC and the VIN pins. This implementation is shown in the APPLICATIONS INFORMATION section.

The external bias must be greater than 10V and less than the VCC maximum voltage rating of 14V.

Line Under-Voltage Detector

The LM5045 contains a dual level Under-Voltage Lockout (UVLO) circuit. When the UVLO pin voltage is below

0.4V, the controller is in a low current shutdown mode. When the UVLO pin voltage is greater than 0.4V but less

than 1.25V, the controller is in standby mode. In standby mode the VCC and REF bias regulators are active

while the controller outputs are disabled. When the VCC and REF outputs exceed their respective under-voltage

thresholds and the UVLO pin voltage is greater than 1.25V, the soft-start capacitor is released and the normal

operation begins. An external set-point voltage divider from VIN to GND can be used to set the minimum

operating voltage of the converter. The divider must be designed such that the voltage at the UVLO pin will be

greater than 1.25V when VIN enters the desired operating range. UVLO hysteresis is accomplished with an

internal 20μA current sink that is switched on or off into the impedance of the set-point divider. When the UVLO

threshold is exceeded, the current sink is deactivated to quickly raise the voltage at the UVLO pin. When the

UVLO pin voltage falls below the 1.25V threshold, the current sink is enabled causing the voltage at the UVLO

pin to quickly fall. The hysteresis of the 0.4V shutdown comparator is internally fixed at 50mV.

The UVLO pin can also be used to implement various remote enable / disable functions. Turning off the

converter by forcing the UVLO pin to standby condition (0.4V < UVLO < 1.25V) provides a controlled soft-stop.

Refer to the Soft-Stop section for more details.

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Over Voltage Protection

An external voltage divider can be used to set either an over voltage or an over temperature protection. During

an OVP condition, the SS and SSSR capacitors are discharged and all the outputs are disabled. The divider

must be designed such that the voltage at the OVP pin is greater than 1.25V when over voltage/temperature

condition exists. Hysteresis is accomplished with an internal 20μA current source. When the OVP pin voltage

exceeds 1.25V, the 20μA current source is activated to quickly raise the voltage at the OVP pin. When the OVP

pin voltage falls below the 1.25V threshold, the current source is deactivated causing the voltage at the OVP to

quickly fall. Refer to the APPLICATIONS INFORMATION section for more details.

Reference

The REF pin is the output of a 5V linear regulator that can be used to bias an opto-coupler transistor and

external housekeeping circuits. The regulator output is internally current limited to 15mA. The REF pin needs to

be locally decoupled with a ceramic capacitor, the recommended range of values are from 0.1μF to 10μF

Oscillator, Sync Input

The LM5045 oscillator frequency is set by a resistor connected between the RT pin and AGND. The RT resistor

should be located very close to the device. To set a desired oscillator frequency (F_OSC), the necessary value of

RT resistor can be calculated from the following equation:

1

R_T=

F_OSCx 1 x 10^-10

(1)

For example, if the desired oscillator frequency is 400 kHz i.e. each phase (LO1 or LO2) at 200 kHz, the value of

R_Twill be 25kΩ. If the LM5045 is to be synchronized to an external clock, that signal must be coupled into the

RT pin through a 100pF capacitor. The RT pin voltage is nominally regulated at 2.0V and the external pulse

amplitude should lift the pin to between 3.5V and 5.0V on the low-to-high transition. The synchronization pulse

width should be between 15 and 200ns. The RT resistor is always required, whether the oscillator is free running

or externally synchronized and the SYNC frequency must be equal to, or greater than the frequency set by the

RT resistor. When syncing to an external clock, it is recommended to add slope compensation by connecting an

appropriate resistor from the VCC pin to the CS pin. Also disable the SLOPE pin by grounding it.

Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limit

The CS pin is to be driven by a signal representative of the transformer’s primary current. If the voltage on the

CS pin exceeds 0.75V, the current sense comparator immediately terminates the PWM cycle. A small RC filter

connected to the CS pin and located near the controller is recommended to suppress noise. An internal 18Ω

MOSFET discharges the external current sense filter capacitor at the conclusion of every cycle. The discharge

MOSFET remains on for an additional 40ns after the start of a new PWM cycle to blank leading edge spikes. The

current sense comparator is very fast and may respond to short duration noise pulses. Layout is critical for the

current sense filter and the sense resistor. The capacitor associated with CS filter must be placed very close to

the device and connected directly to the CS and AGND pins. If a current sense transformer is used, both the

leads of the transformer secondary should be routed to the filter network, which should be located close to the

IC. When designing with a current sense resistor, all of the noise sensitive low power ground connections should

be connected together near the AGND pin, and a single connection should be made to the power ground (sense

resistor ground point).

Hiccup Mode

The LM5045 provides a current limit restart timer to disable the controller outputs and force a delayed restart (i.e.

Hiccup mode) if a current limit condition is repeatedly sensed. The number of cycle-by-cycle current limit events

required to trigger the restart is programmed by the external capacitor at the RES pin. During each PWM cycle,

the LM5045 either sources or sinks current from the RES capacitor. If current limit is detected, the 5μA current

sink is disabled and a 30μA current source is enabled. If the RES voltage reaches the 1.0V threshold, the

following restart sequence occurs, as shown in Figure 12:

•

The SS and SSSR capacitors are fully discharged

The 30μA current source is turned-off and the 10μA current source is turned-on.

Once the voltage at the RES pin reaches 4.0V the 10μA current source is turned-off and a 5μA current sink is

turned-on, ramping the voltage on the RES capacitor down to 2.0V.

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•

Once RES capacitor reaches 2.0V, threshold, the 10μA current source is turned-on again. The RES capacitor

voltage is ramped between 4.0V and 2.0V eight times.

When the counter reaches eight, the RES pin voltage is pulled low and the soft-start capacitor is released to

begin a soft-start sequence. The SS capacitor voltage slowly increases. When the SS voltage reaches 1.0V,

the PWM comparator will produce the first narrow pulse.

•

If the overload condition persists after restart, cycle-by-cycle current limiting will begin to increase the voltage

on the RES capacitor again, repeating the hiccup mode sequence.

If the overload condition no longer exists after restart, the RES pin will be held at ground by the 5μA current

sink and the normal operation resumes.

The hiccup mode function can be completely disabled by connecting the RES pin to the AGND pin. In this

configuration the cycle-by-cycle protection will limit the maximum output current indefinitely, no hiccup restart

sequences will occur.

4V

2V

1V

Count to Eight

Restart delay

Soft-Start

1V

Hiccup Mode off-time

Figure 12. Hiccup Mode Delay and Soft-Start Timing Diagram

PWM Comparator

The LM5045 pulse width modulator (PWM) comparator is a three input device, it compares the signal at the

RAMP pin to the loop error signal or the soft-start, whichever is lower, to control the duty cycle. This comparator

is optimized for speed in order to achieve minimum controllable duty cycles. The loop error signal is received

from the external feedback and isolation circuit in the form of a control current into the COMP pin. The COMP pin

current is internally mirrored by a matching pair of NPN transistors which sink current through a 5kΩ resistor

connected to the 5V reference. The resulting control voltage passes through a 1V offset, followed by a 2:1

resistor divider before being applied to the PWM comparator.

An opto-coupler detector can be connected between the REF pin and the COMP pin. Because the COMP pin is

controlled by a current input, the potential difference across the opto-coupler detector is nearly constant. The

bandwidth limiting phase delay which is normally introduced by the significant capacitance of the opto-coupler is

thereby greatly reduced. Higher loop bandwidths can be realized since the bandwidth limiting pole associated

with the opto-coupler is now at a much higher frequency. The PWM comparator polarity is configured such that

with no current flowing into the COMP pin, the controller produces maximum duty cycle.

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Ramp Pin

The voltage at the RAMP pin provides the modulation ramp for the PWM comparator. The PWM comparator

compares the modulation ramp signal at the RAMP pin to the loop error signal to control the duty cycle. The

modulation ramp signal can be implemented either as a ramp proportional to the input voltage, known as feed-

forward voltage mode control, or as a ramp proportional to the primary current, known as current mode control.

The RAMP pin is reset by an internal MOSFET with an R_DS(ON)of 5.5Ω at the conclusion of each PWM cycle.

The ability to configure the RAMP pin for either voltage mode or current mode allows the controller to be

implemented for the optimum control method depending upon the design constraints. Refer to the

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION section for more details on configuring the RAMP pin for feed-forward voltage

mode control and peak current mode control.

Slope Pin

For duty cycles greater than 50% (25% for each phase), peak current mode control is subject to sub-harmonic

oscillation. Sub-harmonic oscillation is normally characterized by observing alternating wide and narrow duty

cycles. This can be eliminated by adding an artificial ramp, known as slope compensation, to the modulating

signal at the RAMP pin. The SLOPE pin provides a current source ramping from 0 to 100μA, at the frequency set

by the RT resistor, for slope compensation. The ramping current source at the SLOPE pin can be utilized in a

couple of different ways to add slope compensation to the RAMP signal:

1. As shown in Figure 13(a), the SLOPE and RAMP pins can be connected together through an appropriate

resistor to the CS pin. This configuration will inject current sense signal plus slope compensation to the

RAMP pin but CS pin will not see any slope compensation. Therefore, in this scheme slope compensation

will not affect the current limit.

2. In a second configuration, as shown in Figure 13(b), the SLOPE, RAMP and CS pins can be tied together. In

this configuration the ramping current source from the SLOPE pin will flow through the filter resistor and filter

capacitor, therefore both the CS pin and the RAMP pin will see the current sense signal plus the slope

compensation ramp. In this scheme, the current limit is compensated by the slope compensation and the

current limit onset point will vary.

If the slope compensation is not required for e.g. in feed-forward voltage mode control, the SLOPE pin must be

connected to the AGND pin. When the RT pin is synched to an external clock, it is recommended to disable the

SLOPE pin and add slope compensation externally by connecting an appropriate resistor from the VCC pin to the

CS pin. Please refer to the APPLICATIONS INFORMATION section for more details.

LM5045

100 mA

SLOPE

0

SLOPE

0

RAMP

CS

RAMP

CS

CLK

Current

Sense

CLK

Current

Sense

R

SLOPE

R

FILTER

R

FILTER

CLK + LEB

R

CS

C

FILTER

C

FILTER

(a)

(b)

A. Slope Compensation Configured for PWM Only (No Current Limit Slope)

B. Slope Compensation Configured for PWM and Current Limit

Figure 13. Slope Compensation Configuration

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Soft-Start

The soft-start circuit allows the power converter to gradually reach a steady state operating point, thereby

reducing the start-up stresses and current surges. When bias is supplied to the LM5045, the SS capacitor is

discharged by an internal MOSFET. When the UVLO, VCC and REF pins reach their operating thresholds, the

SS capacitor is released and is charged with a 20µA current source. Once the SS pin voltage crosses the 1V

offset, SS controls the duty cycle. The PWM comparator is a three input device; it compares the RAMP signal

against the lower of the signals between the soft-start and the loop error signal. In a typical isolated application,

as the secondary bias is established, the error amplifier on the secondary side soft-starts and establishes closed-

loop control, steering the control away from the SS pin.

One method to shutdown the regulator is to ground the SS pin. This forces the internal PWM control signal to

ground, reducing the output duty cycle quickly to zero. Releasing the SS pin begins a soft-start cycle and normal

operation resumes. A second shutdown method is presented in the UVLO section.

Gate Driver Outputs

The LM5045 provides four gate drivers: two floating high side gate drivers HO1 and HO2 and two ground

referenced low side gate drivers LO1 and LO2. Each internal driver is capable of source 1.5A peak and sinking

2A peak. Initially, the diagonal HO1 and LO2 are turned-on together, followed by an off-time when all the four

gate driver outputs are off. In the subsequent phase the diagonal HO2 and LO1 are turned on together followed

by an off-time. The low-side gate drivers are powered directly by the VCC regulator. The HO1 and HO2 gate

drivers are powered from a bootstrap capacitor connected between BST1/BST2 and HS1/HS2 respectively. An

external diode connected between VCC (anode pin) and BST (cathode pin) provides the high side gate driver

power by charging the bootstrap capacitor from VCC when the corresponding switch node (HS1/HS2 pin) is low.

When the high side MOSFET is turned on, BST1 rises to a peak voltage equal to VCC + V_HS1where V_HS1is the

switch node voltage.

The BST and VCC capacitors should be placed close to the pins of the LM5045 to minimize voltage transients

due to parasitic inductances since the peak current sourced to the MOSFET gates can exceed 1.5A. The

recommended value of the BST capacitor is 0.1μF or greater. A low ESR / ESL capacitor, such as a surface

mount ceramic, should be used to prevent voltage droop during the HO transitions.

If the COMP pin is open circuit, the outputs will operate at maximum duty cycle. The maximum duty cycle for

each phase is limited by the dead-time set by the RD1 resistor. If the RD1 resistor is set to zero then the

maximum duty cycle is slightly less than 50% due to the internally fixed dead-time. The internally fixed dead-time

is 30ns which does not vary with the operating frequency. The maximum duty cycle for each output can be

calculated from the following equation:

1

F_OSC

- (T1)

(

)

D_MAX

=

2

F_OSC

(

)

where

•

T1 is the time set by the RD1 resistor

F_OSCis the frequency of the oscillator

(2)

For example, if the oscillator frequency is set at 400 kHz and the T1 time set by the RD1 resistor is 60ns, the

resulting D_MAXwill be equal to 0.488.

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CLK

HO1,LO2

Tonmax

Tosc

HO2,LO1

T1

1

F_OSC

T_OSC

=

T1 a RD1

Figure 14. Timing Diagram Illustrating the Maximum Duty Cycle and Dead-Time Set by RD1

Synchronous Rectifier Control Outputs (SR1 & SR2)

Synchronous rectification (SR) of the transformer secondary provides higher efficiency, especially for low output

voltage converters, compared to the diode rectification. The reduction of rectifier forward voltage drop (0.5V -

1.5V) to 10mV - 200mV VDS voltage for a MOSFET significantly reduces rectification losses. In a typical

application, the transformer secondary winding is center tapped, with the output power inductor in series with the

center tap. The SR MOSFETs provide the ground path for the energized secondary winding and the inductor

current. From Figure 15 it can be seen that when the HO1/LO2 diagonal is turned ON, power transfer is enabled

from the primary. During this period, the SR1 MOSFET is enabled and the SR2 MOSFET is turned-off. The

secondary winding connected to the SR2 MOSFET drain is twice the voltage of the center tap at this time. At the

conclusion of the HO1/LO2 pulse, the inductor current continues to flow through the SR2 MOSFET body diode.

Since the body diode causes more loss than the SR MOSFET, efficiency can be improved by minimizing the T2

period while maintaining sufficient timing margin over all conditions (component tolerances, etc.) to prevent the

shoot-through current. When HO2/LO1 enables power transfer from the primary, the SR2 MOSFET is enabled

and the SR1 MOSFET is off.

During the freewheeling period, the inductor current is almost equally shared between both the SR1 and SR2

MOSFETs which effectively shorts the transformer secondary. The SR2 MOSFET is disabled before HO1/LO2 is

turned-on. The SR2 MOSFET body diode continues to carry about the half inductor current until the primary

power raises the SR2 MOSFET drain voltage and reverse biases the body diode. Ideally, dead-time T1 would be

set to the minimum time that allows the SR MOSFET to turn off before the SR MOSFET body diode starts

conducting.

The SR drivers are powered by the REF regulator and each SR output is capable of sourcing 0.1A and sinking

0.4A peak. The amplitude of the SR drivers is limited to 5V. The 5V SR signals enable the LM5045 to transfer

SR control across the isolation barrier either through a solid-state isolator or a pulse transformer. The actual gate

sourcing and sinking currents for the synchronous MOSFETs are provided by the secondary-side bias and gate

drivers.

T1 and T2 can be programmed by connecting a resistor between RD1 and RD2 pins and AGND. It should be

noted that while RD1 effects the maximum duty cycle, RD2 does not. The RD1 and RD2 resistors should be

located very close to the device. The formula for RD1 and RD2 resistors are given below:

T(1,2)

3 pF

; For 20k < (1,2) < 100k

RD(1,2) =

(3)

If the desired dead-time for T1 is 60ns, then the RD1 will be 20 kΩ.

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HO1, LO2

SR2

T1

T2

HO2, LO1

SR1

T1

T2

Figure 15. Synchronous Rectifier Timing Diagram

Soft-Start of the Synchronous Rectifiers

In addition to the basic soft-start already described, the LM5045 contains a second soft-start function that

gradually turns on the synchronous rectifiers to their steady-state duty cycle. This function keeps the

synchronous rectifiers off during the basic soft-start allowing a linear start-up of the output voltage even into pre-

biased loads. Then the SR output duty cycle is gradually increased to prevent output voltage disturbances due to

the difference in the voltage drop between the body diode and the channel resistance of the synchronous

MOSFETs. Initially, when bias is supplied to the LM5045, the SSSR capacitor is discharged by an internal

MOSFET. When the SS capacitor reaches a 2V threshold and once it is established that COMP is in control of

the duty cycle i.e. I_COMP< 800µA, the SSSR discharge is released and SSSR capacitor begins charging with a

20µA current source. Once the SSSR cap crosses the internal 1V threshold, the LM5045 begins the soft-start of

the synchronous FETs. The SR soft-start follows a leading edge modulation technique i.e. the leading edge of

the SR pulse is soft-started as opposed trailing edge modulation of the primary FETs. As shown in the

Figure 16(a), SR1 and SR2 are turned-on simultaneously with a narrow pulse-width during the freewheeling

cycle. At the end of the freewheel cycle i.e. at the rising edge of the internal CLK, the SR FET in-phase with the

next power transfer cycle is kept on while the SR FET out of phase with it is turned-off. The in-phase SR FET is

kept on throughout the power transfer cycle and at the end of it, both the primary FETs and the in-phase SR

FETs are turned-off together. The synchronous rectifier outputs can be disabled by grounding the SSSR pin.

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CLK

HO2/LO1

HO1/LO2

SR1

SR2

T1

T2

Power

Transfer Freewheel

T1

T2

Waveforms during soft-start

Waveforms after soft-start

A. Waveforms during Soft-Start

B. Waveforms after Soft-Start

Figure 16.

Pre-Bias Startup

A common requirement for power converters is to have a monotonic output voltage start-up into a pre-biased

load i.e. a pre-charged output capacitor. In a pre-biased load condition, if the synchronous rectifiers are engaged

prematurely they will sink current from the pre-charged output capacitors resulting in an undesired output voltage

dip. This condition is undesirable and could potentially damage the power converter. The LM5045 utilizes unique

control circuitry to ensure intelligent turn-on of the synchronous rectifiers such that the output has a monotonic

startup. Initially, the SSSR capacitor is held at ground to disable the synchronous MOSFETs allowing the body

diode to conduct. The synchronous rectifier soft-start is initiated once it is established the duty cycle is controlled

by the COMP instead of the soft-start capacitor i.e. I_COMP< 800µA and the voltage at the SS pin>2V. The SSSR

capacitor is then released and is charged by a 20µA current source. Further, as shown in Figure 17, a 1V offset

on the SSSR pin is used to provide additional delay. This delay ensures the output voltage is in regulation

avoiding any reverse current when the synchronous MOSFETs are engaged.

Soft-Stop

As shown in Figure 18, if the UVLO pin voltage falls below the 1.25V standby threshold, but above the 0.4V

shutdown threshold, the SSSR capacitor is soft-stopped with a 60µA current source (3 times the charging

current). Once the SSSR pin reaches the 1.0V threshold, both the SS and SSSR pins are immediately

discharged to GND. Soft-stopping the power converter gradually winds down the energy in the output capacitors

and results in a monotonic decay of the output voltage. During the hiccup mode, the same sequence is executed

except that the SSSR is discharged with a 120µA current source (6 times the charging current). In case of an

OVP, VCC UV, thermal limit or a VREF UV condition, the power converter hard-stops, whereby all of the control

outputs are driven to a low state immediately.

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2.0V

SS

1.0V

Primary

Secondary

Bias

COMP

1.0V

SSSR

SR1, SR2

VOUT

Prebiased Load

Figure 17. Pre-Bias Voltage Startup Waveforms

Soft-Stop Off

The Soft-Start Off (SSOFF) pin gives additional flexibility by allowing the power converter to be configured for

hard-stop during line UVLO and hiccup mode condition. If the SS OFF pin is pulled up to the 5V REF pin, the

power converter hard-stops in any fault condition. Hard-stop drives each control output to a low state

immediately. Refer to Table 1 for more details.

1.25V

VIN UVLO

0.45V

SS

SSSR

1.0V

Figure 18. Stop-Stop Waveforms during a UVLO Event

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Table 1. Soft-Stop in Fault Conditions⁽¹⁾

Fault Condition

SSSR

UVLO

Soft-Stop

(UVLO<1.25V)

3x the charging rate

OVP

Hard-Stop

(OVP>1.25V)

Hiccup

Soft-Stop

(CS>0.75 and RES>1V)

6x the charging rate

VCC/VREF UV

Hard-Stop

Internal Thermal Limit

(1) Note: All the above conditions are valid with SSOFF pin tied to GND. If SSOFF=5V, the LM5045 hard-stops in all the conditions. The SS

pin remains high in all the conditions until the SSSR pin reaches 1V.

Thermal Protection

Internal thermal shutdown circuitry is provided to protect the integrated circuit in the event the maximum rated

junction temperature is exceeded. When activated, typically at 160°C, the controller is forced into a shutdown

state with the output drivers, the bias regulators (VCC and REF) disabled. This helps to prevent catastrophic

failures from accidental device overheating. During thermal shutdown, the SS and SSSR capacitors are fully

discharged and the controller follows a normal start-up sequence after the junction temperature falls to the

operating level (140 °C).

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

Control Method Selection

The LM5045 is a versatile PWM control IC that can be configured for either current mode control or voltage

mode control. The choice of the control method usually depends upon the designer preference. The following

must be taken into consideration while selecting the control method. Current mode control can inherently balance

flux in both phases of the full-bridge topology. The full-bridge topology, like other double ended topologies, is

susceptible to the transformer core saturation. Any asymmetry in the volt-second product applied between the

two alternating phases results in flux imbalance that causes a dc buildup in the transformer. This continual dc

buildup may eventually push the transformer into saturation. The volt-second asymmetry can be corrected by

employing current mode control. In current mode control, a signal representative of the primary current is

compared against an error signal to control the duty cycle. In steady-state, this results in each phase being

terminated at the same peak current by adjusting the pulse-width and thus applying equal volt-seconds to both

the phases.

Current mode control can be susceptible to noise and sub-harmonic oscillation, while voltage mode control

employs a larger ramp for PWM and is usually less susceptible. Voltage-mode control with input line feed-

forward also has excellent line transient response. When configuring for voltage mode control, a dc blocking

capacitor can be placed in series with the primary winding of the power transformer to avoid any flux imbalance

that may cause transformer core saturation.

Voltage Mode Control Using the LM5045

To configure the LM5045 for voltage mode control, an external resistor (R_FF) and capacitor (C_FF) connected to

VIN, AGND, and the RAMP pins is required to create a saw-tooth modulation ramp signal shown in Figure 19.

The slope of the signal at RAMP will vary in proportion to the input line voltage. The varying slope provides line

feed-forward information necessary to improve line transient response with voltage mode control. With a constant

error signal, the on-time (T_ON) varies inversely with the input voltage (VIN) to stabilize the Volt- Second product

of the transformer primary. Using a line feed-forward ramp for PWM control requires very little change in the

voltage regulation loop to compensate for changes in input voltage, as compared to a fixed slope oscillator ramp.

Furthermore, voltage mode control is less susceptible to noise and does not require leading edge filtering.

Therefore, it is a good choice for wide input range power converters. Voltage mode control requires a Type-III

compensation network, due to the complex-conjugate poles of the L-C output filter.

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SLOPE

PROPORTIONAL

TO VIN

VIN

5V

5k

COMP

RFF

R

VIN

R

1V

Gate Drive

1:1

RAMP

CLK

CFF

LM5045

Figure 19. Feed-Forward Voltage Mode Configuration

The recommended capacitor value range for C_FFis from 100pF to 1800pF. Referring to Figure 19, it can be seen

that C_FFvalue must be small enough to be discharged with in the clock pulse-width which is typically within 50ns.

The R_DS(ON)of the internal discharge FET is 5.5Ω.

The value of R_FFrequired can be calculated from

-1

R_FF

=

V_RAMP

VIN_MIN

F_OSCx C_FFx In

(1-

)

(4)

For example, assuming a V_RAMPof 1.5V (a good compromise of signal range and noise immunity), at VIN_MINof

36V (oscillator frequency of 400 kHz and C_FF= 470pF results in a value for R_FFof 125 kΩ.

Current Mode Control Using the LM5045

The LM5045 can be configured for current mode control by applying a signal proportional to the primary current

to the RAMP pin. One way to achieve this is shown in Figure 20. The primary current can be sensed using a

current transformer or sense resistor, the resulting signal is filtered and applied to the RAMP pin through a

resistor used for slope compensation. It can be seen that the signal applied to the RAMP pin consists of the

primary current information from the CS pin plus an additional ramp for slope compensation, added by the

resistor R_SLOPE

.

The current sense resistor is selected such that during over current condition, the voltage across the current

sense resistor is above the minimum CS threshold of 728mV.

In general, the amount of slope compensation required to avoid sub-harmonic oscillation is equal to at least one-

half the down-slope of the output inductor current, transformed to the primary. To mitigate sub-harmonic

oscillation after one switching period, the slope compensation has to be equal to one times the down slope of the

filter inductor current transposed to primary. This is known as deadbeat control. The slope compensation resistor

required to implement dead-beat control can be calculated as follows:

where

•

N_TRis the turns-ratio with respect to the secondary

(5)

For example, for a 3.3V output converter with a turns-ratio between primary and secondary of 9:1, an output filter

inductance (L_FILTER) of 800nH and a current sense resistor (R_SENSE) of 150mΩ, R_SLOPEof 1.67kΩ will suffice.

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VIN and VCC

The voltage applied to the VIN pin, which may be the same as the system voltage applied to the power

transformer’s primary (V_PWR), can vary in the range of the 14 to 100V. It is recommended that the filter shown in

Figure 21 be used to suppress the transients that may occur at the input supply. This is particularly important

when VIN is operated close to the maximum operating rating of the LM5045. The current into VIN depends

primarily on the LM5045’s operating current, the switching frequency, and any external loads on the VCC pin,

that typically include the gate capacitances of the power MOSFETs. In typical applications, an auxiliary

transformer winding is connected through a diode to the VCC pin. This pin must raise VCC voltage above 8V to

shut off the internal start-up regulator.

After the outputs are enabled and the external VCC supply voltage has begun supplying power to the IC, the

current into the VIN pin drops below 1mA. VIN should remain at a voltage equal to or above the VCC voltage to

avoid reverse current through the internal body diode of the internal VCC regulator.

For Applications with > 100V Input

For applications where the system input voltage exceeds 100V, VIN can be powered from an external start-up

regulator as shown in Figure 22. In this configuration, the VIN and VCC pins should be connected together. The

voltage at the VCC and VIN pins must be greater than 10V (>Max VCC reference voltage) yet not exceed 16V.

To enable operation the VCC voltage must be raised above 10V. The voltage at the VCC pin must not exceed

16V. The voltage source at the right side of Figure 22 is typically derived from the power stage, and becomes

active once the LM5045’s outputs are active.

LM5045

100 mA

SLOPE

0

RAMP

CLK

Current

Sense

R

SLOPE

R

CS

FILTER

CLK + LEB

R

CS

C

FILTER

Figure 20. Current Mode Configuration

V

PWR

50

VIN

LM5045

0.1 mF

Figure 21. Input Transient Protection

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10V - 16V

(from aux winding)

V

PWR

VIN

VCC

LM5045

11V

Figure 22. Start-up Regulator for VPWR>100V

UVLO and OVP Voltage Divider Selection

Two dedicated comparators connected to the UVLO and OVP pins are used to detect under voltage and over

voltage conditions. The threshold values of both these comparators are set at 1.25V. The two functions can be

programmed independently with two separate voltage dividers from VIN to AGND as shown in Figure 23 and

Figure 24, or with a three-resistor divider as shown in Figure 25. Independent UVLO and OVP pins provide

greater flexibility for the user to select the operational voltage range of the system. When the UVLO pin voltage is

below 0.4V, the controller is in a low current shutdown mode. For a UVLO pin voltage greater than 0.4V but less

than 1.25V the controller is in standby mode. Once the UVLO pin voltage is greater than 1.25V, the controller is

fully enabled. Two external resistors can be used to program the minimum operational voltage for the power

converter as shown in Figure 23. When the UVLO pin voltage falls below the 1.25V threshold, an internal 20µA

current sink is enabled to lower the voltage at the UVLO pin, thus providing threshold hysteresis. Resistance

values for R₁and R₂can be determined from the following equations:

V_HYS

20 mA

R₁=

1.25V x R₁

R₂=

V_PWR-OFF-1.25V - (20 mA x R1)

where

•

V_PWRis the desired turn-on voltage

V_HYSis the desired UVLO hysteresis at V_PWR

(6)

For example, if the LM5045 is to be enabled when VPWR reaches 33V, and disabled when V_PWRis decreased to

31V, R₁should be 100kΩ, and R₂should be 4.2kΩ. The voltage at the UVLO pin should not exceed 7V at any

time.

Two external resistors can be used to program the maximum operational voltage for the power converter as

shown in Figure 24. When the OVP pin voltage rises above the 1.25V threshold, an internal 20µA current source

is enabled to raise the voltage at the OVP pin, thus providing threshold hysteresis. Resistance values for R₁and

R₂can be determined from the following equations:

V_HYS

20 mA

R₁=

1.25V x R₁

R₂=

V_PWR-1.25V + (20 mA x R1)

(7)

If the LM5045 is to be disabled when V_PWR-OFFreaches 80V and enabled when it is decreased to 78V. R₁should

be 100kΩ, and R₂should be 1.5 kΩ. The voltage at the OVP pin should not exceed 7V at any time.

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V

PWR

LM5045

R1

1.25V

STANDBY

UVLO

20 mA

R2

0.4V

SHUTDOWN

Figure 23. Basic UVLO Configuration

LM5045

5V

V

PWR

20 mA

R1

OVP

STANDBY

1.25V

R2

Figure 24. Basic OVP Configuration

V

PWR

R1

1.25V

LM5045

UVLO

STANDBY

20 mA

0.4V

R2

SHUTDOWN

5V

20 mA

OVP

STANDBY

1.25V

R3

Figure 25. UVLO/OVP Divider

The UVLO and OVP can also be set together using a 3 resistor divider ladder as shown in Figure 25. R₁is

calculated as explained in the basic UVLO divider selection. Using the same values, as in the above two

examples, for the UVLO and OVP set points, R₁and R₃remain the same at 100kΩ and 1.5kΩ. The R₂is 2.7kΩ

obtained by subtracting R₃from 4.2kΩ.

Remote configuration of the controller’s operational modes can be accomplished with open drain device(s)

connected to the UVLO pin as shown in Figure 26.

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Figure 27 shows an application of the OVP comparator for Remote Thermal Protection using a thermistor (or

multiple thermistors) which may be located near the main heat sources of the power converter. The negative

temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor is nearly logarithmic, and in this example a 100kΩ thermistor with the β

material constant of 4500 Kelvin changes to approximately 2kΩ at 130ºC. Setting R₁to one-third of this

resistance (665Ω) establishes 130ºC as the desired trip point (for VREF = 5V). In a temperature band from 20ºC

below to 20ºC above the OVP threshold, the voltage divider is nearly linear with 25mV per ºC sensitivity.

R₂provides temperature hysteresis by raising the OVP comparator input by R₂x 20µA. For example, if a 22kΩ

resistor is selected for R₂, then the OVP pin voltage will increase by 22k x 20µA = 506mV. The NTC temperature

must therefore fall by 506mV / 25mV per ºC = 20ºC before the LM5045 switches from standby mode to the

normal mode.

V

PWR

LM5045

R1

1.25V

STANDBY

UVLO

20 mA

R2

STANDBY

SHUTDOWN

0.4V

SHUTDOWN

Figure 26. Remote Standby and Disable Control

LM5045

5V

V

PWR

20 mA

NTC

THERMISTOR

T

R1

OVP

STANDBY

1.25V

R2

Figure 27. Remote Thermal Protection

Current Sense

The CS pin receives an input signal representative of its transformer’s primary current, either from a current

sense transformer or from a resistor located at the junction of source pin of the primary switches, as shown in

Figure 28 and Figure 29 respectively. In both the cases, the filter components R_Fand C_Fshould be located as

close to the IC as possible, and the ground connection from the current sense transformer, or R_SENSEshould be

a dedicated trace to the appropriate GND pin. Please refer to the Printed Circuit Board Layout section for more

layout tips.

The current sense components must provide a signal > 710mV at the CS pin during an over-load event. Once

the voltage on the CS pin crosses the current limit threshold, the current sense comparator terminates the PWM

pulse and starts to charge the RES pin. Depending on the configuration of the RES pin, the LM5045 will

eventually initiate a hiccup mode restart or be in continuous current limit.

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V

PWR

Q3

Q1

VIN

N

R

F

S1

CS

N

P

R

CS

LM5045

C

F

N

S2

AGND

Q2

Q4

Figure 28. Transformer Current Sense

Q3

Q1

N

P

Q4

Q2

VIN

CS

R

F

LM5045

R

CS

C

F

AGND

Figure 29. Resistor Current Sense

Hiccup Mode Current Limit Restart

The operation of the hiccup mode restart circuit is explained in the FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION section. During

a continuous current limit condition, the RES pin is charged with 30µA current source. The restart delay time

required to reach the 1.0V threshold is given by:

C_RESx 1.0V

T_CS

=

30 mA

(8)

This establishes the time allowed before the IC initiates a hiccup restart sequence. For example, if the

C_RES=0.01µF, the time TCS as noted in Figure 30 below is 334µs. Once the RES pin reaches 1.0V, the 30µA

current source is turned-off and a 10µA current source is turned-on during the ramp up to 4V and a 5µA is turned

on during the ramp down to 2V. The hiccup mode off-time is given by:

C_RESx ((2.0Vx8) + 1.0V)

C_RESx (2.0Vx8)

T_HICCUP

=

+

10 µA

5 µA

(9)

With a C_RES=0.01µF, the hiccup time is 49ms. Once the hiccup time is finished, the RES pin is pulled-low and the

SS pin is released allowing a soft-start sequence to commence. Once the SS pin reaches 1V, the PWM pulses

will commence. The hiccup mode provides a cool-down period for the power converter in the event of a

sustained overload condition thereby lowering the average input current and temperature of the power

components during such an event.

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4V

2V

1V

Count to Eight

Restart delay

Soft-Start

1V

Hiccup Mode off-time

Figure 30. Hiccup Mode Delay and Soft-Start Timing Diagram

Augmenting the Gate Drive Strength

The LM5045 includes powerful 2A integrated gate drivers. However, in certain high power applications (>500W),

it might be necessary to augment the strength of the internal gate driver to achieve higher efficiency and better

thermal performance. In high power applications, typically, the I²xR loss in the primary MOSFETs is significantly

higher than the switching loss. In order to minimize the I²xR loss, either the primary MOSFETs are paralleled or

MOSFETs with low R_{DS (on)}are employed. Both these scenarios increase the total gate charge to be driven by

the controller IC. An increase in the gate charge increases the FET transition time and hence increases the

switching losses. Therefore, to keep the total losses within a manageable limit the transition time needs to be

reduced.

Generally, during the miller capacitance charge/discharge the total available driver current is lower during the

turn-off process than during the turn-on process and often it is enough to speed-up the turn-off time to achieve

the efficiency and thermal goals. This can be achieved simply by employing a PNP device, as shown in

Figure 31, from gate to source of the power FET. During the turn-on process, when the LO1 goes high, the

current is sourced through the diode D1 and the BJT Q1 provides the path for the turn-off current. Q1 should be

located as close to the power FET as possible so that the turn-off current has the shortest possible path to the

ground and does not have to pass through the controller.

VIN

LM5045

BST1

D1

HO1

Q1

HS1

VCC

LO1

PGND

Figure 31. Circuit to Speed-up the Turn-off Process

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Depending on the gate charge characteristics of the primary FET, if it is required to speed up both the turn-on

and the turn-off time, a bipolar totem pole structure as shown in Figure 32 can be used. When LO1 goes high,

the gate to source current is sourced through the NPN transistor Q1 and similar to the circuit shown in Figure 31

when LO1 goes low, the PNP transistor Q2 expedites the turn-off process.

VIN

LM5045

BST1

Q1

HO1

Q2

HS1

VCC

LO1

PGND

Figure 32. Bipolar Totem Pole Arrangement

Alternatively, a low side gate driver such as LM5112 can be utilized instead of the discrete totem pole. The

LM5112 comes in a small package with a 3A source and a 7A sink capability. While driving the high-side FET,

the HS1 acts as a local ground and the boot capacitor between the BST and HS pins acts as VCC.

VIN

LM5045

BST1

LM5112

HO1

HS1

VCC

LM5112

LO1

PGND

Figure 33. Using a Low Side Gate Driver to Augment Gate Drive Strength

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Printed Circuit Board Layout

The LM5045 current sense and PWM comparators are very fast and respond to short duration noise pulses. The

components at the CS, COMP, SLOPE, RAMP, SS, SSSR, RES, UVLO, OVP, RD1, RD2, and RT pins should

be physically close as possible to the IC, thereby minimizing noise pickup on the PC board trace inductance.

Eliminating or minimizing via’s in these critical connections are essential. Layout consideration is critical for the

current sense filter. If a current sense transformer is used, both leads of the transformer secondary should be

routed to the sense filter components and to the IC pins. The ground side of the transformer should be

connected via a dedicated PC board trace to the AGND pin, rather than through the ground plane. If the current

sense circuit employs a sense resistor in the drive transistor source, low inductance resistors should be used. In

this case, all the noise sensitive, low-current ground trace should be connected in common near the IC, and then

a single connection made to the power ground (sense resistor ground point).

The gate drive outputs of the LM5045 should have short, direct paths to the power MOSFETs in order to

minimize inductance in the PC board. The boot-strap capacitors required for the high side gate drivers should be

located very close to the IC and connected directly to the BST and HS pins. The VCC and REF capacitors

should also be placed close to their respective pins with short trace inductance. Low ESR and ESL ceramic

capacitors are recommended for the boot-strap, VCC and the REF capacitors. The two ground pins (AGND,

PGND) must be connected together directly underneath the IC with a short, direct connection, to avoid jitter due

to relative ground bounce.

Application Circuit Example

The following schematic shows an example of a 100W full-bridge converter controlled by LM5045. The operating

input voltage range is 36V to 75V, and the output voltage is 3.3V. The output current capability is 30 Amps. The

converter is configured for current mode control with external slope compensation. An auxiliary winding is used to

raise the VCC voltage to reduce the controller power dissipation.

Evaluation Board Schematic

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REVISION HISTORY

Changes from Revision F (March 2013) to Revision G

Page

•

Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format .......................................................................................................... 30

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PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com

11-Oct-2013

TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION

*All dimensions are nominal

Device

Package Package Pins

Type Drawing

SPQ

Reel

A0

B0

K0

P1

W

Pin1

Diameter Width (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Quadrant

(mm) W1 (mm)

LM5045MHX/NOPB

LM5045SQ/NOPB

LM5045SQX/NOPB

HTSSOP PWP

28

2500

1000

4500

330.0

178.0

330.0

16.4

12.4

6.8

5.3

10.2

5.3

1.6

1.3

8.0

16.0

12.0

Q1

WQFN

RSG

5.3

Pack Materials-Page 1

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com

11-Oct-2013

*All dimensions are nominal

Device

Package Type Package Drawing Pins

SPQ

Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

LM5045MHX/NOPB

LM5045SQ/NOPB

LM5045SQX/NOPB

HTSSOP

WQFN

PWP

RSG

28

2500

1000

4500

367.0

210.0

367.0

185.0

367.0

35.0

WQFN

Pack Materials-Page 2

MECHANICAL DATA

PWP0028A

MXA28A (Rev D)

www.ti.com

MECHANICAL DATA

RSG0028A

SQA28A (Rev B)

www.ti.com

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型号：	LM5045MHX
厂家：	TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
描述：	Full-Bridge PWM Controller with Integrated MOSFET Drivers 全桥PWM控制器集成MOSFET驱动器驱动器稳压器开关式稳压器或控制器电源电路开关式控制器光电二极管
文件：	总38页 (文件大小：1273K)
中文：	中文翻译
下载：	下载PDF数据表文档文件

LM5045MHX [TI]

相关型号：

LM5045MHX/NOPB

LM5045SQ

LM5045SQ/NOPB

LM5045SQX

LM5045SQX/NOPB

LM5045_15

LM5046

LM5046

LM5046MH

LM5046MH/NOPB

LM5046MHX

LM5046MHX/NOPB