LMK03001ISQX/NOPB [TI]
Precision Clock Conditioner;
| 型号： | LMK03001ISQX/NOPB |
| 厂家： | 
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS |
| 描述： | Precision Clock Conditioner 时钟 外围集成电路 晶体 |
| 文件： | 总14页 (文件大小：551K) |
| 中文： | 中文翻译 | 下载： | 下载PDF数据表文档文件 |
ADC083000,ADC12DL080,ADC14155,
ADC14DS105,LMH6515,LMH6552,LMH6555,
LMK02000,LMK03001,LMX2531
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks for High-Performance Signal Paths
Literature Number: SNOA866
®
SIGNAL PATH designer
Tips, tricks, and techniques from the analog signal-path experts
No. 111
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks
Feature Article ............... 1-9
GHz Amplifiers..................10
GSPS A/D Converters......11
for High-Performance Signal Paths
— By Mike Ewer, Principal Applications Engineer
odern communication and measurement system designs are
increasing in complexity as the latest high-performance proces-
M
sors and DSPs enable new signal-processing techniques. As system
requirements for speed and resolution increase, more capable Analog-to-Digital
Converters (ADCs) emerge, and these in turn require higher-performance
Analog Front Ends (AFEs). In many systems the AFE can be considered a
key limiting factor in the overall system performance. Applications such as
medical ultrasound, RADAR, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and
video imaging similarly demand high-performance AFEs. AFE designers
today are faced with the challenge of selecting the best amplifier to drive the
ADC, including how to maximize the dynamic range of the signal path and
how to choose the best filter for a given application. is article will address
the design of high-speed data acquisition systems, including some of the
limiting factors in the overall system performance created by the AFE and
the clock driving the ADC.
A generic AFE signal path including a source (Vs), Low-Noise Amplifier
(LNA), ADC driver, channel filter, sampling clock, and ADC stages are
shown in Figure 1.
RS
Channel
ADC
Filter
CLK
VS
LNA
ADC
Driver
Clock
Driver
CLK
Figure 1. AFE Signal Path
A key measure of any data-acquisition-system performance is the Effective
Number Of Bits (ENOB) of resolution it delivers. e ENOB is maximized
by minimizing the noise and distortion added by each stage of the AFE to the
processed signal. A measure of the noise added by a particular stage is the noise
factor, F, which is the total input referred noise of the stage divided by the input
noise due to the previous stage. e often-quoted Noise Figure, NF, is 10 log F.
SIGNAL PATH designer
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks for High-Performance Signal Paths
Ignoring the filter, the noise of the overall cascaded
path shown is given by Frii’s equation:
e signal path between each stage may be single-
ended or differential, depending on the initial
signal source. For a source with a single-ended
output, a “single-to-diff stage” can be used to create
differential-drive signals. Differential signal paths
are higher performance, but the drawbacks include
an increase in the number of components, board
area, cost, and complexity of the filter.
FDRIVER - 1
GLNA
FADC - 1
FCASCADE FLNA
+
=
+
GLNA x GDRIVER
Where F
= noise factor of LNA
LNA
F
F
G
= noise factor of driver stage
= noise factor of ADC
= Gain of LNA
DRIVER
ADC
Types of Data Acquisition Systems
LNA
Sampled-data systems can be split into two main
types. e simplest is the baseband system also
known as the “1st-Nyquist-zone” system. e second
is the more complex under-sampled system, often
referred to as bandpass, narrow band, sub-sampled, or
Intermediate Frequency (IF)-sampled system.
Baseband-system signal paths are generally DC-
coupled while IF-bandpass signal paths tend to be
AC-coupled. In a conventional 1st-Nyquist-zone
system, the ADC samples the input at sample rate,
fS, which is at least twice the highest signal frequency,
fH, present at the ADC input (Figure 2a).
G
= Gain of driver stage
DRIVER
e noise of the ADC driver is divided by the gain
of the LNA and consequently, it is best to select the
lowest-noise LNA available and take as much gain
as possible at this first stage. Since the noise of the
driver is divided by the LNA gain, it becomes less
critical to the overall noise performance. In fact, the
further along the signal path, the less critical the
noise performance of each stage becomes.
e building block after the LNA is the ADC-driver
stage. In a system that responds down to signals at
0 Hz, a DC-coupled amplifier is the only choice,
while in an AC-coupled system, a transformer can
also be used. However, transformers are limited in
their frequency range of operation and can have poor
differential output balance, which is important when
driving differential-input ADCs.
To avoid aliasing of input frequencies above fS/2
back down into the 1st Nyquist zone as shown in
Figure 2b, the ADC input is normally band-limited
to the 1st Nyquist zone by a low-pass channel filter.
When providing gain, transformers
1st Nyquist Zone
2nd Nyquist Zone
3rd Nyquist Zone
4th Nyquist Zone
5th Nyquist Zone
also multiply the source impedance
driving the ADC by the transformer
turns ratio squared. is reduces
the pole frequency formed with the
ADC-input capacitance, thereby
reducing system bandwidth. Even
though amplifiers can add more
noise than a transformer, they have
better gain flatness and can provide
a range of desired gains by setting
external resistors. e gain of a trans-
former is limited by achievable turns
ratios. Amplifiers have lower output
impedance which is not significantly
affected by the choice of gain.
ADC Dynamic
Range
Input
Signal
Input
Image
Input
Image
Input
Image
Input
Image
fH
Wanted signal
band
Frequency
fs/2
fs
3fs/2
2fs
Figure 2a. 1st Nyquist baseband sampling where (f >2f )
s
H
1st Nyquist Zone
2nd Nyquist Zone
3rd Nyquist Zone
4th Nyquist Zone
5th Nyquist Zone
Input Signal ‘Aliased’
by Spur Image
Unwanted Input
Signal Spur
Spur
Spur Spur
Image Image
Image
Input
Image
ADC Dynamic
Range
Input
Image
Input
Signal
Input
Image
Input
Image
Wanted signal
band
Frequency
fH
fs/2
fs
3fs/2
2fs
Figure 2b. 1st Nyquist sampling with no ADC input filter showing input
spur >f /2 aliasing back into 1st Nyquist zone to interfere with input< f /2
s
s
2
SIGNAL PATH designer
To use the full ADC dynamic range,
ensure that any undesired, out-of-band
1st Nyquist Zone
2nd Nyquist Zone
3rd Nyquist Zone
4th Nyquist Zone
5th Nyquist Zone
Low-Pass Filter at
ADC Input
Unwanted Input
signal components are filtered to less
than the ADC Least Significant Bit
Signal Spur
ADC Dynamic
Input
Input
Image
Input
Image
Input
Image
Input
Image
Range
Signal
(LSB) level. is requires high-order
Wanted Signal
filters to obtain a sufficiently sharp roll
Frequency
fH
Band
fs/2
fs
3fs/2
2fs
off if the wanted and unwanted input-
signal components approach too close
Figure 2c. 1st Nyquist baseband sampling with low-pass filter
to fS/2 (Figure 2c).
One solution is to increase the ADC
sample rate and over-sample the input
signal. is spreads the Nyquist zones
further out in frequency and relaxes ADCRDaynngaemic
the channel-filter design (Figure 2d).
High-speed baseband sampling is
found in many test and measurement
applications requiring data conversion
from DC to GHz.
1st Nyquist Zone
Low-Pass Filter at
2nd Nyquist Zone
ADC Input
Unwanted Input
Signal Spur
Input Signal Spur
Attenuated by Filter
Input
Image
Input
Image
Input
Signal
Wanted Signal
Band
Frequency
fH
fs/2
2fs
Figure 2d. 1st Nyquist baseband >2x over-sampling with ‘relaxed’
low-pass filter requirement
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Nyquist
Zone
6th
Nyquist
Zone
7th
8th
9th
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone Zone
10th
11th
Nyquist
Zone
12th
Nyquist
Zone
An under-sampled system employs an
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
ADC with a full-power bandwidth
much higher than fS/2. For example, it
is not unusual to find a 1 GHz-input
bandwidth on a 100 MHz-sampling
ADC. is allows a narrowband in-
put centered at a frequency >fS/2 to be
under-sampled at a rate much lower
than the conventional Nyquist fS rate,
and aliased or “folded” back down to
the 1st Nyquist zone. is is shown in
Figure 3a where signal A is the desired
signal being converted.
Wanted
Input
Signal
A
Image
of A
Alias
of A
Image
of A
Image Image Image
of A of A of A
Image Image
Image
of A
Image
of A
Image
of A
Image
of A
of A
of A
Frequency
fs
2fs
3fs
4fs
5fs
Figure 3a. Wanted signal A >f under-sampled from 8th Nyquist zone
s
back to 1st Nyquist zone
1st
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone Zone
2nd
3rd
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone Zone
4th
5th
Nyquist
Zone
6th
Nyquist
Zone
7th
8th
9th
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone Zone
10th
11th
Nyquist
Zone
12th
Nyquist
Zone
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Zone
Wanted
Input
Signal
A
Alias of B
Inteferes
with Alias
of A
Image Image
of B of B
Unwanted
Signal B
Image Image
of B of B
Image Image Image
of B of B of B
Image Image
of B
of B
At higher input frequencies, the
input stage of the ADC becomes slew-
rate limited. For optimum distortion
performance from the ADC, it is
recommended to keep the center
frequency of the under-sampled
signal to no more than 10% to 30%
Frequency
fs
2fs
3fs
4fs
5fs
Figure 3b. Failure to bandpass filter unwanted signal B allows it to alias back
to the 1st Nyquist zone and interfere with the recovery of wanted signal A
of the ADC’s full-power bandwidth depending on the
performance of the ADC.
other aliased components. A bandpass filter is used
to remove all interfering frequencies and noise from
the ADC input which might otherwise alias back to
baseband with the wanted signal. Figure 3b shows
the effects of a second unwanted signal B folding
back from the 7th Nyquist zone to interfere with
In an under-sampled system, the channel filter is the
key to ensuring that the desired signal is optimally
recovered at baseband and separated from all the
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3
SIGNAL PATH designer
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks for High-Performance Signal Paths
1st
Nyquist Nyquist
2nd
3rd
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone Zone
4th
5th
Nyquist
Zone
6th
Nyquist
Zone
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Nyquist
Zone
12th
Nyquist
Zone
Sampling Clock Considerations
Clock jitter on the ADC clock is
another key factor affecting the
sampling system Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR). At high-input-signal
frequencies, the SNR of the ADC
departs from the familiar quantiza-
tion-noise-limited level of 6.02n
+ 1.76 dB (where n = number of bits)
to the jitter-noise-limited level of
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Nyquist Nyquist
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
Wanted
Input
Signal
A
Unwanted
Signal B
Alias
of A
Bandpass
Filter
Frequency
fs
2fs
3fs
4fs
5fs
Figure 3c. Unwanted signal B prevented from aliasing B by bandpass filter around A
signal A and prevent recovery at baseband. Figure 3c
shows the required bandpass filter.
-20 x log(2π x f
x tj ).
SIGNAL rms
e variable f
is the highest-input-signal-
SIGNAL
frequency component for conversion by the ADC.
e variable tj is the total-rms clock jitter in
seconds, given by the root-sum square of all the
rms-timing jitter components from the different
stages in the clock path including the clock source,
clock buffer, and the internal-clock circuit within
the ADC.
Often in an under-sampled system, the signal
bandwidth of interest is over-sampled, such as a
100 MSPS sampling of a 5 MHz-bandwidth signal,
and post-filtered digitally to improve the dynamic
range of the system. Noise-processing gain is obtained
by the fact that the ADC’s input referred noise is
spread over the entire 1st Nyquist zone from zero to
fS/2. By restricting the input bandwidth to less than
fS/2, the noise at the input of the ADC is reduced,
giving increased dynamic range and resolution. e
added processing gain is given by the equation:
rms
For example, to obtain 74 dB-SNR performance at
300 MHz requires the total rms jitter in the clock
path including the ADC to be less than 105 femto
seconds (fs) rms. National’s newest high-sample-
rate converters are specified with 2 VP-P differential
clocks to minimize jitter and maximize SNR. It is
important to drive these inputs with low-jitter clocks.
For instance, a 70 fs, external-clock-path jitter com-
bined with a 70 fs, internal-ADC-clock jitter delivers
100 fs total jitter (combined in rss fashion). National
offers a family of low-jitter-clock components targeted
at this application.
Processing Gain = 10 log [(f /2)/ BW] dB
s
where BW is the post-filtered signal bandwidth. For
f = 100 MSPS and BW = 5 MHz, this equates
S
to a 10 dB-processing gain. To maximize process-
ing gain, over-sample the signal bandwidth at the
highest-possible sample rate, and post-process the
narrowest-possible signal bandwidth.
Under-sampling is employed in many modern radio
and RADAR systems where a single, analog-mixer
stage down-converts an RF signal to an IF signal
which, after bandpass filtering, is aliased to digital
baseband where the final signal is extracted by
further digital processing. is reduces the number
of analog-mixer and filter stages. Under-sampling
the input signal is equivalent to a baseband ADC
plus IF down-conversion mixer. e downside of
under-sampling is the higher-frequency perfor-
mance required from the amplifier and ADC, more
stringent jitter requirements on the ADC clock,
and the requirements for DSP processing.
ADC Input Stage
When choosing an amplifier to drive a high-speed
ADC, it is important to understand the load that
the amplifier is required to drive. e internal front
end of an unbuffered ADC typically consists of a
sampling-input network controlled by a sample-
and-hold clock signal which commands the input
network to either sample the applied input signal or
hold the input state for conversion (Figure 4).
is input network presents a changing capacitive
load to the driver stage as it transitions repeatedly
between sample and hold, causing transient charg-
ing spikes at the ADC input, which are made worse
4
SIGNAL PATH designer
Q
H
system performance. e differential-input ADC
with complementary inputs provides immunity to
common-mode errors, such as the noise injected by
the sample-and-hold switching process since these
errors appear on both inputs and are subtracted.
C
H
Q
S
V
+
IN
V
+
OUT
Q
Q
S
Q
S
S
Q
S
V
-
IN
V
-
OUT
C
H
Q
H
Similarly, any even-order distortion such as the 2nd
harmonic distortion (HD2) created by mismatched
input impedances, or other asymmetry within
the signal path, is also subtracted. In a low-voltage
system where the undistorted signal swing is limited
by the operating headroom of active devices along
the signal path, a differential-analog signal enables
twice the low distortion-voltage swing compared to
a single-ended signal. Allowing for a 3 dB increase
in noise, a differential stage will net 3 dB of extra
SNR from the 6 dB extra signal power that a doubled
output swing provides. is improved SNR contributes
to improved Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion (SINAD)
and SNR in the overall system.
Figure 4. Unbuffered ADC input sample and hold
if the driving impedance is too high. If the driver
stage is an amplifier, it has to settle after each transi-
tion and prepare for the next sample. It must remain
stable with the changing capacitive load. e input is
sampled on every clock cycle, so an amplifier output
would have approximately half a clock cycle to settle,
which equates to 5 ns for a 100 MHz clock. If an
ADC driver is not used and the input signal has high
source impedance, then failure to properly match
that to the relatively low ADC-input impedance
can lead to inaccuracy and conversion errors. is
matching is a key function of the amplifier and chan-
nel-filter blocks. e amplifier provides the required
output drive to charge the ADC sample-and-hold
network, as well as enables other signal-conditioning
functions such as level-shifting of the input signal
into the range of the ADC input, and applying gain.
e filter between the amplifier and ADC limits the
noise bandwidth of the signal applied to the ADC,
which would otherwise be the full bandwidth of
the amplifier. It also isolates the capacitive load of
the ADC input from the amplifier to maintain
amplifier phase margin and stability, and attenuates
the transient-charging glitches on the ADC input
as the sample capacitance is switched. e filter
should be designed to present a high-enough load to
the amplifier to maximize amplifier-distortion
performance while presenting low-enough
impedance at high frequencies to the ADC to
maximize the ADC’s performance.
Source
R
S
V
ADC
to
OUT
R
T
V
IN
R
F
R
R
T
R
F
G
A
=
+
V
1
( )( )
R
R
+
R
G
T
S
Figure 5a. Non-inverting single-ended amplifier
For the single-ended-input ADC, Current
Feedback (CFB) amplifiers are well suited due
to their low distortion, high drive, and ability to
deliver wide bandwidth at higher gains. e non-
inverting-amplifier configuration (Figure 5a) has
the advantage of very-high-input impedance, which
is easy to match to any source-output impedance,
RS, by adding a matching termination resistor, RT.
By contrast, in Figure 5b, the input impedance,
RS, of the inverting amplifier is RG//RT, where RG’s
value interacts with RF in determining the gain.
RT is optional and the input source can be directly
matched to RG without RT. However, this can lead
to a non-optimum value of RF for a particular gain,
bandwidth, and gain flatness, especially in the case
ADC Input Structures and the Choice of Driver
ADC inputs may be single-ended or differential.
e single-ended input is most commonly found
on lower-speed and lower-resolution ADCs. It is
limited by susceptibility to noise, distortion, and
DC-offsets which lead to reduced accuracy and
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5
SIGNAL PATH designer
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks for High-Performance Signal Paths
C
(Optional)
B
A , R
V
R
F
IN
R
Source
R
B
R
S
G
V
OUT
ADC
to
Source
R
S
R
G
R
T
V
CM
V
IN
R
F
V
O
V
IN
R
T (Optional)
R
G
R
F
R
M
R
2 R
R
R
G
R
R
//
R
F
T
F
Setting R
S
= R //R , gives A = -
A
-
T
G
V
=
V
(
)
G
+
R
R
G
G
//
S
T
To match circuit input impedance RIN to source impedance RS, set
R T//R IN = RS, with R M = RS//R T then
Figure 5b. Inverting single-ended amplifier
R G
2(1-B1)
B1 + B 2
B1 =
B2 =
AV
=
=
(
(
)
(
(
)
RG + RF
of a CFB amplifier. For a Voltage Feedback (VFB)
amplifier, RB is set equal to the effective impedance
seen at the inverting input to cancel errors caused
by input-bias current. In the case of high RB values,
CB may be required to reduce high-frequency noise
due to the amplifier input-noise current flowing
through RB.
2R G + R M(1-B 2)
1 + B2
R G + R M
RIN
)
)
RG + RF + R M
Figure 6b. Single-ended input with differential output
a single-ended source, as in a single-to-differential
amplifier, with the unused amplifier input grounded
as shown in Figure 6b.
In the inverting-amplifier configuration, the ampli-
fier inputs are held at a fixed virtual ground while
in the non-inverting configuration, the inputs
see the full input-signal swing. Consequently, the
inverting-amplifier-input stage sees a much smaller
voltage on its inputs which reduces any distortion
introduced by the input stage.
Resistors RF and RG should be well matched
and strict symmetry should be observed in PC-
board layout. is ensures optimum output
balance, necessary for low distortion, and good
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) from
this circuit. e output common-mode level is set
by the VCM common-mode control, independently
of the input common-mode level, which is ideal for
level-shifting the amplifier input signal to match
the required ADC-input common-mode level. e
fully-differential amplifier can be thought of as two
forward-amplification channels plus a third feed-
back amplifier which senses the output common
mode of the two forward channels and servos it to
the level of the VCM pin. e VCM common-mode
feedback loop forces the two outputs to be equal
and opposite, thereby controlling the amplifier-
output balance even when only one input channel
is driven and the other input is grounded, as in the
single-to-differential amplifier application.
R
F
R
G
V
-
CM
V
OUT
V
IN
R
V
G
R
F
R
F
A
=
R
G
Figure 6a. Fully differential amplifier
In order to obtain the full performance, a differen-
tial-input ADC must be driven differentially. Figure
6a shows an integrated amplifier with differential
outputs and differential inputs. Capable of either
AC- or DC-coupled operation, the amplifier gain is
set by four external resistors per the equation given
in the diagram. e amplifier can also be driven by
Setting the output common-mode voltage with
the VCM pin also affects the amplifier-input
common-mode voltage. It is essential to stay within
6
SIGNAL PATH designer
the datasheet-specified, input common-mode-volt-
age-range limits. For AC-coupled input operation,
the input common mode will be at the same
product, the amount of available gain for very-high-
frequency signals can be limited. A CFB amplifier
with relatively wide-gain independent bandwidth
and excellent gain flatness is a good choice for
very-high-frequency signals. e actual gain flat-
ness required will depend on the application
requirements.
potential as the output common mode, or the VCM
-
pin voltage. For DC-coupled single-to-differential
operation, the input common-mode voltage is the
output common-mode voltage divided down by
RF and RG. is is not an issue with split-voltage
supplies such as 5V. However, for single-supply
operation such as GND and +10V, the divided-
down-output common-mode voltage, appearing as
the input common-mode voltage, must not exceed
the amplifier’s rated operating-input common-
mode-voltage range. Lack of headroom on the input
canforcetheuseofanegativeraillowerthanground.
For the best distortion performance, unlimited by
amplifier input or output headroom, split 5V
supplies are recommended.
Assuming all of the other AC and DC specifications
can be met, noise and distortion will ultimately be the
two main specifications of interest for a given ADC
and amplifier combination since these determine
the SINAD. e ENOB can be calculated from the
SINAD using the equation:
ENOB = (SINAD - 1.76)/6.02, where SINAD is in dB
Since distortion and noise are specified separately
for the amplifier and ADC, it is necessary to look
at how combining the amplifier with the ADC
affects the overall subsystem’s performance. e
noise of the driving amplifier and the noise of the
ADC are uncorrelated and can be rss-summed
together for the purpose of analysis. In order
for the amplifier noise not to degrade the ADC
performance, the amplifier output noise over the
frequency band of interest ideally should be at least
6 dB less than the ADC input noise.
An ideal amplifier for ADC driving would be
completely transparent to the ADC and not degrade
its performance. Although this is a challenge, it is
possible to minimize performance degradation. From
a DC-specification perspective, the most fundamental
amplifier requirement is that the output-voltage range
of the amplifier supports the ADC-input-voltage
range for full-scale output. From an AC perspective,
the amplifier must have flat bandwidth and gain
such that the wanted signal is not attenuated by the
amplifier’s frequency response, as well as low-enough
noise and distortion levels that they do not impact
the ADC’s performance.
e amplifier output-noise voltage spectral density
measured in V/ Hz, is calculated by root-sum-squaring
theoutput-noisevoltagecontributionsarisingfromthe
amplifier’s input-voltage noise and current noise, with
the additional noise of any external resistors around
the amplifier. e total noise seen at the ADC input
depends on the channel bandwidth, so it is critical to
optimize the design for minimum acceptable band-
width in order to maximize noise performance. Unless
limited by a channel filter, noise and distortion prod-
ucts from the entire amplifier bandwidth will all be
sampled by the ADC and aliased back down into the
1st Nyquist zone. In addition to band-limiting to fS/2,
the channel filter is chosen to limit the amplifier-noise
bandwidth and attenuate any distortion products.
e required amplifier bandwidth is dictated by the
input-signal-frequency spectrum to be processed and
requirements for good distortion performance at high
frequencies. e maximum signal frequency and the
ADC’s full-scale input-voltage level determine the
required amplifier slew rate and Large Signal Band-
width (LSBW). ese specifications determine the
channel bandwidth when driving the ADC input at
full scale.
Due to the roll off of the amplifier open-loop gain,
amplifier distortion starts to degrade at frequen-
cies much lower than the amplifier LSBW. In the
case of VFB amplifiers with a fixed-gain-bandwidth
Ideally, any in-band, amplifier-distortion products
should be 6 dB lower than the ADC’s own distortion
products. Choosing the sample frequency carefully
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7
SIGNAL PATH designer
Selecting Amplifiers, ADCs, and Clocks for High-Performance Signal Paths
90
with respect to the wanted signal can prevent dis-
SFDR (dBc)
85
tortion products appearing all over the baseband.
80
In applications involving multiple closely-spaced-
frequency tones, good Intermodulation Distortion
75
(IMD) and related third-order Output Intercept
Power (OIP3) are required from the amplifier. is
minimizes difference-frequency distortion products
that are otherwise created too close to the signal of
interest to be filtered out. Ideally, any distortion
specifications quoted for the amplifier should be
for the signal level and load conditions presented
by the application. In many applications where
the dynamic range is increased by processing gain,
distortion will be the number one concern in maxi-
mizing resolution.
70
65
60
55
50
SNR (dBFs)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Input Frequency (MHz)
Figure 8. LMH6552 and ADC12DL080 SFDR and SNR
performance vs frequency
via a 65 MHz first-order low-pass filter, formed by
the two series 125Ω-output resistors and the
2.2 pF-output capacitor in parallel with the ADC’s
input capacitance.
e final stage before the ADC is the noise filter.
e simplest solution for a DC-coupled baseband
application is a passive first-order low-pass RC. For
this simple first-order filter, the -3 dB frequency,
F-3 dB, is given by the formula:
Figure 8 shows the LMH6552 and ADC12DL080
Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) and SNR
performance versus frequency.
1
F-3dB
=
e LMH6552 amplifier is based on a CFB
architecture and consequently delivers relatively
constant bandwidth as the gain is varied. For example,
the unity gain LSBW at 2 Vp-p output is 950 MHz,
and for higher gains the BW reduction is small with
820 MHz at G = 2, 740 MHz at G = 4, and 590 MHz
at G = 8. A VFB device would require almost 5 GHz
gain-bandwidth product to achieve 590 MHz BW at
G = 8.
2πRC
e 0.1 dB bandwidth is 0.15 x F
and the
-3 dB
effective-noise bandwidth for noise calculations is
1.57 x F . Higher-order filters can be designed
-3 dB
to meet specific passband-flatness needs based on
various filter polynomials such as Butterworth,
Bessel, and Chebyshev. ese will give sharper roll
off and lower noise bandwidths in addition to mak-
ingiteasiertomeetthesharproll-offrequirementsof
Figure2c.Anexampleofafirst-orderlow-passfilteris
shown in Figure 7 where National’s new LMH6552
1 GHz fully-differential amplifier drives one half
of a dual ADC12DL080 12-bit 80 MSPS ADC
e LMH6552 is ideal for a range of 8- to
14-bit applications depending on the specific
speed, distortion, and noise requirements of the end
application. Optimum performance is delivered on
split 5V supplies but the LMH6552 will also run
on single supplies as low as single 5V. e amplifier
input-voltage noise is 1nV/ Hz and the input-
current noise is 19.5 pA/ Hz. e output noise
is strongly influenced by the input-current noise
and the value of the feedback resistor RF and not
so strongly by the input-voltage noise and closed-
loop gain, as would be the case for voltage-feedback
amplifiers. Consequently, the LMH6552 device
can operate at much higher values of gain without
R
F
R
R
G
125Ω
S
V
-
IN 12-bit 80 MSPS
ADC12DL080
V
CM
V
IN
2.2 pF
LMH6552
R
C
= 7-8 pF
IN
T
V
+
IN
V
CM
R
125Ω
G
R
F
R
M
Figure 7. The LMH6552 Amplifier driving the ADC12DL080
converter
8
SIGNAL PATH designer
incurring a substantial noise-performance penalty
simply by choosing a suitable RF . e LMH6552
amplifier noise figure is 10.3 dB for a gain of nine.
e second and third harmonic-distortion (HD2/
HD3) specifications at 20 MHz are -92/-93 dBc
respectively, equal to 14-bit converter distortion
levels; while at well over 100 MHz, both HD2
and HD3 exceed the -60 dBc HD performance of
high-speed 8-bit converters.
which is tuned to the desired IF frequency by
appropriate selection of the output inductor, L, and
output capacitor, C, according to the equation:
1
F-3dB
=
2π LC
e LMH6515 provides digitally-programmable
gain from -7 dB to 24 dB in 1 dB steps, with
600 MHz of bandwidth, 37 dBm OIP3 at
150 MHz, and 8.3 dB-noise figure for 100Ω
total load. e gain selectability of the LMH6515
allows better utilization of the ADC full-scale
range and results in a larger system dynamic
range. e ADC14155 has 1.1 GHz full-power
bandwidth and delivers 11 ENOB at 238 MHz.
e combination of the ADC14155 and LMH6515
is suitable for a wide range of IF-sampled commu-
nication applications.
Alternatively, you may use the ADC14DS105
high-speed ADC and the LMK02000 clock con-
ditioner with the LMH6552. e ADC14DS105
is a 14-bit dual 105 MSPS ADC with serial LVDS
outputs, featuring full power bandwidth of
1 GHz and the industry’s highest SFDR of 81 dB at
240 MHz. e LMK02000 clock conditioner
incorporates the industry’s highest performance
PLL and divider blocks and delivers the industry’s
lowest additive jitter, as low as 20 fs. Combined with
the LMH6552, these devices are suitable for up to
40 MHz Nyquist frequency baseband applications
or oversampled baseband applications on signal
bandwidths of 26.5 MHz and lower. A second or
higher order low pass filter is recommended before
the ADC in order to minimize the effect of noise
and distortion on system performance. Together,
these devices are ideal for use in communications
applications such as in low IF narrowband sampling
below 70 MHz IF where a fourth or higher order
bandpass filter would be recommended.
Another option is to use the ADC14V155 high-
speed A/D converter and LMK03001 clock
conditioner with the LMH6515. e ADC14V155
is a 155 MSPS ADC with 1.1 GHz full-power
bandwidth and features the industry’s best SFDR
above 170 MHz input frequency. At 238 MHz,
the SFDR is 85 dB. e LMK03001 is the
industry’s first complete clock-conditioner chip
and features the industry’s best jitter performance:
200 fs rms from 10 Hz to 20 MHz bandwidth in
clock-generator mode and 400 fs from 12 kHz to
20 MHz bandwidth in jitter-cleaner mode.
For under-sampled IF applications, Figure 9
shows National’s new fully-differential LMH6515
Digital Variable Gain Amplifier (DVGA) driv-
ing the ADC14155 converter. e filter in this
example is a second-order RLC bandpass filter
is article has shown that sampled-data systems
can be divided into two main types: Nyquist-
sampled and under-sampled. Depending on
the type of system a given application may use, a
DC-coupled wideband amplifier or an AC-coupled,
narrow-band IF amplifier may be used in order
to drive the ADC. As illustrated, National has a
variety of solutions that can meet the noise and
distortion needs of these various systems whether it
be for 8- to 10-bit GSPS or for higher-resolution,
12- to 14-bit at >100 MSPS. ■
LMH6515
C
L
C
R
i
n
I
N
ADC14155
RF
GND
*Note: the ADC input coupling
capacitors and ADC input impedance
must be considered to accurately
determine the bandpass filter center
frequency and system gain.
5
LO
Gain1-5
CLK
Figure 9. LMH6515 and AD14155 IF-sampled application
signalpath.national.com/designer
9
Gigahertz Differential Amplifiers for All Speeds and Resolutions
LMH6552 High-Speed Differential Amplifier from the PowerWise® Family
Offers 1.5 GHz Bandwidth at 112.5 µW Power Consumption
Low IF Receiver Subsystem
LMH6552 Features
5V
5V
1.5 GHz bandwidth at A =1; 750 MHz at A =8
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
v
v
LP3878
LP5951
Rf
450 MHz, 0.1 dB flatness
From Input
SMA Connector
LVDS
Serial Data
Low-Pass Filter
Rg
-90 dB THD at 20 MHz, -74 dB THD at 70 MHz
10.3 dB noise figure
V
CM
LMH6552
ADC
Rg
ADC Input Common Mode
Clock
Frame
10 ns settling time to 0.1%
5 to 12V operation
Rf
5V
5V
5V
Clock
Management
LP5900
LP3878
LP5900
Ideal match for 8/10/12/14-bit
high-speed ADCs
REF
VCXO
LMK02000
Rf
OSC
PLL
ADC14DS105
From Input
SMA Connector
LVDS
Reference board available with LMK02000 clock
conditioner and ADC14DS105 high-speed ADC
•
Low-Pass Filter
Rg
Serial Data
V
CM
ADC
LMH6552
Rg
ADC Input Common Mode
Rf
LMH6555 Features
• 1.2 GHz bandwidth
• -50.5 dBc THD at 750 MHz
• 15 dB noise figure
Low IF Receiver Subsystem Measured Performance
100
95
• 13.7 dB fixed gain
• 3.3V operation
SFDR (dBc)
90
85
80
75
70
• Ideal match for 8-bit ADCs up to 3 GSPS, such as the
ADC08(D)1000/1500/3000 family
SNR (dBFs)
65
F
= 100 MHz
• Reference board available with LMX2531 clock
conditioner and ADC083000 3-GSPS ADC
s
60
55
50
Tone at -1 dBFs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Input Frequency (MHz)
Ideal for use in communications receivers, high-speed differential signaling,
intermediate frequency amplifiers, and data acquisition front ends
For reference design, samples, datasheets, and more information
on Signal-Path and PowerWise® solutions, contact us today at:
http://signalpath.national.com
Or call: 1-800-272-9959
10
3 GSPS 8-Bit ADC with Over 3 GHz Full Power
Bandwidth
s
1.9W Ultra Low Power ADC from the PowerWise® Family is Easily Interleaved
for 6 GSPS Operation
ADC083000 Features
ENOB vs Input Frequency
1.9W operating power consumption is
less than half competitive solutions
•
7.9
7.5
7.1
6.7
6.3
5.9
5.5
3 GHz full power bandwidth
Bit Error Rate (BER): 10-18
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Single supply operation: +1.9V
Integrated 1:4 output demultiplexer
Adjustable input full-scale range and offset
Guaranteed no missing codes
0
500
1000
1500
Input Frequency (MHz)
Integrated 4K capture buffer available
(ADC08B3000)
Average Power Dissipation
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
ADC083000 Benefits
Clock phase adjust for multiple ADC
synchronization allows 6 GSPS operation
with 2 interleaved ADCs
•
ADC083000
Competitor 1
Competitor 2
Test pattern simplifies high-speed data capture
•
•
Serial interface for controlling extended
functionality
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Sample Rate (MHz)
Reference board available with LMX2531 clock
conditioner and LMH6555 high-speed amplifier,
for inputs between DC and 750 MHz
•
Ideal for use in communications infrastructure, test and
measurement equipment, data acquisition systems, and military
or consumer applications such as software-defined radio
signalpath.national.com/designer
11
Design Tools
WEBENCH® Signal Path Designer® Tools
Design, simulate, and optimize amplifier circuits in this FREE online
design and prototyping environment allowing you to:
■ Synthesize an anti-alias filter
■ Select the best amplifier/ADC combo for your system specs
■ Make trade-offs based on SNR, SFDR, supply voltage
■ Simulate real-world operating conditions using SPICE
■ Receive samples in 24 hours
webench.national.com
WaveVision 4.1 Evaluation Board
Test and evaluate A/D converters with National’s easy-to use
WaveVision 4.1 evaluation board. Each evaluation board comes
complete with USB cable and support software.
Features and benefits:
• Plug-n-play ADC evaluation board
• USB 2.0 interface to PC
• PC-based data capture
• Easy data capture and evaluation
• Highlighted harmonic and SFDR frequencies
• Easy waveform examination
• Produces and displays FFT plots
• Dynamic performance parameter readout with FFT
• Produces and displays histograms
National Semiconductor
2900 Semiconductor Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95051
1 800 272 9959
Don’t miss a single issue!
Mailing address:
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when new issues of
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send email to:
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©2007, National Semiconductor Corporation. National Semiconductor, LMH, LLP, PowerWise, Signal Path Designer, and are registered trademarks and
Analog Edge is a service mark of National Semiconductor. All other brand or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
All rights reserved.
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