LTC4121-4.2 [Linear]
40V 400mA Synchronous Step-Down Battery Charger;型号: | LTC4121-4.2 |
厂家: | Linear |
描述: | 40V 400mA Synchronous Step-Down Battery Charger 电池 |
文件: | 总30页 (文件大小:379K) |
中文: | 中文翻译 | 下载: | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
40V 400mA Synchronous
Step-Down Battery Charger
FEATURES
DESCRIPTION
The LTC®4121 is a 400mA constant-current/constant-
voltage (CC/CV) synchronous step-down battery charger.
In addition to CC/CV operation, the LTC4121 regulates its
input voltage to a programmable percentage of the input
open-circuit voltage. This technique maintains maximum
power transfer with high impedance input sources such
as solar panels.
n
Wide Input Voltage Range: 4.4V to 40V
Temperature Compensated Input Voltage
n
Regulation for Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT)
n
Adjustable Float Voltage 3.5V to 18V (LTC4121)
n
Fixed 4.2V Float Voltage Option (LTC4121-4.2)
n
High Efficiency: Up to 95%
n
50mA to 400mA Programmable Charge Current
An external resistor programs the charge current up to
400mA. The LTC4121-4.2 is suitable for charging Li-Ion/
Polymer batteries, while the programmable float voltage
of the LTC4121 is suitable for several battery chemistries.
n
1% Feedback Voltage Accuracy
n
Programmable 5% Accurate Charge Current
n
Thermally Enhanced, Low Profile (0.75mm)
16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) QFN Package
The LTC4121 and LTC4121-4.2 include an accurate RUN
pinthreshold,lowvoltagebatterypreconditioningandbad
battery fault detection, timer termination, auto-recharge,
and NTC temperature qualified charging. The FAULT pin
providesanindicationofbadbatteryortemperaturefaults.
APPLICATIONS
n
Handheld Instruments
n
Solar Powered Devices
n
Industrial/Military Sensors and Devices
Once charging is terminated, the LTC4121 signals end-of-
charge via the CHRG pin, and enters a low current SLEEP
mode. An auto-restart feature starts a new charging cycle
if the battery voltage drops by 2.2%.
L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology, the Linear logo and Burst Mode are registered trademarks
of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective
owners.
TYPICAL APPLICATION
High Efficiency, Wide Input Voltage Range Charging with LTC4121
LTC4121 Efficiency vs VIN at VFLOAT = 8.4V
97
IN
INTV
CC
200mA, R
400mA, R
= 6.04k
= 3.01k
PROG
PROG
RUN
BOOST
2.2µF
10µF
10k
95
93
91
89
87
22nF
SLF6025T-470MR48
MPPT
LTC4121
SW
CHGSNS
BAT
V
V
IN
+
+ 200mV
BAT
–
TO 40V
1.96M
22µF
PROG
FB
787k
+
FREQ
GND FBG
Li-Ion
R
PROG
V
= 8.3V
BAT
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
4121 TA01a
V
IN
4121 TA01b
4121fc
1
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(Note 1)
IN, RUN, CHRG, FAULT, MPPT ................... –0.3V to 43V
I
, I
, ........................................................ 5mA
(LTC4121)................................................. 5mA
(LTC4121-4.2) ........................................... 5mA
.................................................................. –5mA
CHRG FAULT
I , I
BOOST ................................... V – 0.3V to (V + 6V)
SW
SW
FB FBG
I
BATSNS
SW (DC)........................................ –0.3V to (V + 0.3V)
IN
SW (Pulsed <100ns) ......................–1.5V to (V + 1.5V)
I
IN
INTVCC
CHGSNS, BAT, FB/BATSNS, FBG................ –0.3V to 18V
Operating Junction Temperature Range
FREQ, NTC, PROG, INTV .......................... –0.3V to 6V
(Note 2).................................................. –40°C to 125°C
Storage Temperature Range .................... –65°C to 150°
CC
I
, I ..................................................... 600mA
CHGSNS BAT
PIN CONFIGURATION
LTC4121
LTC4121-4.2
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
16 15 14 13
16 15 14 13
INTV
1
2
3
4
12 NTC
11 FBG
INTV
1
2
3
4
12 NTC
11 NC
CC
CC
BOOST
IN
BOOST
IN
GND
GND
FB
BATSNS
10
9
10
9
SW
BAT
SW
BAT
5
6
7
8
5
6
7
8
UD PACKAGE
16-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC QFN
UD PACKAGE
16-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC QFN
T
= 125°C, θ = 54°C/W
T
= 125°C, θ = 54°C/W
JMAX
JA
JMAX JA
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN θ
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB TO OBTAIN θ
JA
JA
ORDER INFORMATION
(http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#orderinfo)
LTC4121 Options
PART NUMBER
LTC4121
FLOAT VOLTAGE
Programmable
4.2V Fixed
LTC4121-4.2
LEAD FREE FINISH
LTC4121EUD#PBF
LTC4121IUD#PBF
TAPE AND REEL
PART MARKING
LGHC
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATURE RANGE
–40°C to 125°C
–40°C to 125°C
–40°C to 125°C
–40°C to 125°C
LTC4121EUD#TRPBF
LTC4121IUD#TRPBF
16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN
16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN
16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN
16-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic QFN
LGHC
LTC4121EUD-4.2#PBF
LTC4121IUD-4.2#PBF
LTC4121EUD-4.2#TRPBF LGMV
LTC4121IUD-4.2#TRPBF LGMV
Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges.
For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/
For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through
designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix.
4121fc
2
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating
junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k,
VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2)
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
4.4
0
TYP
MAX
40
UNITS
V
l
Operating Input Supply Range
Battery Voltage Range
LTC4121 (Note 3)
18
V
LTC4121-4.2
0
4.2
V
I
DC Supply Current
Switching: FREQ = GND
Standby Mode: (Note 4)
Sleep Mode: (Note 4)
3.5
mA
µA
IN
l
l
142
260
110
LTC4121-4.2: V
=
60
µA
BATSNS
4.4V
LTC4121: V = 2.51V (Note
FB
6)
l
l
l
Disabled Mode: V < V
< V (Note 4)
37
20
80
80
40
µA
µA
SD
RUN
EN
Shutdown Mode: (Note 4)
∆V
UV
Differential Undervoltage Lockout
Hysteresis
V
IN
V
IN
– V Falling, V = 5V (LTC4121)
20
160
mV
DUVLO
BAT
IN
– V
Falling, V = 5V (LTC4121-4.2)
IN
BATSNS
V
IN
V
IN
– V Rising, V = 5V (LTC4121)
115
mV
BAT
IN
– V
Rising, V = 5V (LTC4121-4.2)
IN
BATSNS
l
INTV Undervoltage Lockout (Note 5)
INTV Rising, V = INTV + 100mV
4.00
4.15
220
4.26
V
INTVCC
CC
CC
IN
CC
Hysteresis
INTV Falling
mV
CC
Battery Charger
l
l
I
BAT Standby Current
Standby Mode (LTC4121) (Notes 4, 8, 9)
Standby Mode (LTC4121-4.2) (Notes 4, 8, 9)
2.5
50
4.5
1000
µA
nA
BAT
l
l
BAT Shutdown Current
Shutdown Mode (LTC4121) (Notes 4, 8, 9)
Shutdown Mode (LTC4121-4.2) (Notes 4, 8, 9)
1100
10
2000
1000
nA
nA
l
l
l
l
I
BATSNS Standby Current (LTC4121-4.2)
Standby Mode (Notes 4, 8, 9)
5.4
1100
25
10
2000
60
µA
nA
nA
µA
BATSNS
BATSNS Shutdown Current (LTC4121-4.2) Shutdown Mode (Notes 4, 8, 9)
I
I
Feedback Pin Bias Current (LTC4121)
V
FB
= 2.5V (Note 6)
FB
Feedback Ground Leakage Current
(LTC4121)
Shutdown Mode (Note 4)
1
FBG_LEAK
l
l
R
Feedback Ground Return Resistance
(LTC4121)
1000
2000
Ω
FBG
V
V
Feedback Pin Regulation Voltage
(LTC4121)
(Note 6)
2.393
2.370
4.188
4.148
383
2.400
2.407
2.418
4.212
4.231
421
V
V
FB(REG)
Regulated Float Voltage (LTC4121-4.2)
4.200
V
FLOAT
l
l
l
l
l
V
I
Battery Charge Current
R
R
= 3.01k
= 24.3k
402
50
mA
mA
mV
mV
mA/mA
CHG
PROG
45
55
PROG
V
V
Battery Recharge Threshold
V
V
Falling Relative to V (LTC4121)
FB(REG)
–38
–49
–93
988
–62
RCHG
FB
Falling Relative to V (LTC4121-4.2)
FLOAT
–70
–114
RCHG_4.2
PROG
BATSNS
h
Ratio of BAT Current to PROG Current
V
V
< V < V
TRKL_42
(LTC4121),
TRKL
FB
< V
FB(REG)
< V
(LTC4121-4.2)
BATSNS
FLOAT
l
V
PROG Pin Servo Voltage
1.206
1.227
300
1.248
V
PROG
R
CHGSNS-BAT Sense Resistor
I
= –100mA
mΩ
SNS
BAT
4121fc
3
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating
junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k,
VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2)
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
I
Low Battery Linear Charge Current
V
V
< V , V = 2.6V (LTC4121) (Note 6)
TRKL BAT
6
9
16
mA
LOWBAT
FB
< V , V = 2.6V (LTC4121-4.2)
TRKL_4.2 BAT
BATSNS
l
V
Low Battery Threshold Voltage
V
V
Rising (LTC4121)
BATSNS
2.15
2.21
147
2. 28
V
LOWBAT
BAT
Rising (LTC4121-4.2)
Hysteresis
mV
mA
I
Switch Mode Trickle Charge Current
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
< V , V < V
(LTC4121) (Note 6)
I
/10
TRKL
LOWBAT
LOWBAT
LOWBAT
LOWBAT
BAT FB
TRKL
CHG
< V
< V
(LTC4121-4.2)
BATSNS
TRKL_42
PROG Pin Servo Voltage in Trickle Charge
< V , V > V
(LTC4121) (Note 6)
122
mV
BAT FB
TRKL
< V
< V
(LTC4121-4.2)
BATSNS
TRKL_42
l
l
V
V
Trickle Charge Threshold (LTC4121)
Hysteresis (LTC4121)
Rising (Note 6)
Falling (Note 6)
1.65
2.86
1.68
50
1.71
2.98
V
mV
TRKL
FB
FB
Trickle Charge Threshold (LTC4121-4.2)
Hysteresis (LTC4121-4.2)
Rising
Falling
2.91
88
V
TRKL_4.2
BATSNS
BATSNS
mV
h
C/10
End of Charge Indication Current Ratio
Safety Timer Termination Period
Bad Battery Termination Timeout
(Note 7)
0.1
2.0
30
mA/mA
hrs
1.3
19
2.8
42
min
Switcher
l
l
f
Switching Frequency
FREQ = INTV
FREQ = GND
1.0
0.5
1.5
0.75
120
2.0
1.0
MHz
MHz
ns
OSC
CC
t
Minimum Controllable On-Time
Duty Cycle Maximum
MIN_ON
94
%
Top Switch R
I
I
= –100mA
0.8
0.5
Ω
DSON
SW
SW
Bottom Switch R
= 100mA
Ω
DSON
I
I
Peak Inductor Current Limit
Measured Across R
with a 15µH Inductor in
585
1050
1250
mA
PEAK
SNS
Series with R
(Note 10)
SNS
l
l
Switch Pin Current (Note 9)
IN Open-Circuit, V = V = 4.2V (LTC4121-4.2)
7
15
30
µA
µA
SW
BAT
SW
IN Open-Circuit, V = V = 8.4V (LTC4121)
15
BAT
SW
Status Pins FAULT, CHRG
Pin Output Voltage Low
Pin Leakage Current
I = 2mA
V = 43V, Pin High-Impedance
550
1
mV
µA
0
NTC
l
l
l
Cold Temperature V /V
Fault
Fault
Rising V
Falling V
Falling V
Rising V
Falling V
Rising V
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
73
35.5
1
74
72
75
%INTV
%INTV
NTC INTVCC
NTC
NTC
NTC
NTC
NTC
NTC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
Hot Temperature V /V
36.5
37.5
2
37.5 %INTV
%INTV
NTC INTVCC
NTC Disable Voltage
3
%INTV
%INTV
3
NTC Input Leakage Current
V
NTC
= V
–50
50
nA
INTVCC
4121fc
4
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating
junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = VRUN = 15V, VCHGSNS = VBAT = 4V, RPROG = 3.01k,
VFB = 2.29V (LTC4121), VBATSNS = 4V (LTC4121-4.2). Current into a pin is positive out of a pin is negative. (Note 2)
SYMBOL
RUN
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
l
l
V
V
Enable Threshold
Hysteresis
V
V
V
V
Rising
Falling
= 40V
Falling
2.35
2.45
200
2.55
V
mV
µA
V
EN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
Run Pin Input Current
Shutdown Threshold
Hysteresis
0.01
0.1
1.2
0.4
0.4
SD
220
mV
FREQ
l
l
FREQ Pin Input Low
FREQ Pin Input High
FREQ Pin Input Current
V
V
3.6
1
0 < V
< V
µA
FREQ
INTVCC
MPPT
l
I
MPPT Pin Leakage Current
MPPT Sample Period
V
= 4.2V
15
28
1000
nA
s
MPPT
MPPT
T
Period Between Charger Disabled Events
Charger Disabled Pulse Width
MP
PW
MPPT Sample Pulse Width
Internal Divider Gain
36
ms
V/V
mV
MP
K
V
Internal DAC Voltage as a Ratio to V
0.098
10
0.1
–45
0.102
–100
F
IN
MPPT Error Amp Gain Offset
V
– V , I = 50%• I
MP(OS)
MPPT DAC BAT CHG
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime.
Note 4: Standby mode occurs when the LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 stops
switching due to an NTC fault, MPPT pause, or when the charge current
has dropped low enough to enter Burst Mode operation. Disabled mode
occurs when V
is between V and V . Shutdown mode occurs
RUN
SD EN
when V
is below V or when the differential undervoltage lockout
RUN
SD
Note 2: The LTC4121 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that
is engaged. Sleep mode occurs after a timeout while the battery voltage
remains above the V or V threshold.
T ≈ T . The LTC4121E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications
J
A
RCHG
RCHG_42
for junction temperatures from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the
–40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by
design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls.
The LTC4121I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating
junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature
consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating
conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal
impedance, and other environmental factors.
Note 5: The internal supply INTV should only be used for the NTC
CC
divider, it should not be used for any other loads
Note 6: For the LTC4121, the FB pin is measured with a resistance of 588k
in series with the pin.
Note 7: h
is expressed as a fraction of measured full charge current as
C/10
measured at the PROG pin voltage when the CHRG pin de-asserts.
Note 8: In an application circuit with an inductor connected from SW to
CHGSNS, the total battery leakage current when disabled is the sum of
Note 3: If a battery voltage greater than 11V can be hot plugged to the
LTC4121 a reverse blocking diode is required in series with the BAT pin to
prevent large inrush current into the low impedance BAT pin.
I
and I (LTC4121-4.2) or I and I
and I (LTC4121).
FBG_LEAK SW
BATSNS
SW
BAT
Note 9: When no supply is present at IN, the SW powers IN through the
body diode of the top side switch. This may cause additional SW pin
current depending on the load present at IN.
Note 10: Guaranteed by design and/or correlation to static test.
4121fc
5
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
IN Pin Standby Current
Typical VFB(REG) vs Temperature
Typical VFLOAT vs Temperature
vs Temperature
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.40
2.39
2.38
2.37
2.36
180
4.25
4.24
4.23
4.22
4.21
4.20
4.19
4.18
4.17
4.16
4.15
4 UNITS TESTED
LTC4121
= 15V
V
= 15V
IN
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
V
IN
HIGH LIMIT
3 UNITS TESTED
DUT1 V
DUT2 V
DUT3 V
FLOAT
FLOAT
FLOAT
LTC4121-4.2
V
= 5V
IN
LOW LIMIT
HIGH LIMIT
DUT1
DUT2
DUT3
DUT4
LOW LIMIT
STANDBY FREQ HIGH
STANDBY FREQ LOW
80
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4121 G01
4121 G03
4121 G02
IN Pin Sleep/Disabled/Shutdown
Current vs Temperature
BAT Pin Sleep/Shutdown Current
vs Temperature
Feedback Pin Standby or Sleep/
Disabled Current vs Temperature
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
V
= 15V
LTC4121
LTC4121
IN
STANDBY V = 2.51V
FB
SLEEP/DIS V = 2.51V
FB
SLEEP V
SLEEP V
SHUTDOWN V
SHUTDOWN V
= 8.4V
= 4.2V
BAT
BAT
= 8.4V
= 4.2V
BAT
BAT
SLEEP
DIS
SD
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4121 G04
4121 G05
4121 G06
BATSNS Pin Sleep/Standby or
Shutdown/Disabled Current
vs Temperature
BAT Pin Standby/Sleep/Shutdown
Current vs Temperature
Typical RSNS Current Limit IPEAK
vs Temperature
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1120
1100
1080
1040
1020
1000
980
3 UNITS TESTED
DUT1
LTC4121-4.2
LTC4121-4.2
DUT2
DUT3
SHUTDOWN V
= 4.25V
BAT
STANDBY V
= 4.25V
BAT
SLEEP V
BAT
= 4.25V
SLEEP/STANDBY V
SHUTDOWN/DIS V
= 4.25V
= 4.25V
BATSNS
BATSNS
960
940
920
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4121 G07
4121 G08
4121 G09
4121fc
6
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Typical Battery Charge Current
vs Temperature
Efficiency vs IBAT
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
V
V
= 15V
BAT
IN
= 3.8V
R
R
R
R
= 3.01k
= 6.04k
= 12.1k
= 24.3k
PROG
PROG
PROG
PROG
V
V
V
V
= 9V
IN
IN
IN
IN
= 14V
= 19V
= 24V
LTC4121-42
= 4.2V
V
BAT
FREQ = LOW
= SLF12575T-470M2R7
L
SW
0
0
100
200
(mA)
300
400
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
I
TEMPERATURE (°C)
BAT
4121 G10
4121 G11
Typical Solar Charging Cycle
Burst Mode Trigger Current
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
4.5
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
V
BAT
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
I
BAT
V
CHRG
BAT = 500mAHr
= TDK SLF7045
L
SW
47µH
= 732k,
= 976k
R
R
R
FB1
FB2
R
PROG
R
PROG
= 3.01kΩ
= 6.04kΩ
= 3.01k
PROG
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
TIME (HR)
V
IN
4121 G12
4121 G13
IN Pin Shutdown Current
vs Input Voltage
IN Pin Disabled Current
vs Input Voltage
Typical Burst Mode Waveforms
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
SHUTDOWN 130°C
SHUTDOWN 25°C
SHUTDOWN –45°C
DISABLED 130°C
DISABLED 25°C
DISABLED –45°C
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
V
SW
5V/DIV
V
PROG
200mV/DIV
I
SW
200mA/DIV
4121 G14
4µs/DIV
V
V
= 15V
IN
= 4.2V
BAT
BAT
I
= 38mA
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
FREQ = GND
V
V
IN
IN
4121 G15
4121 G16
4121fc
7
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
IN Pin Switching Current
vs Input Voltage
IN Pin Sleep Current
vs Input Voltage
IN Pin Standby Current
vs Input Voltage
180
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
140
120
100
80
I
= 0
SLEEP 130°C
SLEEP 25°C
SLEEP –45°C
BAT
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
FREQ = INTV
CC
60
40
FREQ = GND
130°C
25°C
20
STANDBY FREQ HIGH 25°C
STANDBY FREQ LOW 25°C
90
80
–45°C
0
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
5
10
15
20
25
(V)
30
35
40
5
10
15
20 25 30 35
40
V
V
V
(V)
IN
IN
IN
4121 G17
4121 G18
4121 G19
PIN FUNCTIONS
INTV (Pin 1): Internal Low Drop Out (LDO) Regulator
GND(Pin5, ExposedPadPin17):GroundPin. Connectto
Exposed Pad. The Exposed Pad must be soldered to PCB
GND to provide a low electrical and thermal impedance
connection to ground.
CC
Output Pin. This pin is the output of an internal linear
regulator that generates the internal INTV supply from
CC
IN. It also supplies power to the switch gate drivers and
the low battery linear charge current I
. Connect
LOWBAT
MPPT (Pin 6): Maximum Power Point Tracking Pin. This
a 2.2µF low ESR capacitor from INTV to GND. Do not
CC
pin is used to program an input voltage regulation loop.
place any external load on INTV other than the NTC bias
CC
Connect an external resistive divider from V to MPPT to
IN
network.Overloadingthispincandisruptinternaloperation.
GND. This divider programs the maximum power point
voltage as percentage of the input open-circuit voltage.
For more information on programming the MPPT resis-
tive divider refer to the Application Information section. If
the input voltage regulation feature is not used, connect
When the RUN pin is above V , and INTV rises above
EN
CC
the UVLO threshold and IN rises above BAT by ∆V
DUVLO
and its hysteresis, the charger is enabled.
BOOST(Pin2):BoostedSupplyPin.Connecta22nFboost
capacitor from this pin to the SW pin.
MPPT to either INTV or IN with a minimum 10k resistor.
CC
Keep parasitic capacitance at the MPPT pin to a minimum
as capacitance at this pin forms a pole that may interfere
with switching regulator stability.
IN (Pin 3): Positive Input Power Supply. Decouple to GND
with a 10µF or larger low ESR capacitor. The input supply
impedance and the input decoupling capacitor form an RC
network that must settle during the MPPT sample pulse
width of about 36ms. This allows the LTC4121 to sample
the open-circuit voltage.
FREQ (Pin 7): Step-Down Regulator Switching Frequency
Select Input Pin. Connect to INTV to select a 1.5MHz
CC
switching frequency or GND to select a 750kHz switching
frequency. Do not float.
SW (Pin 4): Switch Pin. The SW pin delivers power from
IN to BAT via the step-down switching regulator. An in-
ductor should be connected from SW to CHGSNS. See
the Applications Information section for a discussion of
inductor selection.
CHGSNS (Pin 8): Battery Charge Current Sense Pin. An
internal current sense resistor between CHGSNS and BAT
pins monitors battery charge current. An inductor should
be connected from SW to CHGSNS.
4121fc
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
PIN FUNCTIONS
BAT (Pin 9): Battery Output Pin. Battery charge current
is delivered from this pin through the internal charge
current sense resistor. In low battery conditions a small
represents the average charge current using the following
formula:
V
PROG
I
CHG = hPROG •
linear charge current, I
, is sourced from this pin
LOWBAT
RPROG
to precondition the battery. Decouple the BAT pin with a
low ESR 22µF ceramic capacitor to GND.
where h
is typically 988. Keep parasitic capacitance
PROG
BATSNS (Pin 10, LTC4121-4.2 Only): Battery Voltage
Sense Pin. For proper operation, this pin must always be
connectedphysicallyclosetothepositivebatteryterminal.
on the PROG pin to a minimum. If monitoring charge cur-
rent via the voltage at the PROG pin add a series resistor
of at least 2k to isolate stray capacitance from this node.
FB (Pin 10, LTC4121 Only): Battery Voltage Feedback
Reference Pin. The charge function operates to achieve a
final float voltage of 2.4V at this pin. Battery float voltage
is programmed using a resistive divider from BAT to FB
to FBG, and can be programmed from 3.5V up to 18V.
CHRG (Pin 14): Open-drain Charge Status Output Pin.
Typically pulled up through a resistor to a reference
voltage, the CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery
charger. The pin can be pulled up to voltages as high as
IN when disabled, and can sink currents up to 5mA when
enabled. When the battery is being charged, the CHRG
pin is pulled low. When the termination timer expires or
the charge current drops below 10% of the programmed
value, the CHRG pin is forced to a high impedance state.
The feedback pin input bias current, I , is 25nA. Using a
FB
resistive divider with a Thevenin equivalent resistance of
588k compensates for input bias current error.
FBG (Pin 11, LTC4121 Only): Feedback Ground Pin. This
pindisconnectstheexternalFBdividerloadfromthebattery
when it is not needed. When sensing the battery voltage
FAULT (Pin 15): Open-drain Fault Status Output Pin. Typi-
cally pulled up through a resistor to a reference voltage,
this status pin indicates fault conditions during a charge
cycle. The pin can be pulled up to voltages as high as IN
when disabled, and can sink currents up to 5mA when
enabled. An NTC temperature fault causes this pin to be
pulled low. A bad battery fault also causes this pin to
be pulled low. If no fault conditions exist, the FAULT pin
remains high impedance.
this pin presents a low resistance, R , to GND. When in
FBG
disabled or shutdown modes this pin is high impedance.
NTC(Pin12):InputtotheNegativeTemperatureCoefficient
Thermistor Monitoring Circuit. The NTC pin connects to
a negative temperature coefficient thermistor which is
typically co-packaged with the battery to determine if the
battery is too hot or too cold to charge. If the battery’s
temperatureisoutofrange,theLTC4121entersSTANDBY
mode and charging is paused until the battery tempera-
ture re-enters the valid range. A low drift bias resistor is
RUN (Pin 16): Run Pin. When RUN is pulled below V
EN
and its hysteresis, the device is disabled. In disabled
mode, battery charge current is zero and the CHRG and
FAULT pins assume high impedance states. If the voltage
required from INTV to NTC and a thermistor is required
CC
from NTC to GND. Tie the NTC pin to GND, and omit the
NTC resistive divider to disable NTC qualified charging if
NTC functionality is not required.
at RUN is pulled below V , the device is in SHUTDOWN
SD
mode. When the voltage at the RUN pin rises above V ,
EN
the INTV LDO turns on. When the INTV LDO rises
CC
CC
above its UVLO threshold the charger is enabled. The
PROG (Pin 13): Charge Current Program and Charge
Current Monitor Pin. Connect a 1% resistor between
3.01k (400mA) and 24.3k (50mA) from PROG to ground
to program the charge current. While in constant-current
mode, this pin regulates to 1.227V. The voltage at this pin
RUN pin should be tied to a resistive divider from V to
IN
program the input voltage at which charging is enabled.
Do not float the RUN pin.
4121fc
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For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
4121fc
10
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LTC4121-4.2
INTV
CC
CHGSNS
+
R
SNS
–
I
TH
0.3Ω
C-EA
BAT
BATSNS
IN-80mV
+
–
DUVLO
V
IN
BATSNS
C
BAT
Li-Ion
22µF
INTV
R
R
INTV
+
–
CC
MPPT1
CC
gm
MPPT
K
• V
IN
+
R
588k
IN
I
MPPT
2.4V
–
MPPT2
V-EA
INTV
CC
9R
R
ENABLE
K • V
F
+
–
IN
K • V
F
IN
T
DAC
MP
+V
MP(OS)
PROG
–
+
BATSNS
2.21V
DZ
LOWBAT
4121 F02
Figure 2. LTC4121-4.2 BATSNS Connections
4121fc
11
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
Overview
demanded charge current. When the input voltage drops
to V , the charge current is reduced so as to maintain
MP
V at V
The LTC4121 is a synchronous step-down (buck)
monolithic battery charger with maximum power-point
tracking (MPPT) control of the source voltage. The
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2 serves as a constant-current/
constant-voltagebatterychargerwiththefollowingbuilt-in
charger functions: programmable charge current, battery
precondition with ½ hour timeout, precision shutdown/
run control, NTC thermal protection, a 2-hour safety ter-
mination timer, and automatic recharge. The LTC4121/
LTC4121-4.2 also provides output pins to indicate state
of charge and fault status.
.
IN
MP
V
OC
V
RECOVERS
= 30s
IN
V
MP
V
IN
TIME
T
MP
I
CHG
I
BAT
PAUSE CHARGER
PW = 36ms
TIME
4121 F03
MP
SAMPLE V
STORE
IN(OC)
IN DAC: 23µs
Figure 3. MPPT Timing Diagram
Maximum Power Point Tracking
TheLTC4121employsanMPPTalgorithmthatcomparesa
storedopen-circuitinputvoltagemeasurementagainstthe
instantaneous input voltage while charging. The LTC4121
automaticallyreducesthechargecurrentiftheinputvoltage
falls below the user defined percentage of the open-circuit
voltage. This algorithm lets the LTC4121 optimize power
transfer for a variety of different input sources including
first order temperature compensation of a solar panel.
Connect the MPPT pin to a resistive input voltage divider,
as shown in Figure 4, to program the fraction (K ) of the
R
input voltage where the input voltage regulation loop
reduces available charge current. The LTC4121 reduces
chargecurrentiftheMPPTpinvoltagefallsbelowthefixed
fraction (K ) of the open-circuit voltage (V ). The ratio of
F
OC
(K /K ) defines the maximum power voltage (V ) of the
F
R
MP
applied power source as a ratio to the open-circuit voltage
(V ) following the relation:
OC
The LTC4121 periodically pauses charging to measure
the open-circuit voltage allowing the LTC4121 to track
fluctuations in the available power. About once every 30
seconds the LTC4121 pauses charging and waits about
0.1• RMPPT1+RMPPT2
VMP KF 0.1
VOC KR KR
(
)
=
=
=
RMPPT2
36ms (PW ) for the input voltage to recover to its
MP
where the MPPT pin resistive divider gain is K = R
/
MPPT2
R
open-circuit potential. At the end of this recovery time,
(R
+ R
). These equations can be rearranged to
MPPT1
solveforR
MPPT2
the LTC4121 samples the input voltage divided by 10 (1/
intermsofK (0.1)andthemaximumpower
F
MPPT2
K ), and stores this value on a digital to analog converter
F
voltage divided by the open circuit voltage, (V /V ) as:
MP OC
(DAC). When charging resumes, the DAC voltage is com-
pared against the MPPT pin voltage that is programmed
with a resistive divider. If the MPPT voltage falls below
the DAC voltage, the charge current is reduced to regulate
the input voltage at that level. This regulation loop serves
to maintain the input voltage at or above a user defined
level that corresponds to the peak power available from
the applied source.
0.1
RMPPT2
=
•RMPPT1
VMP
−0.1
V
OC
This function serves to maintain the input voltage at or
above the peak power voltage while the LTC4121 charges
a battery.
A timing diagram illustrating the sampling of the open-
circuit voltage is shown below. The charge current drops
Because MPPT operation involves large changes of input
voltage, it is important to ensure that the programmed
maximum power voltage does not violate minimum input
operating conditions: 4.4V or 160mV above the battery
to zero and the LTC4121 waits PW and then samples
MP
the open-circuit voltage. When charging resumes the
input voltage collapses if the source cannot support the
voltage, whichever is higher.
4121fc
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For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
V
FLOAT
LTC4121
LTC4121
BAT
IN
+
R
R
FB1
22µF
C
MPPT
R
R
Li-Ion
MPPT1
(OPTIONAL)
I
FB
FB
FB2
MPPT
GND
FBG
I
MPPT
MPPT2
ENABLE
4121 F05
4121 F04
Figure 4. MPPT Resistive Divider
Figure 5. Programming the Float Voltage with LTC4121
WhennopowersourceisappliedtoV , forexamplewhen
input capacitor to 10µF to avoid increasing the source
recovery time.
IN
using a solar panel source and the panel is in the dark, the
MPPTpindividerdrainspowerfromthebatterythroughthe
body diode of the top side switch of the switching regula-
tor. To eliminate this leakage path, the MPPT divider may
be connected to the anode of the Schottky diode that is in
series with the panel, for examples see Figures 1, 9, or 10.
Programming the Battery Float Voltage
For the LTC4121, the battery float voltage is programmed
by placing a resistive divider from the battery to FB and
FBG as shown in Figure 5. The battery float voltage is
programmable anywhere from 3.5V up to 18V. The pro-
For example, consider charging a battery from a source
withanopen-circuitvoltageof30Vandasourceimpedance
of 120Ω. This resistive supply has a short circuit current
of 250mA, and the peak available power of 1.875W oc-
grammable battery float voltage, V
, is then governed
FLOAT
by the following equation:
R
FB1+RFB2
RFB2
(
)
V
= V
•
FLOAT
FB(REG)
curs with a load of 125mA at 50% of V . To program the
OC
LTC4120 to optimize the available power for this source
simply program V /V to 50% by selecting the MPPT
where V
is typically 2.4V.
MP OC
FB(REG)
resistivedividergainK =0.2.Thisisobtainedwitharesis-
R
Due to the input bias current (I ) of the voltage error amp
FB
tive divider as shown in Figure 4 with R
= R
/4.
MPPT2
MPPT1
(V-EA), care must also be taken to select the Thevenin
With standard 1% resistors this is approximated with
= 402k, and R = 100k.
equivalent resistance of R //R close to 588kΩ. Start
FB1 FB2
R
MPPT1
MPPT2
by calculating R to satisfy the following relations:
FB1
If the MPPT pin sees excess capacitance to GND, this may
affectswitchingregulatorstability.Insuchcases,onemay
VFLOAT • 588k
RFB1
=
VFB(REG)
optionally add a 50pF to 150pF lead capacitor (C
shown in Figure 4.
) as
MPPT
Find the closest 0.1% or 1% resistor to the calculated
value. With R calculate:
The sampling of V is done at an extremely low duty
OC
FB1
cycle so as to have minimum impact on the average
V
FB(REG) •RFB1
charge current. The time between sample events, T
,
,
MP
RFB2
=
−1000Ω
is typically about 30 seconds, with an idle time, PW
MP
VFLOAT − V
FB(REG)
of about 36ms to allow the source to recover to its
open-circuit voltage through the time constant associ-
Where 1000Ω represent the typical value of R . This is
FBG
ated with the input decoupling capacitor C . The time
the resistance of the FBG pin which serves as the ground
IN
constant for the source to recover to its open-circuit
return for the battery float voltage divider.
voltage must be kept below the idle period. Limit the
Once R and R are selected re-calculate the value of
FB1
FB2
V
FLOAT
obtained with the resistors available. If the error
4121fc
13
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
is too large substitute another standard resistor value for
PROG resistor sets the maximum charge current, or
the current delivered while the charger is operating in
constant-current (CC) mode.
R
and recalculate R . Repeat until the float voltage
FB1
FB2
error is acceptable.
Table1andTable2belowlistrecommendedstandard0.1%
and 1% resistor values for common battery float voltages.
Analog Charge Current Monitor
The PROG pin provides a voltage signal proportional
to the actual charge current. Care must be exercised in
measuringthisvoltageasanycapacitanceatthePROGpin
forms a pole that may cause loop instability. If observing
the PROG pin voltage, add a series resistor of at least 2k
and limit stray capacitance at this node to less than 50pF.
Table 1. Recommended 0.1% Resistors for Common VFLOAT
V
(V)
R
FB1
(kΩ)
R (kΩ)
FB2
TYPICAL ERROR (%)
FLOAT
3.6
887
1780
–0.13
0.15
–0.13
0.08
0.14
0.27
4.1
4.2
7.2
8.2
8.4
1010
1010
1800
2000
2050
1420
1350
898
In the event that the input voltage cannot support the
demanded charge current, the PROG pin voltage may not
represent the actual charge current. In cases such as this,
the PWM switch frequency drops as the charger enters
dropout operation where the top switch remains on for
morethanoneclockcycleastheinductorcurrentattempts
torampuptothedesiredcurrent.Ifthetopswitchremains
on in dropout for 8 clock cycles a dropout detector forces
the bottom switch on for the remainder of the 8th cycle.
In such a case, the PROG pin voltage remains at 1.227V,
but the charge current may not reach the desired level.
825
816
Table 2 Recommended 1% Resistors for Common VFLOAT
V
(V)
R
FB1
(kΩ)
R (kΩ)
FB2
TYPICAL ERROR (%)
FLOAT
3.6
887
1780
–0.13
0.26
4.1
4.2
7.2
8.2
8.4
1000
1020
1780
2000
2100
1430
1370
887
–0.34
0.16
825
0.14
845
–0.50
NTC Thermal Battery Protection
Programming the Charge Current
TheLTC4121monitorsbatterytemperatureusingatherm-
istor during the charging cycle. If the battery temperature
moves outside a safe charging range, the IC suspends
charging and signals a fault condition until the tempera-
The current-error amp (C-EA) measures the current
through an internal 0.3Ω current sense resistor between
the CHGSNS and BAT pins. The C-EA outputs a fraction
of the charge current, 1/h
, to the PROG pin. The
PROG
voltage-error amp (V-EA) and PWM control circuitry can
limit the PROG pin voltage to control charge current. An
LTC4121
BAT
INTV
internal clamp (DZ) limits the PROG pin voltage to V
which in turn limits the charge current to:
,
PROG
CC
R
R
BIAS
NTC
hPROG • V
1212V
RPROG
PROG
+
–
ICHG
=
=
TOO COLD
TOO HOT
ADJ
OPT
RPROG
120V
74% INTV
37% INTV
CC
CC
+
–
+
ICHG_ TRKL
=
R
NTC
T
RPROG
+
–
IGNORE NTC
Li-Ion
where h
is typically 988, V
is either 1.227V or
PROG
PROG
2% INTV
CC
122mV during trickle charge, and R
is the resistance
PROG
4121 F06
of the grounded resistor applied to the PROG pin. The
Figure 6. NTC Connection
4121fc
14
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
ture returns to the safe charging range. The safe charging
range is determined by two comparators that monitor the
voltage at the NTC pin. NTC qualified charging is disabled
End-of-Charge Indication and Safety Timeout
The LTC4121 uses a safety timer to terminate charging.
Whenever the LTC4121 is in constant current mode the
timer is paused, and when FB rises or falls through the
if the NTC pin is pulled below about 85mV (V ).
DIS
Thermistor manufacturers usually include either a tem-
perature lookup table identified with a characteristic curve
number, or a formula relating temperature to the resistor
value. Each thermistor is also typically designated by a
thermistor gain value B25/85.
V
threshold the timer is reset. When the battery
RCHG
voltage reaches the float voltage, the safety timer begins
counting down a 2-hour timeout. If charge current falls
belowonetenthoftheprogrammedmaximumchargecur-
rent (h ), the CHRG status pin rises, but top-off charge
C/10
current continues to flow until the timer finishes. After the
The NTC pin should be connected to a voltage divider
timeout, the LTC4121 enters a low-power sleep mode.
from INTV to GND as shown in Figure 6. In the simple
CC
application (R
= 0) a 1% resistor, R
, with a value
ADJ
BIAS
Automatic Recharge
equal to the resistance of the thermistor at 25°C is con-
Insleepmode,theICcontinuestomonitorbatteryvoltage.
nected from INTV to NTC, and a thermistor is connected
CC
If the battery falls 2.2% (V
or V ) from the full-
RCHG_42
from NTC to GND. With this setup, the LTC4121 pauses
RCHG
charge float voltage, the LTC4121 engages an automatic
recharge cycle as the safety timer is reset. Automatic
recharge has a built in delay of about 0.5ms to prevent
triggering a new charge cycle if a load transient causes
the battery voltage to drop temporarily.
charging when the resistance of the thermistor increases
to 285% the R
resistor as the temperature drops. For
BIAS
a Vishay Curve 2 thermistor with B25/85 = 3490 and 25°C
resistance of 10kΩ, this corresponds to a temperature
of about 0°C. The LTC4121 also pauses charging if the
thermistor resistance decreases to 58.8% of the R
BIAS
State of Charge and Fault Status Pins
resistor. For the same Vishay Curve 2 thermistor, this
corresponds to approximately 40°C. With a Vishay Curve
2 thermistor, the hot and cold comparators both have
about 2°C of hysteresis to prevent oscillations about the
trippoints.TheNTCcomparatortrippointsareratiometric
The LTC4121 contains two open-drain outputs which
provide charge status and signal fault indications. The
CHRG pin pulls low to indicate charging at a rate higher
than C/10. The FAULT pin pulls low to indicate a bad bat-
tery timeout, or to indicate an NTC thermal fault condition.
During NTC faults the CHRG pin remains low, but when
a bad-battery timeout occurs the CHRG pin de-asserts.
When the open drain outputs are pulled up with a resistor,
Table 3 summarizes the charger state that is indicated by
the pin voltages.
to the INTV voltage, so NTC trip points are defined as a
CC
percentage of INTV . The HOT threshold is calculated as
CC
285%/385% = 74% of INTV and the COLD threshold is
CC
calculated as 58.8%/158% = 37% of INTV .
CC
Thehotandcoldtrippointsmaybeadjustedusingadiffer-
ent type of thermistor, or a different R
resistor, or by
BIAS
adding a desensitizing resistor, R , or by a combination
ADJ
Table 3 LTC4121 Open-Drain Indicators with Resistor Pull-Ups
of these measures as shown in Figure 6. For example, by
FAULT
High
High
Low
CHRG CHARGER STATE
increasing R
to 12.4kΩ, with the same thermistor as
BIAS
High Off or Topping-Off Charge at a Rate Less Than C/10.
before, the cold trip point moves down to –5°C, and the
hot trip point moves down to 34°C. If a Vishay Curve 1
thermistor with B25/85 = 3964 and resistance of 100kΩ
Low
High Bad Battery Fault
Low NTC Thermal Fault, Charging Paused
Charging at Rate Higher Than C/10
Low
at 25°C is used, a 1% R
ADJ
and a hot trip point of 39°C.
resistor of 118kΩ and a 1%
BIAS
R
resistor of 12.1kΩ results in a cold trip point of 0°C,
Low Battery Voltage Operation
The LTC4121 automatically preconditions heavily dis-
charged batteries. If the battery voltage is below V
LOWBAT
minus its hysteresis (typically 2.05V - e.g. battery pack
4121fc
15
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
protection has been engaged) a DC current, I
, is
User Selectable Switching Regulator Operating
Frequency
LOWBAT
applied to the BAT pin from the INTV supply. When
the battery voltage rises above V
CC
, the switching
LOWBAT
The LTC4121 uses a constant-frequency synchronous
step-down switching regulator architecture to pro-
duce high operating efficiency. The nominal operating
regulator is enabled and charges the battery at a trickle
charge level of 10% of the full scale charge current (in
addition to the DC I
current). Trickle charging of
LOWBAT
frequency, f , isprogrammedbypullingtheFREQpinto
OSC
thebatterycontinuesuntilthesensedbatteryvoltagerises
above the trickle charge threshold, V , or V
either INTV or to GND to obtain a switching frequency
CC
.
TRKL_42
TRKL
of 1.5MHz or 750kHz, respectively. The high operating
When the battery rises above the trickle charge threshold
the full scale charge current is applied and the DC trickle
charge current is turned off. If the battery remains below
the trickle charge threshold for more than 30 minutes,
charging terminates and the fault status pin is asserted
to indicate a bad battery. After a bad battery fault, the
LTC4121 automatically restarts a new charge cycle once
the failed battery is removed and replaced with another
battery. The LTC4121-4.2 monitors the BATSNS pin volt-
age to sense LOWBAT and TRKL conditions.
frequency allows the use of smaller external components.
Selectionoftheoperatingfrequencyisatrade-offbetween
efficiency,componentsize,andmarginfromtheminimum
on-time of the switcher. Operation at lower frequency
improves efficiency by reducing internal gate charge and
switching losses, but requires larger inductance values to
maintain low output ripple. Operation at higher frequency
allows the use of smaller components, but may require
sufficient margin from the minimum on-time at the lowest
duty cycle if fixed-frequency switching is required.
Precision Run/Shutdown Control
PWM Dropout Detector
The LTC4121 remains in a low power disabled mode until
the RUN pin is driven above V (typically 2.45V). While
If the input voltage approaches the battery voltage, the
LTC4121mayrequiredutycyclesapproaching100%. This
mode of operation is known as dropout. In dropout, the
operating frequency may fall well below the programmed
EN
the LTC4121 is in disabled mode, current drain from the
batteryisreducedtoextendbatterylifetime,thestatuspins
are both de-asserted, and the FBG pin is high impedance.
Charging can be stopped at any time by pulling the RUN
pin below 2.25V. The LTC4121 also offers an extremely
low operating current shutdown mode when the RUN pin
f
value. If the top switch remains on for eight clock
OSC
cycles, the dropout detector activates and forces the
bottom switch on for the remainder of that clock cycle
or until the inductor current decays to zero. This avoids
a potential source of audible noise when using ceramic
input or output capacitors and prevents the boost sup-
ply capacitor for the top gate drive from discharging. In
dropout operation, the actual charge current may not be
able to reach the full-scale programmed value. In such a
scenario the analog charge current monitor function does
not represent actual charge current being delivered.
ispulledbelowV (typicallyabout0.7V).Inthiscondition
SD
less than 20µA is pulled from the supply at IN. Tie the RUN
pin to a resistive divider from the IN supply to program
the voltage where the LTC4121 turns on. Examples are
shown in Figures 9 and 10.
Differential Under Voltage Lockout
The LTC4121 monitors the difference between the battery
voltage, V , and the input supply voltage, V . If the
Burst Mode® Operation
BAT
IN
difference (V – V ) falls to ∆V , all functions are
IN
BAT
DUVLO
At low charge currents, for example during constant-
voltage mode, the LTC4121 automatically enters Burst
Mode operation. In Burst Mode operation the switcher is
periodically forced into standby mode in order to improve
disabled and the part is forced into shutdown mode until
(V – V ) rises above the ∆V
rising threshold. The
IN
BAT
DUVLO
BATSNS
LTC4121-4.2 monitors the V
and V pin voltages
IN
to sense DUVLO condition.
4121fc
16
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
OPERATION
efficiency. The LTC4121 automatically enters Burst Mode
operation after it exits constant-current (CC) mode and as
the charge current drops below about 80mA. Burst Mode
operation is triggered at lower currents for larger PROG
resistors, and depends on the input supply voltage, the
batteryvoltage,andtheselectedinductor.RefertotheBurst
Mode Trigger Current and Typical Burst Mode Waveforms
graphs in the Typical Performance Characteristics section
formoreinformationonBurstModeoperation.BurstMode
operation has some hysteresis and remains engaged for
INTV from the BOOST pin to the SW pin. In the event
CC
that the bottom switch remains off for a prolonged period
of time, e.g. during Burst Mode operation, the BOOST
supply may require a refresh. Similar to the PWM dropout
timer, the LTC4121 counts the number of clock cycles
since the last BOOST refresh. When this count reaches
32 the next PWM cycle begins by turning on the bottom
side switch first. This pulse refreshes the BOOST flying
capacitor to INTV and ensures that the top-side gate
CC
driver has sufficient voltage to turn on the top side switch
battery current up to about 150mA, depending on L ,V
at the beginning of the next cycle.
SW IN
and V . When operating in Burst Mode, the PROG pin
BAT
Operation without an Input Supply or Shaded Panel
voltage to average charge current relationship is not well
defined. This may cause the CHRG pin to de-assert early
depending on the amplitude of the burst ripple.
When a battery is the only available power source, care
should be taken to eliminate loading of the IN pin. Load
current on IN drains the battery voltage through the body
Boost Supply Refresh
diode of the top side power switch as V falls below V
.
IN
SW
The BOOST supply for the top gate drive in the LTC4121
switching regulator is generated by bootstrapping the
A diode inserted in series with the solar panel, as shown
on the front page schematic, eliminates this discharge
path. Alternatively, a diode may be placed in series with
the BAT pin (as shown in Figure 8).
BOOST flying capacitor to INTV whenever the bottom
CC
switch is turned on. This technique provides a voltage of
4121fc
17
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
MPPT Programming
Using the schematic of Figure 4, this ratio is obtained by
selecting:
The maximum power-point tracking loop is programmed
by selecting a resistive divider from IN to MPPT to GND
as shown in Figure 4. This user programmable voltage
KF
KF
75%
1−
RMPPT1
=
•RMPPT2
divider (K ) serves to define a fraction of the input voltage
R
that appears at the MPPT pin:
75%
RMPPT2
MPPT1+RMPPT2
VMPPT
KR =
=
R
MPPT1
= 6.5 • R
MPPT2
R
V
IN
Using standard 1% resistors, this is obtained with:
= 787k and R = 121k.
This fraction of V is continuously compared against
IN
R
MPPT1
MPPT2
a fixed fraction of the open-circuit input voltage that is
storedwithintheLTC4121.Afixedinternalresistivedivider
MPPT Error Terms
(0.1•V ) is periodically sampled to compare the open-
IN
Uncertainty in programming the MPPT set point is bound
by three error terms: MPPT pin leakage, DAC quantization
error, and the finite offset error in the MPPT error amp. All
circuit input voltage against the user defined fraction of
the loaded input voltage (K • V ). On an interval of T ,
R
IN
MP
the LTC4121 turns off all charger functions reverting to
error terms are lumped into V
, with a typical value
STANDBY mode. The LTC4121 then waits for a delay, of
MP(OS)
of –45mV. This offset at the input to the MPPT error amp
about 36ms, PW , after turning off the charge current to
MP
is multiplied by 1/K when observed at the IN regulation
allow the input supply to recover to its open-circuit volt-
R
point, V
.
age. Finally, the LTC4121 samples the open-circuit input
MP
voltage V through a fixed internal divider; K = 1/10.
OC
F
For example, with the same K = 0.1333 (R
= 787k
R
MPPT1
error gets am-
Aftersamplingtheopen-circuitvoltage,theLTC4121turns
and R
= 121k) the –45mV V
MPPT2
MP(OS)
on all functions and reverts to normal operation. During
plified to –45mV/0.1333 = –338mV at V from the V
IN
MP
MP
normaloperation, thestored0.1•V voltageiscompared
OC
set point of 75% of V . If V is 30V, the minimum V
OC
OC
against the instantaneous MPPT pin voltage: K • V . If
R
IN
regulation point is about 22.16V, or 73.9% of the open-
the MPPT voltage falls below the stored level, the charge
circuit voltage.
current is reduced to maintain the input voltage. The ratio
For solar panel sources, the available power drops off
quickly on the high side, and relatively slowly on the low
side, this is illustrated in the curve in Figure 7. For these
types of sources, it is usually better to err on the low side
of 0.1/K defines the percentage below the open-circuit
R
voltage where charge current is reduced to maintain the
maximum input power.
Because MPPT operation involves large changes of input
voltage, it is important to ensure that the programmed
maximum power voltage does not violate minimum input
operating conditions: 4.4V or 160mV above the battery
voltage, whichever is higher.
when programming the V voltage. This is what the
MP
LTC4121 does normally, so most users can simply design
for a V voltage at (or just below) the level specified by
MP
the solar panel manufacturer. For more information on
solar panels, refer to the panel’s data sheet.
For example, to select an MPPT set point, V , at 75%
MP
of the open-circuit voltage, V , select ratio K using the
OC
R
following relation:
KF
0.1
KR =
=
= 0.1333
75% 0.75
4121fc
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For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
4
The maximum input voltage allowed to maintain constant
frequency operation is:
25°C
3
V
LOWBAT
VIN(MAX)
=
fOSC • tMIN(ON)
75°C
2
where V
, is the lowest battery voltage where the
LOWBAT
switcher is enabled.
50°C
1
Exceedingtheminimumon-timeconstraintdoesnotaffect
charge current or battery float voltage, so it may not be
of critical importance in most cases and high switching
frequencies may be used in the design without any fear of
severeconsequences.AsthesectionsonInductorSelection
and Capacitor Selection show, high switching frequencies
allowtheuseofsmallerboardcomponents, thusreducing
the footprint of the applications circuit.
0
20
0
5
10
15
25
PANEL VOLTAGE (V)
4121 F07
Figure 7. Typical 3W Panel Power vs Voltage
Input Voltage and Minimum On-Time
The LTC4121 maintains constant frequency operation un-
dermostoperatingconditions.Undercertainsituationswith
high input voltage and high switching frequency selected
and a low battery voltage, the LTC4121 may not be able
to maintain constant frequency operation. These factors,
combined with the minimum on-time of the LTC4121,
impose a minimum limit on the duty cycle to maintain
fixed-frequency operation. The on-time of the top switch
Fixed-frequency operation may also be influenced by
dropoutandburstmodeoperationasdiscussedpreviously.
Switching Inductor Selection
Theprimarycriterionforswitchinginductorvalueselection
in an LTC4121 charger is the ripple current created in that
inductor. Once the inductance value is determined, the
saturation current rating for that inductor must be equal
to or exceed the maximum peak current in the inductor,
is related to the duty cycle (V /V ) and the switching
BAT IN
frequency, f
in Hz:
OSC
I
. The peak value of the inductor current is the sum
L(PEAK)
VBAT
of the programmed charge current, I , plus one half of
CHG
tON
=
fOSC • VIN
the ripple current, ∆I . The peak inductor current must
L
also remain below the current limit of the LTC4121, I
.
PEAK
When operating from a high input voltage with a low
battery voltage, the PWM control algorithm may attempt
to enforce a duty cycle which requires an on-time lower
∆IL
I
L(PEAK) =ICHG
+
<IPEAK
2
than the LTC4121 minimum, t
. This minimum
MIN(ON)
The current limit of the LTC4121, I
(and at most 1250mA). The typical value of I
tratedinagraphintheTypicalPerformanceCharacteristics,
Current Limit vs Temperature.
, is at least 585mA
PEAK
duty cycle is approximately 18% for 1.5MHz operation
or 9% for 750kHz operation. If this occurs, the charge
current and battery voltage remains in regulation, but the
switching duty cycle may not remain fixed, or the switch-
ing frequency may decreases to an integer fraction of its
programmed value.
is illus-
PEAK
R
SNS
4121fc
19
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
For a given input and battery voltage, the inductor value
and switching frequency determines the peak-to-peak
ripplecurrentamplitudeaccordingtothefollowingformula:
to accurately sample the open-circuit voltage at V .
IN
Adequate settling is usually achieved in 3 to 5 R-C time
constants. To allow the LTC4121 to correctly sample the
open-circuit voltage, limit C to:
IN
V − V
fOSC • V •L
• V
BAT
(
)
IN
BAT
∆IL =
C < PW / (5 • R
),
IN
MP
SOURCE
IN
SW
where R
is the impedance of the power source.
SOURCE
Ripple current is typically set to be within a range of 20%
For a solar panel this is the impedance of the panel at the
to40%oftheprogrammedchargecurrent, I . Toobtain
open-circuit voltage. Looking at a panel's I-V curve, the
CHG
a ripple current in this range, select an inductor value us-
ing the nearest standard inductance value available that
obeys the following formula:
source impedance is approximated by (V – V )/I
.
OC
MP MP
Typically V is about 80% of V , so the solar panels
MP
OC
source impedance can be approximated as:
R
≈ V / (5 • I ).
V
IN(MAX) − VFLOAT • V
SOURCE
OC
MP
(
)
FLOAT
LSW
≥
fOSC • VIN(MAX) • 30% •I
(
)
Reverse Blocking
CHG
When a fully charged battery is suddenly applied to the
BAT pin, a large in-rush current charges the C capacitor
Then select an inductor with a saturation current rating
greater than I
IN
.
L(PEAK)
through the body diode of the LTC4121 topside power
switch. While the amplitude of this current can exceed
several Amps, the LTC4121 will survive provided the bat-
tery voltage is below about 11V. To completely eliminate
thisin-rushcurrent, ablockingP-channelMOSFETshould
be placed in series with the BAT pin. When the battery is
the only source of power, this PMOS also serves to de-
Input Capacitor
The LTC4121 charger is biased directly from the input
supply at the V pin. This supply provides large switched
IN
currents, so a high-quality, low ESR decoupling capacitor
is recommended to minimize voltage glitches at V . Bulk
IN
capacitanceisafunctionofthedesiredinputripplevoltage
crease battery drain current due to any load placed at V ,
IN
(∆V ), and follows the relation:
IN
conducted through the body diode of the topside power
switch on the LTC4121. The PMOS body diode shown in
Figure 8 serves as the blocking component since CHRG is
high impedance when the battery voltage is greater than
the input voltage. When CHRG pulls low, i.e. during most
of a normal charge cycle, the PMOS is on to reduce power
dissipation. The PMOS requires a forward current rating
equal to the programmed charge current and a reverse
breakdownvoltageequaltotheprogrammedfloatvoltage.
V
VIN
BAT
ICHG
•
CIN(BULK)
=
(µF)
∆VIN
Input ripple voltages (∆V ) above 0.01V are not recom-
mended. 10µF is typically adequate for most charger
applications, with a voltage rating of 40V.
IN
The input capacitor also forms a pole with the source
impedance that supplies power to V . This R-C network
IN
must settle within the 36ms PW period for the LTC4121
MP
4121fc
20
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
4.99k*
4.7µF
V
V
IN
CHRG
IN
49.9k
10µF
RUN
BAT
22µF
470k
+
SI2343DS
INTV
CC
LTC4121
GND
Li-Ion
2.2µF
R
R
FB1
PROG
FB
R
FB2
PROG
FBG
*ADD 4.99k WHEN MAX BAT VOLTAGE APPROACHES 85%
OF VGS LIMIT FOR Si2343.
V
V
CHRG
IN
IN
49.9k
10µF
RUN
BAT
22µF
4.7µF
470k
+
SI2343DS
INTV
CC LTC4121-4.2
Li-Ion
2.2µF
BATSNS
4121 F08
PROG
R
PROG
GND
Figure 8. Reverse Blocking with a P-Channel MOSFET in Series with the BAT Pin
BAT Capacitor and Output Ripple: C
Boost Supply Capacitor
BAT
The LTC4121 charger output requires bypass capacitance
The BOOST pin provides a bootstrapped supply rail that
provides power to the top gate drivers. The operating volt-
connected from BAT to GND (C ). A 22µF ceramic ca-
BAT
pacitor is required for all applications. In systems where
the battery can be disconnected from the charger output,
additional bypass capacitance may be desired. In this
type of application, excessive ripple and/or low amplitude
oscillations can occur without additional output bulk
capacitance. For optimum stability, the additional bulk
capacitance should also have a small amount of ESR. For
these applications, place a 100µF low ESR non-ceramic
capacitor(chiptantalumororganicsemiconductorcapaci-
tors such as Sanyo OS-CONs or POSCAPs) from BAT to
GND, in parallel with the 22µF ceramic bypass capacitor,
or use large ceramic capacitors with an additional small
seriesESRresistoroflessthan1Ω. Thisadditionalbypass
capacitance may also be required in systems where the
battery is connected to the charger with long wires. The
age of the BOOST pin is internally generated from INTV
CC
whenever the SW pin pulls low. This provides a floating
voltage of INTV above SW that is held by a capacitor
CC
tied from BOOST to SW. A low ESR ceramic capacitor
of 10nF to 33nF is sufficient, with a voltage rating of 6V.
INTV Supply and Capacitor
CC
Power for the top and bottom gate drivers and most other
internal circuitry is derived from the INTV pin. A low
CC
ESR ceramic capacitor of 2.2µF is required on the INTV
CC
pin. The INTV supply has a relatively low current limit
CC
(about 20mA) that is dialed back when INTV is low to
CC
reduce power dissipation. Do not use the INTV voltage
CC
to supply power for any external circuitry except for the
NTCBIAS network. When the RUN pin is above V , the
EN
voltage rating of all capacitors applied to C must meet
BAT
INTV supply is enabled, and when INTV rises above
CC
INTVCC
CC
or exceed the battery float voltage.
UV
, the charger is enabled.
4121fc
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Calculating IC Power Dissipation
PCB Layout
The user should ensure that the maximum rated junction
temperatureisnotexceededunderalloperatingconditions.
To prevent magnetic and electrical field radiation and
high frequency resonant problems, proper layout of the
components connected to the LTC4121 is essential. For
maximum efficiency, the switch node rise and fall times
should be minimized. The following PCB design priority
list will help insure proper topology. Layout the PCB using
the guidelines listed below in this specific order:
The thermal resistance of the LTC4121 package (θ ) is
JA
54°C/W; provided that the Exposed Pad is in good thermal
contact with the PCB. The actual thermal resistance in the
application will depend on the forced air cooling and other
heat sinking means, especially the amount of copper on
the PCB to which the LTC4121 is attached. The actual
power dissipation while charging is approximated by the
following formula:
1. V inputcapacitorshouldbeplacedascloseaspossible
IN
to the IN pin with the shortest copper traces possible.
The ground return of the input capacitor should be
connected to a solid ground plane.
P = V − V
•I
TRKL
(
)
D
IN
BAT
2. Place the inductor as close as possible to the SW
pin. Minimize the surface area of the SW pin node.
Make the trace width the minimum needed to support
the programmed charge current, and ensure that the
spacing to other copper traces be maximized to reduce
capacitance from the SW node to any other node.
+ V •I
IN
IN(SWITCHING)
+RSNS •I2CHG
BAT
V
+RDSON(TOP)
•
•I2
CHG
V
IN
BAT
3. Place the BAT capacitor adjacent to the BAT pin and
ensure that the ground return feeds to the solid ground
plane.
V
+RDSON(BOT) • 1−
•I2
CHG
V
IN
Duringtricklecharge(V <V
)thepowerdissipation
BAT
TRKL
4. Routeanalogground(RUNpindividergroundedresistor,
may be significant as I
is typically 10mA, however
TRKL
the MPPT pin divider, and INTV capacitor ground) to
CC
during normal charging the I
term is zero. I
is
TRKL
TRKL
the solid ground plane.
alsozeroifV approachesINTV ,sinceI issourced
BAT
CC
TRKL
5. It is important to minimize parasitic capacitance on
the PROG pin. The trace connecting to this pin should
be as short as possible with extra wide spacing from
adjacent copper traces.
from the INTV LDO.
CC
The junction temperature can be estimated using the fol-
lowing formula:
T = T + P • Θ .
J
A
D
JA
6. Keep the GND capacitance of the MPPT pin to a mini-
mum, and reduce coupling from the MPPT pin to any
of the switching pins (SW, BOOST, and CHGSNS) by
routing the MPPT trace away from these signals.
where T is the ambient operating temperature.
A
Maximize the copper area connected to the exposed pad.
Place via connections directly under the exposed pad to
connect a large copper ground plane to the LTC4121 to
improve heat transfer.
Example PCB layout files of the LTC4121 are available at
the following link:
http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#demoboards.
4121fc
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
Design Example 1
The switching frequency of 750kHz is selected to achieve
an on-time of 154ns which is greater than t
at the
MIN(ON)
Consider the design example, shown in Figure 14 on the
last page, for the LTC4121-4.2. Input power is from a
maximum input supply, and minimum battery voltage of
2.5V.
solar panel that has an open-circuit voltage V = 21.6V,
OC
and maximum power voltage V = 17V, or 79% of the
2.5V
750kHz • 21.6V
MP
tON
=
= 154.3 > tMIN(ON)
open-circuit voltage. The battery float voltage is 4.2V, and
the desired charge current is 400mA. The application has
a minimum battery voltage of 2.5V.
Next, the minimum standard inductance value is found
that maintains an inductor ripple current 30% of I , at
CHG
There is no requirement given for the input voltage where
the LTC4121-4.2 should turn on. Given that the MPPT set
the peak power input voltage of 17V using the following
formula:
point, V , is at 79% of the open-circuit voltage of 21.6V,
MP
(17V −4.2V)• 4.2V
750kHz •17V •(30% • 400mA)
one may elect to turn-on the LTC4121-4.2 at an input
voltage anywhere below this set point. A level of 60% of
the open-circuit voltage is selected, or 13V. This selection
LSW
>
= 35µH
The next largest standard inductance value is 47µH. This
inductor selection results in a ripple current of 90mA and
results in a RUN pin divider of R
= 464kΩ, and R
RUN1
RUN2
= 107kΩ. With this RUN pin divider, the LTC4121-4.2 en-
peak inductor current I
of:
L(PEAK)
ters DISABLED mode if the input supply drops below 12V.
(17V −4.2V)• 4.2V
2 • 750kHz •17V • 47µH
Now select the MPPT resistive divider to obtain a maxi-
mum power point of 17V. The maximum power point of
17V is at 79% of the open-circuit voltage. This is used to
calculate the ratio
I
I
L(PEAK) = 400mA+
L(PEAK) = 444mA
The saturation current of the switch inductor needs to be
greater than I
VMP 0.1
VOC KR
=
.
L(PEAK)
Now select R
for the desired average charge current
PROG
Select
during constant-current operation. The nearest standard
1% resistor to satisfy the following relation:
K = 0.1/0.79 = 0.1266
R
hPROG •1.227V
This ratio is obtained by selecting R
following:
and R
MPPT2
MPPT1
RPROG
=
= 3.01kΩ
400mA
(1−0.1266)
Select C = 10µF for the input decoupling capacitor,
IN
RMPPT1
=
RMPPT2 = 6.9 •RMPPT2
achieving an input voltage ripple of 10mV.
0.1266
4.2V
Using standard 1% resistors, select R
= 698kΩ and
MPPT1
400mA •
17V
R
= 100kΩ to obtain a K of 0.1253, and an MPPT
MPPT2
R
∆V =
= 10mV
IN
10µF
set point of 17.24V.
As described in the MPPT Error Terms section, the actual
regulation voltage will vary from the programmed voltage
The minimum standard voltage rating for C is 50V.
IN
Select C
= 2.2µF, and C
= 22nF, and finally the
INTVCC
BST
downto45mV/K =359mVbelowtheprogrammedvoltage.
R
battery capacitor should be 22µF. The lowest standard
voltage rating for these capacitors is 6V.
In this example, the expected regulation voltage is 16.88V
to 17.24V, or 78.2% to 80.1% of the open-circuit voltage.
4121fc
23
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LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
In this design example, maximum power dissipation is
calculated during trickle charge as:
This ratio is obtained by selecting R
and R
MPPT1 MPPT2
following:
(1−0.1245)
P =(17V −2.5V)•10mA
D
RMPPT1
=
RMPPT2 = 7.03 •RMPPT2
0.1245
+17V • 2.5mA
+0.3Ω • 0.04A2
Using standard 1% resistors, select R
= 715kΩ and
MPPT1
R
= 102kΩ to obtain a K of 0.1248 and nominal
MPPT2
R
4.2V
17V
+0.8Ω •
0.04A2
MPPT set point of 17.94V. Including the effect of MPPT
error terms, the expected MPPT regulation voltage will
vary between 17.58V to 17.94V or 78.5% to 80.1% of the
open-circuit voltage.
2.5V
17V
+0.5Ω • 1−
• 0.04A2
= 0.19W
Next, the external feedback divider, R /R , is found
FB1 FB2
using standard 1% values listed in Table 2.
This dissipated power results in a junction temperature
rise of:
R
FB1
R
FB2
= 2.05MΩ
= 845kΩ
P • Θ = 0.19W • 54C°/W = 10.2°C
D
JA
With these resistors, and including the resistance of the
FBG pin, the battery float voltage is 8.22V.
EstimatingI
at2.5mAfromtheI
IN(SWITCHING)
IN(SWITCHING)
Current vs Input Voltage graph at V = 17V, during
IN
regular charging with V > V
reduces to:
, the power dissipation
TRKL
BAT
Select the RUN pin divider to turn on the charger when
the solar-cell output reaches 14.7V. This is obtained by
selectingR
=536kΩ, andR
=107kΩ. Thisselec-
RUN1
RUN2
PD = 17V • 2.5mA
tion turns off the charger if the input falls below 13.52V.
+0.3Ω • 0.4A2
Theswitchingfrequencyisselectedat1.5MHzwhichmeets
the minimum on-time requirement for battery voltages
as low as 5V.
4.2V
17V
+0.8Ω •
0.4A2
4.2V
17V
+0.5Ω • 1−
• 0.4A2
5V
tON
=
= 186ns > tMIN(ON)
1.5MHz •17.94V
= 0.18W
The minimum standard inductance value for a 30% ripple
current is
This dissipated power results in a junction temperature
rise of 9.8°C over ambient.
(17.94V −8.2V)• 8.2V
LSW
>
= 24.8µH
1.5MHz •17.94V •(30% • 400mA)
Design Example 2
The nearest standard inductor value greater than this is
33µH. With an inductor of 33µH, the peak inductor current
Considerthedesignwitha3.5Worgreatersolarpanelwith
a maximum input voltage of V = 22.4V and a maximum
OC
is 445mA and the ripple current amplitude, ∆I , is 90mA.
power voltage of V = 18V or 80.3% of the open-circuit
L
MP
Select an inductor with a saturation current greater than
the peak inductor current.
voltage. The minimum battery voltage is 5V, and the float
voltage is 8.2V, with a charge current of 400mA.
Select R
= 3.01k, as the nearest standard 1% value
The MPPT set point is at 80.3% of the open-circuit volt-
age. So select
PROG
to provide a charge current of 403mA during constant-
current operation.
K = 0.1/0.803 = 0.1245
R
4121fc
24
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
Select a 50V rated capacitor for C = 10µF to achieve an
This dissipated power results in a junction temperature
rise of:
IN
input voltage ripple of 10mV. And select 6V rated capaci-
tors for C
BAT
= 2.2µF, C
= 22nF, and a 10V rated
INTVCC
= 22µF.
BOOST
P • Θ = 0.077W • 54°C/W = 4.2°C
D
JA
C
During regular charging with V = 8.2V, and assuming
BAT
Due to the large float voltage diode D7 is placed in series
with the BAT pin to prevent exceeding the ABS MAX cur-
V is at the MPPT voltage of 17.94V, the power dissipa-
IN
tion increases to:
rent rating on the R
resistor in the event that a fully
SNS
PD = 18V • 4mA
charged battery may be connected.
+0.3Ω • 0.4A2
In this design example, maximum power dissipation is
calculated during trickle charge with the following as-
8.2V
19V
0.4A2
sumptions: V = 5.7V, V is 19V, and I
is
+0.8Ω •
BAT
IN
IN(SWITCHING)
CurrentvsInputVoltage
estimatedfromtheI
IN(SWITCHING)
8.2V
19V
graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section
at V = 19V and FREQ = INTV as 4mA.
+0.5Ω • 1−
• 0.4A2
IN
CC
= 0.22W
PD = 19V • 4mA
+0.3Ω • 0.04A2
This dissipated power results in a junction temperature
rise of 12°C over ambient.
5.7V
+0.8Ω •
0.04A2
19V
5.7V
19V
+0.5Ω • 1−
• 0.04A2
= 77mW
BAT54
V
= 22.4V, V = 18V
MP
INTV
CC
OC
IN
INTV
CC
C
INTVCC
FREQ
C
10µF
IN
R
2.2µF
RUN1
BOOST
536k
C
BST
L
SW
33µH
RUN
22nF
R
MPPT1
R
RUN2
LTC4121
SW
715k
107k
CHGSNS
SI2343DS
CHRG
MPPT
49.9k
+
+
+
R
MPPT2
V
= 8.2V
FLOAT
102k
BAT
C
BAT
4.7µF
R
FB1
22µF
2.05M
470k
470k
FB
IN
FAULT
R
FB2
10k
T
845k
FBG
NTC
GND
PROG
R
+
PROG
3.01k
Li-Ion
T = NTHS0805N02N1002F
4121 F09
Figure 9. Design Example 2 with LTC4121
4121fc
25
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
Design Example 3
disable NTC qualified charging and highlight the float volt-
age programming over a wide temperature range. With an
NTC pin network connected, as in example 1 or example 4,
the charger would be disabled below 0°C or above 40°C.
Consider the design of a sealed lead acid charger with
temperaturecompensationofthefloatvoltage.SealedLead
Acid batteries require the float voltage be decreased as
cell temperature rises. With the LTC4121 this is achieved
using an NTC thermistor in the feedback pin divider as
shown in Figure 10.
The sealed lead acid charger of example 3 is configured
to charge from a variable supply that can range from 6.2V
up to 40V. The switch frequency is selected at 750kHz to
meet minimum on time requirements at V = 4.2V. And
BAT
Using the circuit of Figure 10 above, the float voltage
automatically decreases with temperature as shown in
Figure 11. The NTC pin is grounded in this example to
a 47µH switch inductor is selected to keep ripple current
below 30% of I
at V = 40V.
CHG
IN
INTV
CC
IN
INTV
CC
C
INTVCC
BOOST
C
IN
C
2.2µF
L
BST
SW
10µF
22nF
47µH
RUN
SW
CHGSNS
BAT
V
= 6V
FLOAT
LTC4121
C
R
BAT
FB1A
R
MPPT1
22µF
866k
10k
R
C
FB1C
FF
+
MPPT
V
IN
102k
1nF
–
R
+
FB1B
R
T1
SLA
464k
100k
NTC
FB
R
FB2
FREQ
698k
FBG
GND
PROG
R
PROG
3.01k
R
T1
= NTHS0402E3104FHT
4121 F10
Figure 10. Design Example 3, SLA Charging with LTC4121
7.0
NTC = GND
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
–40 –25 –10
5
20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
4121 F11
Figure 11. Sealed Lead Acid Float Voltage
4121fc
26
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES
Design Example 4
V
= 4.2V. And above 28.3V, the charger attains the full
BAT
programmed charge current of 400mA so MPPT regula-
Consider the design of a Li-Ion charger from a resistive
supply. With a resistive supply voltage, the maximum
powerpointisat50%oftheopen-circuitvoltage.Program
tion lets go. While the LTC4121 regulates V , the battery
IN
charge current is automatically scaled to track available
input power. Figure 13 illustrates the circuit performance
a 50% peak power point using K = 0.199 with R
=
R
MPPT1
measured with V
held at 4.0V, showing the ratio of
BAT OC IN
BAT
332k and R
= 82.5k. This network keeps the input
MPPT2
V
/V and I
versus V with R = 100Ω in series
MP OC
voltage at the peak power point for any input resistance
so long as the R-C time constant of R • C does not
with the supply.
L is sized to maintain ripple current below 30% of I
SW
IN
IN
exceed PW /5, here C is 22µF.
MP
IN
CHG
at V = 16V. The FB pin network is programmed to set
V
IN
With 100Ω of source impedance, the input voltage regu-
= 4.2V. An NTC network is configured to enable
FLOAT
lation loop holds the ratio of (V /V ) at about 49% for
MP IN
charging when the battery temperature is between 0°C
and 40°C.
V ranging from 9V up to 28.3V. For lower input voltages
IN
than 8.7V, the MPPT set point is below DUVLO when
V
INTV
CC
MP
IN
INTV
CC
C
INTVCC
BOOST
C
IN
C
2.2µF
L
BST
SW
22µF
22nF
33µH
RUN
SW
CHGSNS
BAT
V
= 4.2V
FLOAT
LTC4121
C
BAT
R
FB1
22µF
R
MPPT1
1.01M
332k
MPPT
FB
R
IN
R
FB2
R
MPPT2
10k
1.35M
82.5k
FBG
NTC
+
V
IN
–
FREQ
GND
PROG
Li-Ion
+
T
R
PROG
3.01k
T = NTCS0402E3103FHT
4121 F12
Figure 12. Design Example 4, LTC4121 2-Cell Li-Ion Charger with MPPT Tracking for a Resistive Supply
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
V
R
= 4V
BAT
IN
= 100Ω
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
V
(V)
IN(OC)
4121 F13
Figure 13. VMP/VOC and IBAT vs VIN(OC)
4121fc
27
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC4121#packaging for the most recent package drawings.
UD Package
16-Lead Plastic QFN (3mm × 3mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1691 Rev Ø)
0.70 ±0.05
3.50 ±0.05
2.10 ±0.05
1.45 ±0.05
(4 SIDES)
PACKAGE OUTLINE
0.25 ±0.05
0.50 BSC
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 TYP
OR 0.25 × 45° CHAMFER
R = 0.115
TYP
0.75 ±0.05
3.00 ±0.10
(4 SIDES)
15 16
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(NOTE 6)
0.40 ±0.10
1
2
1.45 ± 0.10
(4-SIDES)
(UD16) QFN 0904
0.200 REF
0.25 ±0.05
0.00 – 0.05
0.50 BSC
NOTE:
1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WEED-2)
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION
ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
4121fc
28
For more information www.linear.com/LTC4121
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
REVISION HISTORY
REV
DATE
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NUMBER
A
05/15 Clarified device options.
Clarified Note 4.
1
5
Modified End-of-Charge Indication section.
Enhanced Reverse Blocking section.
Modified Related Parts list.
15
20-21
28
3
B
C
11/15 Added Note 5 reference to INTV UVLO spec.
CC
Expanded INTV Pin Function description.
8
CC
Enhanced Figure 8.
Enhanced Figure 9.
Enhanced Figure 10.
21
25
26
10
25
30
02/16 Modified Figure 1.
Modified Figure 9. Made all GND symbols the same.
Modified Figure 14. Added LTC4070 to Related Parts.
4121fc
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representa-
tion that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
29
LTC4121/LTC4121-4.2
TYPICAL APPLICATION
470k
470k
V
= 21.6V, V = 17V
MP
OC
INTV
CC
CHRG
FAULT
IN
INTV
CC
C
INTVCC
2.2µF
C
IN
R
RUN1
10µF
464k
BOOST
C
BST
L
SW
22nF
RUN
47µH
LTC4121-4.2
SW
CHGSNS
BAT
R
MPPT1
698k
R
RUN2
+
+
+
107k
V
= 4.2V
FLOAT
C
BAT
22µF
BATSNS
10k
T
MPPT
R
MPPT1
100k
NTC
GND PROG
R
FREQ
+
PROG
3.01k
Li-Ion
T = NTHS0805N02N1002F
4121 TA02
Figure 14. Design Example 1 with LTC4121-4.2
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION
COMMENTS
Standalone 4.75V < V < 32V (40V Absolute Maximum), 1MHz, 2A Programmable Charge
LT3650-4.1/
LT3650-4.2
Monolithic 2A Switch Mode
IN
Non-Synchronous 1-Cell Li-Ion Battery Current, Timer or C/10 Termination, Small and Few External Components 3mm × 3mm DFN-12
Charger
Package “-4.1” for 4.1V Float Voltage Batteries, “-4.2” for 4.2V Float Voltage Batteries.
LT3652HV
Power Tracking 2A Battery Charger
Input Supply Voltage Regulation Loop for Peak Power Tracking in (MPPT) Solar Applications,
4.95V < V < 34V (40V Absolute Maximum), 1MHz, 2A Charge Current, 3.3V < V
< 18V.
IN
OUT
Timer or C/10 Termination, 3mm × 3mm DFN-12 Package and MSOP-12 Packages.
LTC4070
LTC4071
Li-Ion/Polymer Shunt Battery Charger
Low 450nA Operating Current, 50mA Internal Shunt Current (500mA with External PFET)
Li-Ion/Polymer Shunt Battery Charger
System with Low Battery Disconnect
Integrated Pack Protection, < 10nA Low Battery Disconnect Protects Battery from
Over-Discharge. Low Operating Current (550nA), 1% Float Voltage Accuracy Over Full
Temperature and Shunt Current Range, 50mA Maximum Internal Shunt Current, Pin Selectable
Float Voltages: 4.0V, 4.1V, 4.2V. Ultralow Power Pulsed NTC Float Conditioning for Li-Ion/
Polymer Protection, 8-Lead (2mm × 3mm) DFN and MSOP.
LTC4065/
LTC4065A
Standalone Li-Ion Battery Charger in
2mm × 2mm DFN
4.2V 0.6% Float Voltage, Up to 750mA Charge Current; “A” Version Has /ACPR Function.
2mm × 2mm DFN Package.
LTC4079
60V 250mA Multi-Chemistry Linear
Battery Charger
2.7V – 60V Input Voltage range, 1.2V – 60V Adjustable Battery Voltage Range and 10mA
– 250mA Charge Current Range. Low 4µA Quiescent Current. Input Voltage and Thermal
Regulation. 10-pin 3mm x 3mm DFN package.
LTC4015
Multi-Chemistry Buck Battery Charger
Multi-Chemistry Li-Ion/Polymer, LiFePO , or Lead-Acid Battery Charger with Termination, Digital
4
Controller with Digital Telemetry System Telemetry System Monitors V , I , R ,NTC Ratio (Battery Temperature), V , I , V
,
BAT BAT BAT
IN IN SYSTEM
Die Temperature, Coulomb Counter and Integrated 14-Bit ADC, Wide Charging Input Voltage
Range: 4.5V to 35V, Wide Battery Voltage Range: Up to 35V, 5mm × 7mm QFN-38 Package
LTC4020
LTC4001
55V Buck-Boost Multi-Chemistry Battery Wide Voltage Range: 4.5V to 55V Input, Up to 55V Output (60V Absolute Maximums),
Charger
Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Controller, Li-Ion and Lead-Acid Charge Algorithms, Input
Voltage Regulation for High Impedance Input Supplies and Solar Panel Peak Power Operation,
Low Profile (0.75mm) 38-Pin 5mm × 7mm QFN Package
2A Synchronous Buck Li-Ion Charger
Low Power Dissipation, 2A Maximum Charge Current, No External MOSFETs, Sense Resistor
or Blocking Diode Required, Programmable Charge Termination Timer, Preset 4.2V Float
Voltage with 0.5% Accuracy, Low Profile 16-Lead (4mm × 4mm) QFN Package
4121fc
LT 0216 REV C • PRINTED IN USA
LinearTechnology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
30
(408)432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/LTC4121
●
●
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2014
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