LM4877ITPX/NOPB [TI]

IC,AUDIO AMPLIFIER,SINGLE,BGA,8PIN,PLASTIC;
LM4877ITPX/NOPB
型号: LM4877ITPX/NOPB
厂家: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS    TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
描述:

IC,AUDIO AMPLIFIER,SINGLE,BGA,8PIN,PLASTIC

放大器 商用集成电路
文件: 总15页 (文件大小:481K)
中文:  中文翻译
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October 2002  
LM4877  
1 Watt Audio Power Amplifier in micro SMD package  
with Shutdown Logic Low  
General Description  
Features  
n micro SMD package (see App. note AN-1112)  
n 5V - 2V operation  
The LM4877 is a bridge-connected audio power amplifier  
capable of delivering 1 W of continuous average power to an  
8load with less than .2% (THD) from a 5V power supply.  
n No output coupling capacitors or bootstrap capacitors.  
n Unity-gain stable  
n External gain configuration capability  
Boomer audio power amplifiers were designed specifically to  
provide high quality output power with a minimal amount of  
external components. Since the LM4877 does not require  
output coupling capacitors or bootstrap capacitors. It is op-  
timally suited for low-power portable applications.  
Applications  
n Cellular Phones  
n Portable Computers  
n Low Voltage Audio Systems  
The LM4877 features an externally controlled, low-power  
consumption shutdown mode, as well as an internal thermal  
shutdown protection mechanism.  
The unity-gain stable LM4877 can be configured by external  
gain-setting resistors.  
Key Specifications  
n Power Output at 0.2% THD  
n Shutdown Current  
1W (typ)  
0.01µA (typ)  
Typical Application  
10129001  
FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit  
Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.  
© 2004 National Semiconductor Corporation  
DS101290  
www.national.com  
Connection Diagram  
8 Bump micro SMD  
10129023  
Top View  
Order Number LM4877IBP, LM4877IBPX  
See NS Package Number BPA08B6B  
www.national.com  
2
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2)  
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,  
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/  
Distributors for availability and specifications.  
Soldering Information  
See AN-1112 "Micro-SMD Wafers Level Chip Scale  
Package".  
Supply Voltage  
6.0V  
−65˚C to +150˚C  
−0.3V to VDD +0.3V  
Internally Limited  
2500V  
Storage Temperature  
Input Voltage  
Operating Ratings  
Temperature Range  
Power Dissipation (Note 3)  
ESD Susceptibility (Note 4)  
ESD Susceptibility (Note 5)  
Junction Temperature  
TMIN TA TMAX  
−40˚C TA 85˚C  
2.0V VDD 5.5V  
Supply Voltage  
250V  
150˚C  
Electrical Characteristics VDD = 5V (Notes 1, 2, 9)  
The following specifications apply for VDD = 5V and 8Load unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C.  
LM4877  
Units  
(Limits)  
Symbol  
VDD  
Parameter  
Supply Voltage  
Conditions  
Typical  
Limit  
(Note 6)  
(Note 7)  
2.0  
5.5  
7
V (min)  
V (max)  
mA (max)  
µA (max)  
mV (max)  
W
IDD  
Quiescent Power Supply Current  
Shutdown Current  
VIN = 0V, Io = 0A  
5.3  
0.01  
5
ISD  
VPIN5 = 0V  
2
VOS  
Po  
Output Offset Voltage  
Output Power  
VIN = 0V  
50  
THD = 0.2% (max); f = 1 kHz  
Po = 0.25 Wrms; AVD = 2; 20 Hz ≤  
f 20 kHz  
1
THD+N  
Total Harmonic Distortion+Noise  
0.1  
%
PSRR  
Power Supply Rejection Ratio  
VDD = 4.9V to 5.1V  
65  
dB  
Electrical Characteristics VDD = 3.3V (Notes 1, 2, 9)  
The following specifications apply for VDD = 3.3V and 8Load unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C.  
LM4877  
Units  
(Limits)  
Symbol  
VDD  
Parameter  
Supply Voltage  
Conditions  
Typical  
Limit  
(Note 7)  
2.0  
(Note 6)  
V (min)  
V (max)  
mA (max)  
µA (max)  
mV (max)  
W
5.5  
IDD  
Quiescent Power Supply Current  
Shutdown Current  
VIN = 0V, Io = 0A  
4
0.01  
5
ISD  
VPIN5 = 0V  
VOS  
Po  
Output Offset Voltage  
Output Power  
VIN = 0V  
THD = 1% (max); f = 1 kHz  
Po = 0.25 Wrms; AVD = 2; 20 Hz ≤  
f 20 kHz  
.5  
.45  
THD+N  
Total Harmonic Distortion+Noise  
0.15  
%
PSRR  
Power Supply Rejection Ratio  
VDD = 3.2V to 3.4V  
65  
dB  
Electrical Characteristics VDD = 2.6V (Notes 1, 2, 8, 9)  
The following specifications apply for VDD = 2.6V and 8Load unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C.  
LM4877  
Units  
(Limits)  
Symbol  
VDD  
Parameter  
Supply Voltage  
Conditions  
Typical  
Limit  
(Note 7)  
2.0  
(Note 6)  
V (min)  
V (max)  
5.5  
IDD  
ISD  
Quiescent Power Supply Current  
Shutdown Current  
VIN = 0V, Io = 0A  
3.4  
0.01  
5
mA (max)  
µA (max)  
mV (max)  
VPIN5 = 0V  
VIN = 0V  
VOS  
Output Offset Voltage  
3
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Electrical Characteristics VDD = 2.6V (Notes 1, 2, 8, 9)  
The following specifications apply for VDD = 2.6V and 8Load unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA  
=
25˚C. (Continued)  
LM4877  
Units  
(Limits)  
Symbol  
P0  
Parameter  
Output Power ( 8)  
Conditions  
Typical  
(Note 6)  
0.25  
Limit  
(Note 7)  
THD = 0.3% (max); f = 1 kHz THD  
= 0.5% (max); f = 1 kHz  
Po = 0.25 Wrms; AVD = 2; 20 Hz ≤  
f 20 kHz  
W
W
%
Output Power ( 4)  
0.5  
THD+N  
PSRR  
Total Harmonic Distortion+Noise  
0.25  
Power Supply Rejection Ratio  
VDD = 2.5V to 2.7V  
65  
dB  
Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified.  
Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is  
functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions which  
guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit  
is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance.  
Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by T  
, θ , and the ambient temperature T . The maximum  
A
JMAX JA  
allowable power dissipation is P  
= (T  
–T )/θ or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LM4877, T = 150˚C.  
DMAX  
JMAX  
A
JA  
JMAX  
The typical junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is 150˚C/W.  
Note 4: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kresistor.  
Note 5: Machine Model, 220 pF–240 pF discharged through all pins.  
Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25˚C and represent the parametric norm.  
Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National’s AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level).  
Note 8: Low Voltage Circuit - See Fig. 4  
Note 9: Shutdown current is measured in a Normal Room Environment. Exposure to direct sunlight will increase I by a maximum of 2µA.  
SD  
Electrical Characteristics VDD = 5/3.3/2.6V Shutdown Input  
LM4877  
Units  
(Limits)  
V(min)  
Symbol  
Parameter  
Conditions  
Typical  
Limit  
1.2  
VIH  
VIL  
Shutdown Input Voltage High  
Shutdown Input Voltage Low  
0.4  
V(max)  
External Components Description  
(Figure 1)  
Components  
Functional Description  
1.  
Ri  
Inverting input resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Rf. This resistor also forms a  
high pass filter with Ci at fC= 1/(2π RiCi).  
2.  
Ci  
Input coupling capacitor which blocks the DC voltage at the amplifiers input terminals. Also creates a  
highpass filter with Ri at fc = 1/(2π RiCi). Refer to the section, Proper Selection of External Components,  
for an explanation of how to determine the value of Ci.  
3.  
4.  
Rf  
Feedback resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Ri.  
CS  
Supply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing  
section for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor.  
Bypass pin capacitor which provides half-supply filtering. Refer to the section, Proper Selection of External  
Components, for information concerning proper placement and selection of CB.  
5.  
CB  
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4
Typical Performance Characteristics  
THD+N vs Frequency  
THD+N vs Frequency  
at 5V and 8Ω  
at 3.3V and 8Ω  
10129003  
10129006  
THD+N vs Frequency  
THD+N vs Frequency  
at 2.6V and 8Ω  
at 2.6V and 4Ω  
10129005  
10129004  
THD+N vs Output Power  
THD+N vs Output Power  
@
@
VDD = 5V  
VDD = 3.3V  
10129007  
10129008  
5
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)  
THD+N vs  
Output Power  
2.6V at 8Ω  
THD+N vs  
Output Power  
2.6V at 4Ω  
10129009  
10129010  
Output Power vs  
Supply Voltage  
Output Power vs  
Load Resistance  
10129011  
10129012  
Power Dissipation vs  
Output Power  
VDD = 5V  
Power Derating Curve  
10129014  
10129026  
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6
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)  
Power Dissipation vs  
Output Power  
Power Dissipation vs  
Output Power  
VDD = 3.3V  
VDD = 2.6V  
10129027  
10129028  
Supply Current vs  
Shutdown Voltage  
Clipping Voltage vs  
Supply Voltage  
@
LM4877 VDD = 5/3.3/2.6Vdc  
10129015  
10129035  
Frequency Response vs  
Input Capacitor Size  
Power Supply  
Rejection Ratio  
10129017  
10129018  
7
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)  
Open Loop  
Frequency Response  
Noise Floor  
10129019  
10129016  
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8
duced supply voltage, higher load impedance, or reduced  
ambient temperature. The National Reference Design board  
using a 5V supply and an 8 ohm load will run in a 110˚C  
ambient environement without exceeding TJMAX. Internal  
power dissipation is a function of output power. Refer to the  
Typical Performance Characteristics curves for power dis-  
sipation information for different output powers and output  
loading.  
Application Information  
BRIDGE CONFIGURATION EXPLANATION  
As shown in Figure 1, the LM4877 has two operational  
amplifiers internally, allowing for a few different amplifier  
configurations. The first amplifier’s gain is externally config-  
urable, while the second amplifier is internally fixed in a  
unity-gain, inverting configuration. The closed-loop gain of  
the first amplifier is set by selecting the ratio of Rf to Ri while  
the second amplifier’s gain is fixed by the two internal 10 kΩ  
resistors. Figure 1 shows that the output of amplifier one  
serves as the input to amplifier two which results in both  
amplifiers producing signals identical in magnitude, but out  
of phase by 180˚. Consequently, the differential gain for the  
IC is  
POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING  
As with any amplifier, proper supply bypassing is critical for  
low noise performance and high power supply rejection. The  
capacitor location on both the bypass and power supply pins  
should be as close to the device as possible. Typical appli-  
cations employ a 5V regulator with 10 µF Tantalum or elec-  
trolytic capacitor and a 0.1 µF bypass capacitor which aid in  
supply stability. This does not eliminate the need for bypass-  
ing the supply nodes of the LM4877. The selection of a  
bypass capacitor, especially CB, is dependent upon PSRR  
requirements, click and pop performance as explained in the  
section Proper Selection of External Components, sys-  
tem cost, and size constraints.  
AVD= 2 *(Rf/Ri)  
By driving the load differentially through outputs Vo1 and  
Vo2, an amplifier configuration commonly referred to as  
“bridged mode” is established. Bridged mode operation is  
different from the classical single-ended amplifier configura-  
tion where one side of its load is connected to ground.  
A bridge amplifier design has a few distinct advantages over  
the single-ended configuration, as it provides differential  
drive to the load, thus doubling output swing for a specified  
supply voltage. Four times the output power is possible as  
compared to a single-ended amplifier under the same con-  
ditions. This increase in attainable output power assumes  
that the amplifier is not current limited or clipped. In order to  
choose an amplifier’s closed-loop gain without causing ex-  
cessive clipping, please refer to the Audio Power Amplifier  
Design section.  
SHUTDOWN FUNCTION  
In order to reduce power consumption while not in use, the  
LM4877 contains a shutdown pin to externally turn off the  
amplifier’s bias circuitry. This shutdown feature turns the  
amplifier off when a logic low is placed on the shutdown pin.  
By switching the shutdown pin to ground, the LM4877 supply  
current draw will be minimized in idle mode. While the device  
will be disabled with shutdown pin voltages less than  
0.4VDC, the idle current may be greater than the typical  
value of 0.01 µA.  
A bridge configuration, such as the one used in LM4877,  
also creates a second advantage over single-ended amplifi-  
ers. Since the differential outputs, Vo1 and Vo2, are biased  
at half-supply, no net DC voltage exists across the load. This  
eliminates the need for an output coupling capacitor which is  
required in a single supply, single-ended amplifier configura-  
tion. Without an output coupling capacitor, the half-supply  
bias across the load would result in both increased internal  
IC power dissipation and also possible loudspeaker damage.  
In many applications, a microcontroller or microprocessor  
output is used to control the shutdown circuitry which pro-  
vides a quick, smooth transition into shutdown. Another so-  
lution is to use a single-pole, single-throw switch in conjunc-  
tion with an external pull-up resistor. When the switch is  
closed, the shutdown pin is connected to ground and dis-  
ables the amplifier. If the switch is open, then the external  
pull-up resistor will enable the LM4877. This scheme guar-  
antees that the shutdown pin will not float thus preventing  
unwanted state changes. Another way to operate the shut-  
down circuit is with a pulldown resistor (R1), as shown in the  
applications circuit on Figure 3. J1 operates the shutdown  
function. J1 must be installed to operate the part. A switch  
may be installed in place of J1 for easier evaluation of the  
shutdown function.  
POWER DISSIPATION  
Power dissipation is a major concern when designing a  
successful amplifier, whether the amplifier is bridged or  
single-ended. A direct consequence of the increased power  
delivered to the load by a bridge amplifier is an increase in  
internal power dissipation. Since the LM4877 has two opera-  
tional amplifiers in one package, the maximum internal  
power dissipation is 4 times that of a single-ended amplifier.  
The maximum power dissipation for a given application can  
be derived from the power dissipation graphs or from Equa-  
tion 1.  
PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS  
Proper selection of external components in applications us-  
ing integrated power amplifiers is critical to optimize device  
and system performance. While the LM4877 is tolerant of  
external component combinations, consideration to compo-  
nent values must be used to maximize overall system qual-  
ity.  
PDMAX = 4*(VDD)2/(2π2RL)  
(1)  
It is critical that the maximum junction temperature TJMAX of  
150˚C is not exceeded. TJMAX can be determined from the  
power derating curves by using PDMAX and the PC board foil  
area. By adding additional copper foil, the thermal resistance  
of the application can be reduced from a free air value of  
150˚C/W, resulting in higher PDMAX. Additional copper foil  
can be added to any of the leads connected to the LM4877.  
It is especially effective when connected to VDD, GND, and  
the output pins. Refer to the application information on the  
LM4877 reference design board for an example of good heat  
sinking. If TJMAX still exceeds 150˚C, then additional  
changes must be made. These changes can include re-  
The LM4877 is unity-gain stable which gives a designer  
maximum system flexibility. The LM4877 should be used in  
low gain configurations to minimize THD+N values, and  
maximize the signal to noise ratio. Low gain configurations  
require large input signals to obtain a given output power.  
Input signals equal to or greater than 1 Vrms are available  
from sources such as audio codecs. Please refer to the  
section, Audio Power Amplifier Design, for a more com-  
plete explanation of proper gain selection.  
9
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AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN  
Application Information (Continued)  
A 1W/8AUDIO AMPLIFIER  
Besides gain, one of the major considerations is the closed-  
loop bandwidth of the amplifier. To a large extent, the band-  
width is dictated by the choice of external components  
shown in Figure 1. The input coupling capacitor, Ci, forms a  
first order high pass filter which limits low frequency re-  
sponse. This value should be chosen based on needed  
frequency response for a few distinct reasons.  
Given:  
Power Output  
Load Impedance  
Input Level  
1 Wrms  
8Ω  
1 Vrms  
20 kΩ  
Input Impedance  
Selection Of Input Capacitor Size  
Bandwidth  
100 Hz–20 kHz 0.25 dB  
Large input capacitors are both expensive and space hungry  
for portable designs. Clearly, a certain sized capacitor is  
needed to couple in low frequencies without severe attenu-  
ation. But in many cases the speakers used in portable  
systems, whether internal or external, have little ability to  
reproduce signals below 100 Hz to 150 Hz. Thus, using a  
large input capacitor may not increase actual system perfor-  
mance.  
A designer must first determine the minimum supply rail to  
obtain the specified output power. By extrapolating from the  
Output Power vs Supply Voltage graphs in the Typical Per-  
formance Characteristics section, the supply rail can be  
easily found. A second way to determine the minimum sup-  
ply rail is to calculate the required Vopeak using Equation 2  
and add the output voltage. Using this method, the minimum  
supply voltage would be (Vopeak + (VOD  
+ VODBOT)), where  
VOD  
and VOD  
are extrapolated frToOmP the Dropout Volt-  
In addition to system cost and size, click and pop perfor-  
mance is effected by the size of the input coupling capacitor,  
Ci. A larger input coupling capacitor requires more charge to  
reach its quiescent DC voltage (nominally 1/2 VDD). This  
charge comes from the output via the feedback and is apt to  
create pops upon device enable. Thus, by minimizing the  
capacitor size based on necessary low frequency response,  
turn-on pops can be minimized.  
TOP  
age BvOsT Supply Voltage curve in the Typical Performance  
Characteristics section.  
(2)  
Using the Output Power vs Supply Voltage graph for an 8Ω  
load, the minimum supply rail is 4.6V. But since 5V is a  
standard voltage in most applications, it is chosen for the  
supply rail. Extra supply voltage creates headroom that al-  
lows the LM4877 to reproduce peaks in excess of 1W with-  
out producing audible distortion. At this time, the designer  
must make sure that the power supply choice along with the  
output impedance does not violate the conditions explained  
in the Power Dissipation section.  
Besides minimizing the input capacitor size, careful consid-  
eration should be paid to the bypass capacitor value. Bypass  
capacitor, CB, is the most critical component to minimize  
turn-on pops since it determines how fast the LM4877 turns  
on. The slower the LM4877’s outputs ramp to their quiescent  
DC voltage (nominally 1/2 VDD), the smaller the turn-on pop.  
Choosing CB equal to 1.0 µF along with a small value of Ci  
(in the range of 0.1 µF to 0.39 µF), should produce a virtually  
clickless and popless shutdown function. While the device  
will function properly, (no oscillations or motorboating), with  
CB equal to 0.1 µF, the device will be much more susceptible  
to turn-on clicks and pops. Thus, a value of CB equal to  
1.0 µF is recommended in all but the most cost sensitive  
designs.  
Once the power dissipation equations have been addressed,  
the required differential gain can be determined from Equa-  
tion 3.  
(3)  
Rf/Ri = AVD/2  
LOW VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS ( BELOW 3.0 VDD  
)
From Equation 3, the minimum AVD is 2.83; use AVD = 3.  
The LM4877 will function at voltages below 3 volts but this  
mode of operation requires the addition of a 1kresistor  
from each of the differential output pins ( pins 8 and 4 )  
directly to ground. The addition of the pair of 1kresistors (  
R4 & R5 ) assures stable operation below 3 Volt Vdd opera-  
tion. The addition of the two resistors will however increase  
the idle current by as much as 5mA. This is because at 0v  
input both of the outputs of the LM4877’s 2 internal opamps  
go to 1/2 VDD ( 2.5 volts for a 5v power supply ), causing  
current to flow through the 1K resistors from output to  
ground. See fig 4.  
Since the desired input impedance was 20 k, and with a  
AVD impedance of 2, a ratio of 1.5:1 of Rf to Ri results in an  
allocation of Ri = 20 kand Rf = 30 k. The final design step  
is to address the bandwidth requirements which must be  
stated as a pair of −3 dB frequency points. Five times away  
from a −3 dB point is 0.17 dB down from passband response  
which is better than the required 0.25 dB specified.  
fL = 100 Hz/5 = 20 Hz  
fH = 20 kHz * 5 = 100 kHz  
As stated in the External Components section, Ri in con-  
junction with Ci create a highpass filter.  
Jumper options have been included on the reference design,  
Fig. 4, to accommodate the low voltage application. J2 & J3  
connect R4 and R5 to the outputs.  
Ci 1/(2π*20 k*20 Hz) = 0.397 µF; use 0.39 µF  
The high frequency pole is determined by the product of the  
desired frequency pole, fH, and the differential gain, AVD  
.
With a AVD = 3 and fH = 100 kHz, the resulting GBWP =  
150 kHz which is much smaller than the LM4877 GBWP of  
4 MHz. This figure displays that if a designer has a need to  
design an amplifier with a higher differential gain, the  
LM4877 can still be used without running into bandwidth  
limitations.  
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10  
HIGHER GAIN AUDIO AMPLIFIER  
Application Information (Continued)  
10129024  
Figure 2  
The LM4877 is unity-gain stable and requires no external  
components besides gain-setting resistors, an input coupling  
capacitor, and proper supply bypassing in the typical appli-  
cation. However, if a closed-loop differential gain of greater  
than 10 is required, a feedback capacitor may be needed as  
shown in Figure 2 to bandwidth limit the amplifier. This  
feedback capacitor creates a low pass filter that eliminates  
possible high frequency oscillations. Care should be taken  
when calculating the -3dB frequency in that an incorrect  
combination of R3 and C4 will cause rolloff before 20kHz. A  
typical combination of feedback resistor and capacitor that  
will not produce audio band high frequency rolloff is R3  
=
20kand C4 = 25pf. These components result in a -3dB  
point of approximately 320 kHz. It is not recommended that  
the feedback resistor and capacitor be used to implement a  
band limiting filter below 100kHZ.  
11  
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Application Information (Continued)  
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION FOR  
LM4877  
10129029  
Figure 3  
Mono LM4877 Reference Design Board - Assembly Part Number: 980011207-100 Revision: A Bill of Material  
Item  
1
Part Number  
Part Description  
Qty  
1
Ref Designator  
551011208-001  
482911183-001  
151911207-001  
151911207-002  
152911207-001  
472911207-001  
472911207-002  
210007039-002  
210007582-001  
LM4877 Mono Reference Design Board PCB etch 001  
LM4877 Audio AMP micro SMD 8 Bumps  
Cer Cap 0.1uF 50V +80/-20% 1206  
Cer Cap 0.39uF 50V Z5U 20% 1210  
Tant Cap 1uF 16V 10% Size=A 3216  
Res 20K Ohm 1/10W 5% 0805  
10  
20  
21  
25  
30  
31  
35  
36  
1
U1  
1
C1  
1
C2  
1
C3  
3
R1, R2, R3  
R4, R5,  
J1, J2, J3  
Res 1K Ohm 1/10W 5% 0805  
2
Jumper Header Vertical Mount 2X1 0.100  
Jumper Shunt 2 position 0.100  
3
3
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12  
Application Information (Continued)  
Inner Layer VDD  
Silk Screen  
10129033  
10129030  
Inner Layer Ground  
Top Layer  
10129034  
10129031  
Bottom Layer  
10129032  
13  
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Application Information (Continued)  
REFERENCE DESIGN BOARD and PCB LAYOUT  
GUIDELINES  
10129025  
Figure 4  
PCB Layout Guidelines  
Single-Point Power / Ground Connections  
This section provides practical guidelines for mixed signal  
PCB layout that involves various digital/analog power and  
ground traces. Designers should note that these are only  
"rule-of-thumb" recommendations and the actual results will  
depend heavily on the final layout.  
The analog power traces should be connected to the digital  
traces through a single point (link). A "Pi-filter" can be helpful  
in minimizing High Frequency noise coupling between the  
analog and digital sections. It is further recommended to put  
digital and analog power traces over the corresponding digi-  
tal and analog ground traces to minimize noise coupling.  
General Mixed Signal Layout Recommendation  
Power and Ground Circuits  
Placement of Digital and Analog Components  
All digital components and high-speed digital signals traces  
should be located as far away as possible from the analog  
components and the analog circuit traces.  
For 2 layer mixed signal design, it is important to isolate the  
digital power and ground trace paths from the analog power  
and ground trace paths. Star trace routing techniques (bring-  
ing individual traces back to a central point rather than daisy  
chaining traces together in a serial manner) can have a  
major impact on low level signal performance. Star trace  
routing refers to using individual traces to feed power and  
ground to each circuit or even device. This technique will  
take require a greater amount of design time but will not  
increase the final price of the board. The only extra parts  
required will be some jumpers.  
Avoiding Typical Design / Layout Problems  
Avoid ground loops or running digital and analog traces  
parallel to each other (side-by-side) on the same PCB layer.  
When traces must cross over each other do it at 90 degrees.  
Running digital and analog traces at 90 degrees to each  
other from the top to the bottom side as much as possible will  
minimize capacitive noise coupling and cross talk.  
www.national.com  
14  
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)  
unless otherwise noted  
Note: Unless otherwise specified.  
1. Epoxy coating.  
2. 63Sn/37Pb eutectic bump.  
3. Recommend non-solder mask defined landing pad.  
4. Pin 1 is established by lower left corner with respect to text orientation pins are numbered counterclockwise.  
5. Reference JEDEC registration MO-211, variation BC.  
8-Bump micro SMD  
Order Number LM4877IBP, LM4877IBPX  
NS Package Number BPA08B6B  
X1 = 1.31 0.03 X2 = 1.97 0.03 X3 = 0.850 0.10  
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves  
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.  
For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.  
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY  
NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS  
WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR  
CORPORATION. As used herein:  
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems  
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or  
(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when  
properly used in accordance with instructions for use  
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result  
in a significant injury to the user.  
2. A critical component is any component of a life support  
device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably  
expected to cause the failure of the life support device or  
system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.  
BANNED SUBSTANCE COMPLIANCE  
National Semiconductor certifies that the products and packing materials meet the provisions of the Customer Products Stewardship  
Specification (CSP-9-111C2) and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification (CSP-9-111S2) and contain no ‘‘Banned  
Substances’’ as defined in CSP-9-111S2.  
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